J. L. R. Davis_ Rosalie P. Balkin - Law of torts (2013 LexisNexis Butterworths).pdf
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J. L. R. Davis_ Rosalie P. Balkin - Law of torts (2013 LexisNexis Butterworths).pdf
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LawofTortsFifthEditionRPBALKINBA,LLB,PhD(WITS)AdvocateoftheSupremeCourtofSouthAfricaAssistantSecretary-General/Director,LegalAffairsandExternalRelationsDivision,InternationalMaritimeOrganizationJLRDAVISBA,LLB(NZ),LLM(Cantab)BarristerandSolicitoroftheHighCourtofNewZealandProfessorEmeritusoftheAustralianNationalUniversityLexisNexisButterworthsAustralia2013LexisNexisAUSTRALIALexisNexisButterworths475495VictoriaAvenue,ChatswoodNSW2067Ontheinternetat:
.auARGENTINALexisNexisArgentina,BUENOSAIRESAUSTRIALexisNexisVerlagARDOracGmbH&CoKG,VIENNABRAZILLexisNexisLatinAmerica,SAOPAULOCANADALexisNexisCanada,Markham,ONTARIOCHILELexisNexisChile,SANTIAGOCHINALexisNexisChina,BEIJING,SHANGHAICZECHREPUBLICNakladatelstvOracsro,PRAGUEFRANCELexisNexisSA,PARISGERMANYLexisNexisGermany,FRANKFURTHONGKONGLexisNexisHongKong,HONGKONGHUNGARYHVG-Orac,BUDAPESTINDIALexisNexis,NEWDELHIITALYDottAGiuffrEditoreSpA,MILANJAPANLexisNexisJapanKK,TOKYOKOREALexisNexis,SEOULMALAYSIALexisNexisMalaysiaSdnBhd,PETALINGJAYA,SELANGORNEWZEALANDLexisNexis,WELLINGTONPOLANDWydawnictwoPrawniczeLexisNexis,WARSAWSINGAPORELexisNexis,SINGAPORESOUTHAFRICALexisNexisButterworths,DURBANSWITZERLANDStaempfliVerlagAG,BERNETAIWANLexisNexis,TAIWANUNITEDKINGDOMLexisNexisUK,LONDON,EDINBURGHUSALexisNexisGroup,NewYork,NEWYORKLexisNexis,Miamisburg,OHIONationalLibraryofAustraliaCataloguing-in-PublicationentryAuthor:
Balkin,RP(RosalieP).Title:
LawofTorts.Edition:
5thed.ISBN:
9780409332049(pbk).9780409332056(hbk).9780409332063(ebk).Notes:
Includesindex.Subjects:
TortsAustralia.TortsNewZealand.OtherAuthors/Contributors:
Davis,JLR.DeweyNumber:
346.9403.2013ReedInternationalBooksAustraliaPtyLimitedtradingasLexisNexis.Firstedition,1991;Secondedition,1996;Thirdedition,2004(Reprinted2005,2006and2007);Fourthedition2009(Reprinted2011).Thisbookiscopyright.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightAct1968(Cth),nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedbyanyprocess,electronicorotherwise,withoutthespecificwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Neithermayinformationbestoredelectronicallyinanyformwhatsoeverwithoutsuchpermission.Inquiriesshouldbeaddressedtothepublishers.TypesetinPlantinandGillSans.PrintedinChina.VisitLexisNexisButterworthsat.auPrefacetotheFifthEditionOuraiminpreparingthiseditionremainsasithasbeeninpreviouseditionstopresentacomprehensivestatementofthelawoftortsinAustraliaandNewZealand.Inputtingforwardthatstatement,wehavesoughtnotonlytodescribethelawasitcurrentlystandsbutalsotoindicate,whereappropriate,thoseaspectsofthelawwhichweconsidertobeinneedofreform,andtosuggestpossiblepathsofreform.TheonlymajorchangetothelawsincethepreviouseditionhasbeentheintroductionoftheAustralianConsumerLaw.Thishasbroughtsomewelcomeuniformitytothelawrelatingtotheproscriptiononmisleadingordeceptiveconductintradeorcommerce.NolongerneedwerefertoboththeTradePracticesAct1974(Cth)s52andtheequivalentprovisionintheFairTradinglegislationoftheAustralianstatesandterritoriesandintheFairTradingAct1986(NZ)s9.ForreasonsthatareexplainedinChapter22,thesourcesofthatstatutoryproscriptionarenowconfinedtotheAustralianConsumerLaws18ands9oftheaboveNewZealandstatute.Despitetherelativepaucityofchangestothelawthathavetakeneffectsincethepreviousedition,thereareatleasttwoareasinwhichchangehasbeenproposedforthenearfuture.WenotedinChapter17ofthefourtheditionthattheAustralianLawReformCommissionhadproposedtheintroductionofastatutorycauseofactionforaseriousinvasionofprivacy.Itistoberegrettedthatthisremainsnomorethanaproposal,butwecanhopethattherecommendationwillhavebornefruitbeforethenexteditionisprepared.ThesecondproposedchangeistheintroductionbytheCommonwealthGovernmentofaNationalInjuryInsuranceScheme.On29November2012,theMinisterforDisabilityReform,theHonJennyMacklinMP,introducedintothefederalparliamenttheNationalDisabilityInsuranceSchemeBill2012,whichestablishestheframeworkforthatscheme.Thatschemeseekstobenefitthosewithdisabilities,whatevertheircause,anddoesnot,therefore,seektoreplaceanyaspectofthelawoftorts.However,thesamecannotbesaidfortheNationalInjuryInsuranceScheme,whichthefederalgovernmenthaspromisedtointroduceintothecurrentparliament.Itisdesignedtocoverpeopleslifetimecareandsupportneedsiftheyhaveacquiredacatastrophicinjuryfromanyaccident.Althoughsuchaccidentsmayoccurwithoutfaultbeingattributedtoanyperson,itisclearthatthislatterschemewill,toatleastsomeextent,providecompensationforthosewhocurrentlymustrelyonthelawoftorts.Wehopethatthisschemewillhavereducedrelianceonthelawoftortstosomeextentbythetimewecometopreparethenextedition.Aswithallpreviouseditions,weareindebtedtomanypeopleinthepreparationofthisedition.WewishparticularlytothankMrKevinTouheyinLondonandMrStephenArgumentinCanberraforworkingmarvelsinprovidinguswithinformationonanyrelevantchangestothelaw,andMrsDanyBroderick-Bunnforinvaluableassistanceinpreparingthemanuscript.WearealsodeeplyindebtedtoMsJocelynHolmes,ofLexisNexisButterworthsinSydney,forprovidingawealthofsupportthroughoutthemonthsthatithastakentopreparethiseditionandtoMsFeliciaGardner,theeditorforthisedition,withwhomithasbeenapleasureforbothofustoseethewholeprojecttoconclusion.WecompletedthebulkofthepreparationofthemanuscriptforthiseditionbyearlyOctober2012,andwehavesoughttostatethelawasatthatdate.Wehavebeenabletoaddoccasionalfootnotereferencestojudicialandstatutorydevelopmentsoccurringthereafter.RosalieBalkinLondonJimDavisCanberraDecember2012PrefacetotheFirstEditionOurpurposeinwritingthisbookhasbeentopresenttheprinciplesofthelawoftortsastheyarecurrentlyappliedbythecourtsinAustraliaandNewZealand.Insofaraswehaveconsciouslyhadinmindaparticularaudience,wehavetriedtoprovidesufficientdetailandanalysistomaketheworksuitablebothforuniversitystudentsandlegalpractitioners.SincewehavesoughttostatethelawinNewZealandaswellasinAustralia,wehavedealtfirstwiththetortsderivedfromtrespass,whichcontinuetoberelevantonbothsidesoftheTasman,beforeturningtoaconsiderationofthetortofnegligence.Inourdiscussionofthelattertort,wehavedevotedaseparateChaptertothecircumstancesinwhichonemayrecoverthepurelyeconomiclosssufferedbyreasonofanothersnegligence.Thisisatopicwhich,likethetortsderivedfromtrespass,isofimportanceinbothcountries.WehaveincludedaChapterontheprotectionoftradingandfinancialinterestsgivenbys52oftheTradePracticesAct(andtheequivalentsofthatsectioninthelegislationoftheAustralianstatesandofNewZealand)togetherwiththeremedialprovisionsofthatlegislation.Itisobviousthats52doesnotcreateanewtort,butthestatutoryproscriptionsofmisleadingordeceptiveconducthaveeffectivelyreplacedthetortsofpassingoffandinjuriousfalsehood,andhaverenderedthetortofdeceit,aswellasliabilityfornegligentmisrepresentation,ofmuchlessimportancethaneitherwerebeforetheenactmentoftheseprovisions.ThegenesisofthisbookwasasuggestionfromthepublisherstoprepareanAustralianeditionofStreetonTorts.Developments,bothlegislativeandjudicial,inthetwocountrieshaveresultedinsuchadivergencebetweenthelawinEnglandandinAustraliathatthetasknolongerseemedfeasible.AsaconsequencewehaveusedHarryStreetsworkprimarilyasaguide,althoughwehaveretainedseveralsegmentswherethelawisstillsimilar.Inaddition,wearegratefultoMargaretBrazier,whowasresponsiblefortheeightheditionofStreet,forlettingushavethepageproofsofherworkbeforepublication.WewerethereforeabletomakeuseofoneortwopassagesshehadpreparedcoveringrelevantEnglishauthorities.TheattentionwehavegiventoNewZealandlawispartlyaconsequenceofgrowingawarenessoftheneedforcooperationonbothsidesoftheTasman.However,wehavenotconfinedourselvestoAustralianandNewZealandlaw,butturned,asoccasionrequired,toCanadaandtheUnitedStatesaswellastoEnglandforillustrations,ortosuggestapathforthefuturedevelopmentofthelaw.Thepersonswhoassistedintheproductionofthisbook,particularlyinprovidingsecretarialandresearchassistance,aretoonumeroustomention,thoughourspecialthanksareduetoPeterHohnen,apartnerintheCanberrafirmofMacphillamy,CumminsandGibson,forreadingandadvisingonthefirstdraftofthechaptersondefamation.Thetextwascompletedbytheendof1989,andwehavesoughttostatethelawasatthattime.However,weincorporatedreferencestoanumberofdevelopmentswhichcametoournoticebythetimethebookwasatgalleyproofstage.ItisunfortunatethattherecentdecisionoftheHouseofLordsinMurphyvBrentwoodDistrictCouncil19903WLR414;19902AllER908appearedtoolatetobeconsideredinthetext.RPBalkinJLRDavisCanberraAugust1990TableofCasesReferencesaretoparagraphsAAvBHCPalmerstonNorth,CP9/98.8.24vBottrill20031AC449;20032NZLR721.2.5,27.11vHoare20081AC844;2AllER1.28.14vM19913NZLR228.3.14,27.11vNewSouthWales(2007)230CLR500;233ALR584.25.8,25.12,25.13,25.14vRomanCatholicArchdioceseofWellington20071NZLR536.7.23v20083NZLR289.7.23,26.54A(aminor)andB(aminor)byC(theirmother)vAHealthandSocialServicesTrust2010NIQB108.7.60A(children)(conjoinedtwins:
surgicalseparation),Re2001F
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