1126descriptiveparagraph文章连贯性Coherence.doc
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1126descriptiveparagraph文章连贯性Coherence.doc
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WritingDescriptive Paragraphs
Writingdescriptiveparagraphscanbesuccessfulasoneofthefirstwritingactivitiesforstudents.Startbyhelpingstudentsunderstandthedifferencebetween simpleandcomplexsentences,andmoveonto practicewritingcomplexsentences.Followthisbycompletingtheexercisesbelow.Firstbeginbyaskingstudentstoaskquestionsaboutthemselves,andthenaskstudentstowritepersonaldescriptiveparagraphsusingthisinformation.
Descriptiveparagraphsareoftenusedtodescribewhatapersonlooksandactslike.Readthisexampledescriptiveparagraph,noticehowdescriptiveparagraphsarearrangedbyputtingtogetherallthesentencesaboutthesamething.
Hereisanexampleofadescriptiveparagraph:
Iamfortyyearsold,rathertallandIhaveblueeyesandshortblackhair.IwearcasualclothesasIteachstudentsinarelaxedatmosphere.IenjoymyjobbecauseIgettomeetandhelpsomanydifferentpeoplefromallovertheworld.Duringmysparetime,IlikeplayingtenniswhichIplayatleastthreetimesaweek.IalsolovelisteningtoclassicalmusicandImustadmitthatIspendalotofmoneyonbuyingnewCDs!
IliveinaprettyseasidetownontheItaliancoast.IenjoyeatinggreatItalianfoodandlaughingwiththelikablepeoplewholivehere.
WrittenExerciseI
Answerthesequestionsaboutyourselfonapieceofpaper.
·Howoldareyou?
·Whatdoyoulooklike?
·Whatkindofclothesdoyouwear?
Why?
·Whatkindofjobdoyoudo?
Doyoulikeit?
·Whatareyourfavoritehobbies?
Whydoyoulikethem?
·Wheredoyoulive?
·Doyoulikelivingthere?
Whyorwhynot?
WrittenExerciseII
Nowthatyouhavetheinformationaboutyourselfready.Fillinthegapsintocompletethisdescriptiveparagraphaboutyourself.
Iam_________yearsold,I_________________(yourlooks).Iwear________________because______________.Iama______________.Ilike/don'tlikemyjobbecause_____________________.Ienjoy______________.Ioften_____________(describehowoftenyoudoyourhobby).Ialsolike________________(writeaboutanotherhobby)because________________.Ilivein____________.Peoplein____________are________________.Ienjoy/don'tenjoylivingin______________because____________.
Practice
AskyourfriendsthesamequestionsasinexerciseIandwriteparagraphsaboutthem
段落式写作技巧
一、脑力激荡及大纲范例:
二、如何写主题句
1.建议放在第一句
2.多用肯定句
3.语意明确,是段落轴心(段落中的每一句都与其相关)
Oneday,Iwasflyingfrom ShanghaitoYunnan.Whentheplanetookoff,thewindwasblowing,anditwasraininghard.Iwasalittlenervous....
直接写出
MyworstexperiencehappenedonanairplaneinAugust1995.
三、如何发展段落
1.引用例子或个人经验/感受
2.定义某一个原则或概念
3.详细说明主题句
范例一(详细说明twocities,taste)
Avisitortomycountryshouldvisittwocitiestogetatasteofthecountry.Fromnorthtosouth,thetravelershouldstopat_______whichismainlyanindustrialcitywithmanytallbuildingsandstores.Afterhehasseen_______,thetravelershoulddrivesouthtoward_________.Hewillsee(thesea)ashedrivesalongthecoast.Whenhearrivesin_______,hewillfindafriendlycity,withmanyfruittreesandplants.
范例二 (定义kind)
Mymotherwasoneofthekindestpeopleonearth.WhenIwasyoung,shewouldoverlookalmostallmymistakesandgentlycorrectme.Mymotherwouldoftenbenicetootherchildrenintheneighborhoodbysharingmyfood,toys,andevenclotheswiththem.
范例三(详细说明主题句seriousproblem)
Formostpeoplenowadays,theneedofenergyisaseriousproblem.Inindustrializedcountries,peopleneedalotofgasandelectricity.Economistsandpoliticalleaderscontinuallywarnusabouttheproblem.Theyencourageustosaveenergybydrivingless,turningdownheaters,andturningofflights.
范例四(详细说明severalimportantqualities+举例)
Myidealhusbandwouldhavetohaveseveralimportantqualities.Firsthewouldbekindandloving.Forexample,hewouldneverstayangryforlongandhewouldalwaysfindlittlewaystomakelifemorefunforhisfamily.Secondhewouldbewillingtosharewithmetheresponsibilitiesofthehousehold.Hewould,forinstance,dosomeofthecooking,laundry,andcleaning.Hewouldalsoshareintheraisingofourchildren.Finally,hewouldbetallandthinwithdarkeyes.
常用于引言的字句-「起」
1.AsanoldEnglishsayinggoes,“………”有句英文谚语是这么说的,…
2.Thereisnodenying(doubt)thatS+V…不可否认的是…
3.Generallyspeaking,S+V…..一般说来…
4.Accordingtomypersonalexperience,S+V… Inmyopinion,Personally,Ilike/think,根据我个人的经验…
5.Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchas+ Ving…..世界上没有什麼比做…让我更高兴了。
6.AsfarasIknow…就我所知…
7.AsfarasIcanrecall,S+V…就我印象所及…
常用于延展的字句-「承」
1.Indeed;Itistruethat+S+V…;Quitetrue;Rightlyso,的确…
2.Tobehonest,Franklyspeaking;事实上
3.Itiswidelybelievedthat+S+V…;Beliefhasitthat+S+V…诚如所信
4.Forexample;Forinstance;Totake+N+foranexample,S+V…以…为例子…
5.Wehavereasonstobelievethat+S+V…..我们有理由相信…
6.Infact;Asamatteroffact,S+V…..事实上…
7.Likewise,Inasimilarfashion,Similarly同样地
8.Inotherwords;Tobespecific;换句话说;详细地说
9.Asmentionedfromabove,如前所述
常用于语气转换的字句-「转」
1.However,Nevertheless,Grantedthat然而…
2.Despite+N;Despitethefactthat+S+V,…尽管….
3.Ontheotherhand,S+V..…另一方面…
4.Onthecontrary,Ontheopposite,Incontrast相反的是…
5.WhencomparedtoA,B+V,与A相比,B….
常用于结论的字句--「合」
1.Fromthispointofview,S+V….从这观点来看…
2.Inaword,S+V….总而言之…
3.Tosumup,S+V;Toconclude;Inconclusion总之…
4.Ifwecanreallyput+N+intoaction,S+V……如果我们能付诸实行…
5.Lastbutnotleast,S+V….最后…
常用转折词
(1)因此;结果︰asaresult,consequently,asaconsequence,inconsequence,hence,therefore,accordingly,thus,onthisground,becauseofthis
(2)顺序:
first/firstly,inthefirstplace,second/secondly,next,finally
(3)此外︰inaddition,additionally,besides,furthermore,moreover,also,what'smore
(4)然而︰however,nevertheless
(5)换言之︰thatis,thatistosay,namely,inotherwords,toputitdifferently
(6)同样地︰likewise,similarly,inthesimilarway
(7)相反地︰instead,onthecontrary,bycontrast,conversely
四、头尾呼应
1.首句及末句不能相互矛盾
2.末句不要重复首句
范例一
首句:
Youcanlearnmanythingsfromtravelingthatyoucannotlearnanyotherway.
末句:
IlearnedalotmoreaboutAustraliafromthatexperiencethanabookorTVshowcouldhavetaughtme.
首句:
Fortheclassreunion,Ihavedecidedthatweshouldhaveabeachparty.
末句:
Thisreunionwillbeawayoffulfillingourpromisetoeachother,aswellasremindingourselvesofthevalueofourfriendship.
文章连贯性Coherence
当句子、概念和细节清楚地结合时,读者很容易就可以理解,而文章也会有连贯性。
在文章中,所要表达的概念要流畅并清楚地联结在一起。
要建立读者所需的连结,你可以使用下列的方法:
RepetitionofaKeyTermorPhrase(重复关键词或片语)
这个方式有助于集中想法并让读者跟上你的思路。
Example:
Theproblemwithcontemporaryartisthatitisnoteasilyunderstoodbymostpeople.Contemporaryartisdeliberatelyabstract,andthatmeansitleavestheviewerwonderingwhatsheislookingat.
同义字Synonyms
同义字是实质上具有相同意涵的语词,他们提供你多样化的文字选择,还帮助读者把注意力放在被讨论的重点ideabeingdiscussed
Example:
Mythsnarratesacredhistoriesandexplainsacredorigins.Thesetraditionalnarrativesare,inshort,asetofbeliefsthatareaveryrealforceinthelivesofthepeoplewhotellthem.
代名词Pronouns
This,that,these,those,he,she,it,they,andwe是很有用的代名词,用以指涉先前提到的东西。
然而要注意,你所指涉的东西要很明确。
Example:
Whenscientificexperimentsdonotworkoutasexpected,theyareoftenconsideredfailuresuntilsomeotherscientisttriesthemagain.Thosethatworkoutbetterthesecondtimearoundaretheonesthatpromisethemostrewards.
转折语TransitionalWords
在英文中有许多语词是给读者提示句子间的关係,还有连结句子的作用。
你将会发现以下的语词都是转折语:
however,therefore,inaddition,also,but,moreover等。
Example:
Ilikeautumn,andyetautumnisasadtimeoftheyear,too.Theleavesturnbrightshadesofredandtheweatherismild,butIcan'thelpthinkingaheadtothewinterandtheicestormsthatwillsurelyblowthroughhere.Inaddition,thatwillbetheseasonofchappedfaces,toomanylayersofclothestoputon,anddayswhenI'llhavetoshovelheapsofsnowfrommycar'swindshield.
句子的形式SentencePatterns
有时候,重复或对应的句法形式可以帮助读者跟上文章内容,并将文章的概念融合在一起。
Example:
(fromaspeechbyPresidentJohnF.Kennedy)Andso,myfellowAmericans:
asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou--askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.
BBCnews2012-11-26---------
BBCNewswithNickKelly
Afteradayofspeculationaboutanimminentceasefire,sporadicviolencehascontinuedontheGazaStripintothenight.EarlierseveralPalestiniansourcessaidatrucebetweenHamasandIsraelwouldbeannouncedtonight,butIsraelsaidithasn'tfinalizedadealandsomePalestinianandEgyptianofficialsindicatedthatwhileanagreementwascloseitwasn'tyetfullyagreed.IsraeligovernmentspokesmanMarkRegevhastoldtheBBCthatuntiladiplomaticsolutionisachieveditsmilitaryoperationinGazawillcontinue.Atleast20PalestiniansarereportedtohavebeenkilledtodayinGazaasIsraelirocketstrikesintensified.JonDonnisonisinGaza
Despitethegrowingclamourofvoicessayingaceasefireisimminent.ThenoiseinGazatodaycontinuestobethatofwar.TherehavebeenscoresmoreIsraeliairstrikesandthedeathtollisrisingfastamongthosekilledtoday,twobrothers,agedtwoandfour,aswellastheirparents,alsotwojournalistsfromaHamas-linkedtelevisionchannel.AndHamascontinuestofirerockets.Thisone,itsays,wasaimedagainatJerusalem.Itfellshort,nobodywashurt.
TheUSSecretaryofStateHillaryClintonhasmeanwhilearrivedinIsraelfortalksonthewayforward.
RebelsintheeastoftheDemocraticR
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