crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition-[1]-[scott jarvis aneta pavlenko].pdf
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crosslinguistic influence in language and cognition-[1]-[scott jarvis aneta pavlenko].pdf
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CROSSLINGUISTICINFLUENCEINLANGUAGEANDCOGNITIONCROSSLINGUISTICINFLUENCEINLANGUAGEANDCOGNITIONScottJarvisOhioUniversityAnetaPavlenkoTempleUniversityFirstpublished2008byRoutledge270MadisonAve,NewYork,NY10016SimultaneouslypublishedintheUKbyRoutledge2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RNRoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness2008Taylor&FrancisAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.TrademarkNotice:
Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataJarvis,Scott,1966Crosslinguisticinfluenceinlanguageandcognition/byScottJarvisandAnetaPavlenko.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferences.1.Languagesincontact.2.Languagetransfer(Languagelearning).3.Bilingualism.4.Psycholinguistics.I.Pavlenko,Aneta,1963II.Title.P130.5.J372007417.7dc222007019090ISBN10:
0805838856(hbk)ISBN10:
0203935926(ebook)ISBN13:
9780805838855(hbk)ISBN13:
9780203935927(ebook)ThiseditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2008.“TopurchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyofTaylor&FrancisorRoutledgescollectionofthousandsofeBookspleasegotowww.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”ISBN0-203-93592-6Mastere-bookISBNContentsListoftablesandfiguresixPrefacexi1OVERVIEW11.1.Introduction11.2.PhasesofTransferResearch41.3.HistoricalSkepticismaboutTransfer81.4.LandmarkFindingsfromthePre-1990sTransferResearch101.5.RecentDevelopmentsinCLI:
NewAreasofResearch131.6.RecentDevelopmentsinCLI:
NewTheoreticalAccounts151.7.TypesofCLI191.7.1.AreaofLanguageKnowledge/Use211.7.2.Directionality211.7.3.CognitiveLevel221.7.4.TypeofKnowledge231.7.5.Intentionality241.7.6.Mode241.7.7.Channel241.7.8.Form251.7.9.Manifestation251.7.10.Outcome252IDENTIFYINGCROSSLINGUISTICINFLUENCE272.1.Introduction272.2.DefiningtheScope282.2.1.TwoBroadApproachestoInvestigatingCLI282.2.2.PsycholinguisticApproachestoCLI30v2.3.IntrasubjectiveMethods322.4.IntersubjectiveMethods362.4.1.PseudolongitudinalDesigns:
TheNexusBetweenLongitudinalandCross-Sectional362.4.2.EvidenceforCLI412.4.3.MethodologicalRigor482.5.AdditionalMethodologicalConsiderations522.5.1.MediatingVariables522.5.2.ScopeofEffects582.5.3.PromisingFutureMethodsforInvestigatingTransfer583LINGUISTICTRANSFER613.1.Introduction613.2.PhonologicalandOrthographicTransfer623.2.1.CLIinthePerceptionandProductionofSegmentalPhonology633.2.2.CLIEffectsonSyllableStructureandSuprasegmentalPhonology673.2.3.OrthographicTransfer703.3.LexicalandSemanticTransfer723.3.1.MorphophonologicalversusSemanticTransferinLanguageUsersLexicalErrors753.3.2.CLIEffectsinLexicalRepresentation,LexicalAccessibility,andLexicalActivation823.3.3.WordChoiceTransfer883.4.MorphologicalandSyntacticTransfer923.4.1.MorphologicalTransfer923.4.2.SyntacticTransfer963.5.Discursive,Pragmatic,andSociolinguisticTransfer1023.5.1.DiscursiveTransfer1023.5.2.PragmaticTransfer1063.5.3.SociolinguisticTransfer1093.6.Conclusions1114CONCEPTUALTRANSFER1124.1.Introduction1124.2.LanguageandConcepts1134.2.1.Language-mediatedConcepts113viCONTENTS4.2.2.ConceptualStructure1164.2.3.SemanticandConceptualLevelsofRepresentation1184.2.4.SemanticandConceptualTransfer1204.3.CrosslinguisticDifferencesandCLIinEightConceptualDomains1224.3.1.Objects1234.3.2.Emotions1254.3.3.Personhood1294.3.4.Gender1324.3.5.Number1364.3.6.Time1394.3.7.Space1424.3.8.Motion1454.4.Conclusions1485CONCEPTUALCHANGE1535.1.Introduction1535.2.ConceptualChangeinSecondLanguageAcquisition1545.3.InternalizationofNewConcepts1565.4.Restructuring1605.5.Convergence1645.6.Shift1665.7.ConceptualAttrition1695.8.Conclusions1716TRANSFERABILITYANDFACTORSTHATINTERACTWITHTRANSFER1746.1.Introduction1746.2.LinguisticandPsycholinguisticFactors1766.2.1.CrosslinguisticSimilarity1766.2.2.AreaofLanguageAcquisitionandUse1836.2.3.Frequency,Recency,andSalience1836.2.4.MarkednessandPrototypicality1866.2.5.LinguisticContext1896.3.Cognitive,Attentional,andDevelopmentalFactors1906.3.1.LevelofCognitiveMaturity1906.3.2.DevelopmentalandUniversalProcessesofLanguageAcquisition192CONTENTSvii6.3.3.CognitiveLanguageLearningAbilities1936.3.4.AttentiontoandAwarenessofLanguage1946.4.FactorsRelatedtoCumulativeLanguageExperienceandKnowledge1976.4.1.Age1976.4.2.Length,Frequency,andIntensityofLanguageExposure1996.4.3.LengthofResidence2006.4.4.GeneralLevelofProficiency2016.4.5.NumberandOrderofAcquiredLanguages2046.5.FactorsRelatedtotheLearningEnvironment2066.6.FactorsRelatedtoLanguageUse2076.7.Conclusions2107CONCLUSIONS2117.1.Introduction2117.2.RecentCLIResearch:
KeyFindingsandArguments2127.3.ImplicationsforAppliedLinguistics2167.4.ImplicationsforModelingofBi-andMultilingualRepresentation,Processing,andAcquisition2197.4.1.LanguageCompetence2197.4.2.LanguageStorageandAccess2207.4.3.InteractionBetweenLanguages2227.4.4.SemanticandConceptualLevelsofRepresentation2247.4.5.CLIintheMultilingualLexicon2277.5.ImplicationsforFutureResearch2297.5.1.Methodology2297.5.2.ResearchAreas232References236Index275viiiCONTENTSTablesandFiguresTABLES1.1PhasesofTransferResearch51.2CharacterizationofCLITypesAcrossTenDimensions202.1HypotheticalDataRepresentingaStratifiedDesign382.2BreakdownofMasters(1987)LearnersbyL2ProficiencyLevelandL1392.3RationaleforIntragroupHomogeneityasEvidenceofCLI432.4RationaleforIntergroupHeterogeneityasEvidenceofCLI452.5RationaleforCrosslinguisticPerformanceCongruityasEvidenceofCLI462.6SampleGroupStructure:
L1BackgroundasIndependentVariable,L2ProficiencyasMediatingVariable542.7SampleGroupStructure:
L1BackgroundasIndependentVariable,L2Proficiency,Motivation,andAgeasMediatingVariables565.1TypologyofConceptualChangeInducedbyL2Learning156FIGURE3.1ThreeLevelsofLexicalRepresentation83ixPrefaceThestudyofcrosslinguisticinfluence(CLI),ortransfer,ispeculiaramonglan-guageacquisitionandlanguageusephenomenainatleasttwosenses.First,empiricalinterestinCLIhasexistedsincelongbeforetheformalestablishmentofthefieldsthatnowclaimitastheirown(cf.,Larsen-Freeman&Long,1991,p.5;Odlin,1989,p.6).Second,unlikemostotherwell-knownfactorsaffectinglanguageacquisitionanduse(e.g.,acculturation,anxiety,input,universalprin-ciplesandparameters),whichareofteninvestigatedfromtheperspectiveofaparticulartheoreticalstance,researchontransferhastendedtoremainlargelyexploratoryinnaturebeingdrivenmainlybytheory-neutralresearchquestionsratherthanbytheory-specifichypotheses.ThisisnottosaythattransferresearchershavehadnotheoreticalinterestinCLI.Rather,itisprobablybecauseofthecomplicatednature,broadscope,andlonghistoryofinterdisciplinaryinterestinthephenomenonthatresearchershavetendedtofollowaconcate-native(orresearch-then-theory)approach(cf.R.Ellis,1994,p.474)tothestudyofCLI.EachofthehundredsofempiricalandtheoreticalstudiesonCLIhascontributedtowhatweknowaboutthephenomenon,butuntilnowtherehasnotbeenamajorbook-lengthreviewofthefindingsofsuchstudiessinceOdlin(1989).TheprimaryimpetusforthisbookisourbeliefthatitisonceagaintimeforasynthesisoftheempiricalandtheoreticalfindingsconcerningCLI,espe-ciallywithrespecttothemanyimportantdevelopmentsthathavetakenplacesince1989.Additionally,althoughwhatthefieldnowknowsaboutCLIisundoubtedlydwarfedbywhatremainstobediscovered,thislineofinquiryhasenteredanewerasince1989.Theneweraexhibitsfourcharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromearlierworkontransfer.First,CLIisnolongeraphenom-enonforwhichthereexistnoprincipledcriteriaforconfirmingitspresenceorabsenceinlanguagedata(cf.Meisel,1983).Second,CLIisnolongertreatedbyresearcherssimplyasabackground,mediating,orinterveningvariable,examinedonlyasanexplanans(i.e.,anexplanationforthelanguagebehaviorinquestion)andneverasanexplanandum(i.e.,thephenomenontobeexplained).xiTherewere,ofcourse,studiesbefore1989thatexaminedtransferasanexplanandum(e.g.,Andersen,1983;Kellerman,1978;Ringbom,1978b;Selinker,1969),butsuchstudieswererelativelysparseuntilthe1990s.Third,intheneweraoftransferresearch,CLIisnolongeravaguenotionthatlacksexplicittheoreticalstatus.Indeed,amajorobjectiveofthisbookistoexplore,highlight,anddetailitsdevelopinginterdisciplinarytheoreticalstatus.Lastbutnotleast,inquiryintothenatureofCLInowgoesbeyondtheleveloflanguageknowledgeandprobesintoitscognitivebases.Likethemagnifyingglassesportrayedonthecoverofthisbook,languagesdifferwithrespecttotheaspectsofrealitythattheygiveprominenceto.Thesedifferenceshaveimplicationsforhowspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperformbothverbalandnonverbaltasksineithertheirnativeoralater-learnedlanguage,andtheyalsohaveimplicationsforhowlearninganotherlanguagecanleadtochangesinapersonsconceptualknowledge.Againstthisbackdrop,asecondmajorobjectiveofthisbookistodemonstratehowthescopeofCLIextendsbeyondlinguistictransferintoareasthatwewilldescribeasconceptualtransfer.Thepresentbookconsistsofsevenchapters.Chapter1providesasummaryofhistoricallandmarksintheinvestigationoftransfer,adiscussionofimportantnewdirectionsinCLIresearch,andaschemeforunderstandingtherelationshipbetweendifferenttypesofCLI.Chapter2discussesmethodologicalissuesandapproachesforidentifyinga
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