语境与翻译论语境在翻译过程中的作用.docx
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语境与翻译论语境在翻译过程中的作用.docx
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语境与翻译论语境在翻译过程中的作用
毕业论文
题目:
语境与翻译-论语境在翻译过程中的作用
Title:
ContextandTranslation-OntheFunctionsofContextinTranslation
2009年5月19日
Acknowledgements
Firstandforemost,myappreciationgoestomyaffectionateparents,andtherestofmyfamily.Throughoutthedevelopmentofthispaper,theyhavebeentherealwaysgivingmecontinuoussupport,encouragementandunderstanding.Theirloveandsupportencouragemetopursueprogressallthetime.
Iwouldalsoliketoextendmysincerethankstoallotherteacherswhogavemelecturesduringthepastfouracademicyears.Ihavebenefitedsomuchnotonlyfromtheircoursesandlecturesbutalsofromtheirconstantencouragement.
Finally,mydeepestgratitudeandrespectgotomysupervisor,Mr.CaiDingzhong.Itisforhisconstantencouragement,criticalinstructions,hisgreatcareandpreciousadviceandsuggestionsthatthispaperappearsinthepresentform.
Abstract
Translationisacomplexprocessofinter-lingualandcross-culturalcommunicationactivityforthatlanguageitselfiscomplex,andmoreimportantisthatthefactorsinvolvedincommunicationaremorecomplex.Languageisnotisolated.Itcontainsthemeaningofdefinitionandgrammar.Moreover,themeaningofcontextissignificant,suchastheme,culture,logic,aswellasthestyleofwriting.Contextisasetofcontextualfactorsthatinfluencetheconveyanceofword’smeaningsandexpressions.Centeringonthedifferentfunctionsthatcontextplaysintheprocessofsolvingtranslateproblems,thisessaydiscussestherelationshipbetweencontextandtranslation.Contexthascloserelationswithtranslation,yettranslationdependsoncontext.First,thisessaybrieflyintroducesthedefinitionandclassificationsofcontexttorevealtheimportanceofcontext.Secondly,bycitingalargeamountofexamples,thisessayelucidatesdifferentfunctionsthatcontextplaysintheunderstandingofthesourcelanguageanditsinfluencestothetranslation.Thirdly,thisessayprovesthatanaccuratetranslationcannotexistwithoutafullyunderstandingofthecontextofadiscourse.
Keywords:
Translation,context,restrict,situation,background
摘要
翻译是一种语际间的、跨文化的人类交际活动的复杂的过程,因为语言本身是复杂的,但交际中所涉及到的因素则更为复杂.语言不是孤立存在的,除其本身的概念意义和语法意义之外,还有许多其它的语境意义,如主题意义,文化意义,逻辑意义和语体意义等.语境是影响语意和表达的一系列主客观因素。
该文主要分析了在翻译过程中语境的功能在解决各种复杂问题时所起的不同作用,充分论证了语境与翻译不可分割的关系.语境制约翻译,翻译依赖语境。
首先,论文介绍了语境的定义,分类及其要义,揭示了语境在翻译中的重要性;,然后通过大量实例,分析语境在翻译的过程中所起的作用,以极其对原文的理解与翻译活动的影响.最后探讨了语境影响翻译的原因,论证了没有依据语境正确地理解原文,就不可能有准确翻译这一论点。
关键词:
翻译,语境,制约,情境,背景
Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………...1
I.TheDefinitionofContext.3
II.LinguisticContext3
2.1Matchingfunction-Determinetheexactmeaningofaword………3
2.2Matchingfunction-Determinethemeaningofasentence…………6
2.3Matchingfunction-Gap-filling……………………………………..6
III.SituationalContext8
3.1Word’smeaningsinbusinessenvironment………………………...9
IV.CulturalContext12
4.1EcologicalCulture12
4.2MaterialCulture13
4.3SocialCulture13
4.4LiteraryCulture14
IIV.Inferringfunction-ReducingMistakesinContext15
Conclusion16
Bibliography……………………………………………………………18
Introduction
Translationisabilingualactivity,inwhichthetransmissionofthemeaningisthemaintask.Intheprocessoftransmission,contextplaysasignificantrolebecauseitisthebasisoftextunderstandingandrendering,aswellasrestrictsthemeaninginboththesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,especiallyintermsofconfirmingthewordandsentencemeaninginthesourcelanguage.Andintheprocessoftranslation,conveyingthemeaningofsourcelanguagematerialsintothetargetlanguageisofparamountimportance.
Theconceptofcontexthasalonghistoryofevolutionfromwhenitwasfirstraiseduntilnowandsonooneinthetranslationareacanignoreit.Contextcanbeclassifiedintovariouscategories-linguisticcontext,situationalcontextandculturalcontext-eachofthemrestrictsthemeaningsinthesourcelanguageandtargetlanguageindifferentways.Linguisticcontextconcentratesonthetextitself.Situationalcontextplacesthetextintoaspecificsituation,inwhichwordscouldhavedifferentmeanings.Culturalcontexthasthewidestrangeinmeaning,andrelatestolifestyle,waysofthinking,literature,ideology,aswellasreligious.Allofthesecontextsinfluencetheprocessoftranslatingtoalargeextent.Sooneofthetranslator’sassignmentsistotrytofullyunderstandthecontextofadiscourseandtransferthemeaningasaccuratelyaspossible.
Thisessaydiscussestherelationshipbetweentranslationandcontextandthedifferentfunctionsthatcontextplaysintranslation.Centeringonthedifferenttypesofcontext,itcitesaplethoraofexamplestoelaboratethesefollowingfunctions:
matching,determiningtheexactmeaningofaword,gap-fillingandinferringtomakeclearthatcontextisofparamountimportance.Thisessayprovesthattranslatorsmayfailintheirtasksiftheyseparatesentencesfromthewholediscourse.Whiletranslating,atranslatorshouldreadthroughthewholetextandtrytograspthethemeofthetextandmakecleartheinterlinkofeachsentenceaswellastheentirediscourse.Onlybyanalysethecontextandtakenoticeofitsrestrictionandtheinfluencecanatranslatorcometoapropertranslation.Therefore,mistranslationscausedbyinsufficientunderstandingofthecontextofadiscoursewillbeminimized.
1.TheDefinitionofContext
Contextisacompoundword,whichismadeupof“con”and“text”.“con”means“together”,while“text”means“weave”.Therefore,theword“context”referstosomeinterweavedwords.Contexthascloserelationswithtranslation,yettranslationdependsoncontext.Intheprocessoftransmission,contextplaysasignificantrolebecauseitisthebasisoftextunderstandingandrendering,aswellasrestrictsthemeaninginboththesourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,especiallyintermsofconfirmingthewordandsentencemeaninginthesourcelanguage.
Wehavetoadmitthatcontexthadbeenignoredforalongtimeintheacademicarea.ItisB.Malinowski,aPolishanthropologist,whofirstraisedtheconceptofcontextandclassifieditintotwocategories:
situationalandculturalcontext.J.R.Firthheldasimilarpointofview,althoughhepaidmoreattentiontothesituationalcontextandthoughtthatcontextshouldinclude:
(1)Therelevantfeaturesofparticipants:
persons,personalities.
1)Theverbalactionoftheparticipants.
2)Thenon-verbalactionoftheparticipants.
(2)Therelevantobjects.
(3)Theeffectoftheverbalaction.
In1964,M.A.K.Haliday,thefounderofsystematicfunctionallinguistics,putforwardtheconceptof“register”onthebasisofFirth’stheories.Heseparatedthecontextfactorsintothreeparts:
field,tenorandmode.“Register”actuallyhasthesamemeaningascontext.
AmericansociallinguistD.H.Hymesalsodidaconsiderableamountofresearchoncontext.Heexaminedvariousaspectsincludingaddresser,addressee,topic,setting,channel,code,message,form,event,keyaswellaspurposeinaseriesofworksoncontext.
Manydomesticscholarsalsohavetheirownunderstandingaboutcontext.Mostofthemconsidercontextasthesynthesisoflinguisticknowledgeandnon-linguisticknowledge.Linguisticknowledge,knownasthe“handlingofthelanguage”aswellas“communicationverbalcontext”,isregardedashavingthenarrowestdefinitionofcontext.ProfessorHuZhuanglin,afamousdomesticlinguist,dividescontextintothreecategories:
linguisticcontext,situationalcontextandculturalcontext.
Thesethreecategoriesofcontextreflectdifferentaspectsofatext.Linguisticcontextmainlyrelatestotherelationshipbetweensentencesandparagraphsinonetext.Itdoesnotgobeyondthetextitself.Meanwhilesituationalcontexthasabroaderapplicationandrelatestothetextanditsrelevantmaterialobjects,suchasthesceneinwhicheventthetextoccurs,theparticipants,thespecificsituations,etc.Culturalcontexthasthewidestview.Itputsthesituationalcontextintoacertainsocialsetting,inwhichpeoplehavetheirownspecialmaterialenvironment,setofideologies,waysofbehavior,religionsandbeliefs.Thisthenistheendresultofbeinginaspecificculturalenvironmentforalongtime.Allthethreecategoriesofcontextwillbeexaminedinmoredetailinthefollowingparts.
2.LinguisticContext
Linguisticcontextisalsocalled“co-text”andrelatestothestructuralandlogicallinkingoftext.Linguisticcontextconcentratesonthetextitself,ontherelationshipbetweensentences,paragraphs,andeachpartofthetext.
2.1Matchingfunction-Determinetheexactmeaningofaword
Awordmayhavedifferentmeaningsandthosemeaningsvaryfromonetoanother.Whenfacingthisproblem,howtochoosethesemeaningsisofparamountimportance.Oneshoulddependonthecontextandthenmatcheachmeaningwiththetexttodeterminetheexactmeaning.Wecanseethisinthefollowingexamples:
Eg1.Thereisasentencesaying,“Minesaredifficulttolocate.”Consultingthedictionary,wewillfindthattherearesevenmeaningsfortheword“mine”:
(1)Anexcavationattheearth’ssurfacefromwhichoreormineralscanbeextracted.
(2)Thesiteofsuchanexcavation,withitssurfacebuildings,elevatorshafts,andequipment.
(3)Adepositoforeormineralsintheearthoronitssurface.
(4)Anabundantsupplyorsourceofsomethingvaluable.
(5)Atunneldugunderanenemyemplacementtogainanavenueofattackortolayexplosives.
(6)Anexplosivedeviceusedtodestroyenemypersonnel,shipping,fortifications,orequipment,oftenplacedinaconcealedpositionanddesignedtobedetonatedbycontact,proximity,o
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