西方媒体摘要 英语原版文章 by bill.docx
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西方媒体摘要英语原版文章bybill
FromWeibotoWeChat
Afteracrackdownonmicroblogs,sensitiveonlinediscussionhasshifted
WHENLuoChangping,aninvestigativejournalist,triedonNovember22ndtopostthelatestchapterofhisbigscooponWeChat,apopularChinesemobilemessagingservice,censorsblockedit.Buthewasabletoworkroundthem.Inafollow-upmessagehetoldhissubscriberstheycouldsendhimthewords“ChapterSeventeen”;userswhodidsoautomaticallyreceivedthepostontheirmobilephones,uncensored.
WeChat,orWeixininChinese,isknownmostlyforprivatechattingandinnocuousphoto-sharingamongsmallcirclesoffriends.Withmorethan270mactiveusers,ithasbecomethestarproductfromTencent,aninternetconglomerate.SomehavecomparedittoWhatsApp,anAmericanmessagingservice.Morequietly,ithasbecomethepreferredmediumforprovocativeonlinediscussion—thelatestmoveinChina’scat-and-mousegameofinternetexpressionandcensorship.
MrLuobeganpostinghisserialisedstoriesonWeChatinMay.TheyrelatedhowhehadexposedtheallegedcorruptionofLiuTienan,asenioreconomicofficial.HehadtriedtweetingthemonSinaWeibo,aTwitter-likemicroblogonwhichhehadaccusedMrLiuofcorruptionmonthsearlier,butinternetcensorsblockedhimfromdoingso:
hencehisswitchtoWeChat.Thoughhisinitialattemptstherewerealsoblocked,theloopholethatenabledhimtosendoutthefileistypicalofWeChat’smorerelaxedapproachtocensorship.
AWeChataccountworksmuchlesspubliclythanaccountsonmicroblogs(ofwhichSinaWeiboisthemostprominent).AnyoneusingSinaWeibocanseealmostanyoneelse’stweetsandforwardthemon,meaningasingletweetcanspreadveryquickly.OnWeChat,itisusuallyonlysubscriberstoapublicaccountwhowillseeapost(thoughsuchpostsmayalsobeviewedonaseparatewebpage),andifasubscriberforwardsapost,onlythatsubscriber’scircleoffriendsseeit.Itsnon-publicaccountsareevenlessopen.InformationonWeChatspreadsatsuchaslowburnthatauthoritiesfeeltheyhavemorecontroloverit.Alsoincontrasttomicroblogs,manytypesofpublicaccount(likeMrLuo’s)cansendoutonlyoneposttosubscribersaday,makingthemmucheasierforauthoritiestomonitor.
MrLuodoesnotalwayshaveproblemssendingouthisstoriesonWeChatand,sinceswitchingtotheservice,hehaspostedtheequivalentofablogposteveryweekortwo,andbuiltafollowingofmorethan60,000—“higherthantheactualsubscriptionfigureofmanyChinesemagazines”,hesays.WeChatisnowhisprimedeliveryplatformfornewsytitbits,includingsensitiveinformationthatwouldbecensoredmorerigorouslyonmicroblogs.(Hehasnotpublishedfor Caijing magazine,hisformeremployer,sincebeingtransferredinNovembertoanon-reportingpositionatanaffiliatedresearchinstitute.)Meanwhile,hemakesmuchlessuseofhisSinaWeiboaccount,eventhoughithasmorethanfourtimesasmanyfollowers:
“ThegroundforpublicopinionhasbeguntoshifttowardWeChat,”hesays.
TheriseofWeChatisabusinessphenomenoninitsownright(see article).ButitisalsoameasureofhowadaptiveandresilientChina’spoliticalandsocialdiscoursehasbecome—almostasadaptiveasthecensorshipregimethatseekstocontainit.Recentlyanumberofpublicintellectualshavelamentedthedeclineofmeaningfuldiscussionon weibo.Themicroblogswerefullofuser-ledactivismin2012but,startingin2013,officialshavedramaticallyescalatedtheireffortstocontrolthem.Propagandaoutletshaveintensifiedattacksonthespreadofrumoursonline,authoritiesbrowbeatonlinecelebritiestobe“moreresponsible”(atleasttwohavebeenarrestedonunrelatedcharges),andmicrobloggerscannowbejailedforuptothreeyearsfortweetingfalseinformationthatisforwarded500timesorviewed5,000times.PresidentXiJinping,inaspeechtopartyleadersinAugust,saidthattheinternetwastheprimebattlegroundinthefightoverpublicopinion,andthatofficialsmustseizecontrolofit.
Clearingthevegetation
Bytheendof2013apropagandaofficialboastedthattheauthoritieshadsuccessfully“cleaned”theinternet.Somepublicintellectualshavegivenuptheirmicroblogaccounts.Onedescribedtheinternetandmicroblogsasbeingina“vegetativestate”.
Thedeclineinactivityon weibo hasbeenrealandmeasurable.ThePublicOpinionMonitoringOfficeofPeople’sDailyOnline,apartymouthpiece,foundinastudythatthenumberof“onlineexposésofnegativesocialevents,especiallycritiquesofgovernment”hasdecreasedsignificantly.Thestudyfoundthatpostingson weibo by100opinionleadersfellby10%inthetwomonthsfollowingawarningfromaseniorofficiallastAugustthatpopularmicrobloggersshouldbemoreresponsibleonline.Voicesalsobecame“morepositive”,thestudyfound.
Butdiscussionontheinternetisnotinavegetativestatesomuchasitismigratingandmutating.WeChatrepresentsthenewfieldofbattleonline,andofficialvoiceshavebeenquickertoadapttoitthantheywereto weibo, whoserapidrisefrom2009caughtthembysurprise.Manystate-runmediaalreadyhaveWeChataccounts.Still,independentvoicesfindthat,sinceWeChatnetworksaremoreprivatethan weibo,theirinteractionsaremorefragmentedandpersonal,butalsolesssubjecttoscrutinyandcensorshipbecausetheirreachislessbroad.(Unlikemicroblogs,WeChatdoesnotdisclosehowmanysubscribetoindividualpublicaccounts.)
Activistsareundernoillusion,though,thatWeChataccountsareprivateandsecure.Tencentisalong-trustedChineseinternetgiantthathasdeeptieswiththeCommunistParty.MaHuateng,itsfounderandchiefexecutive,isadelegatetoChina’snationallegislature.MrXivisitedthecompany’sheadquartersinShenzheninDecember2012,shortlyafterbecominggeneralsecretaryoftheparty.AswithanyChineseinternetcompany,Tencent’sinterestisinmakingaprofit,notinfosteringasubversivenationalconversationthatcouldleadtoitsservicebeingshutdown.
ButthelackoftransparencyonWeChatpresentsadifferentchallengetotheauthoritiesfromthatposedby weibo.Whenarumourstartson weibo,itcanbestoppedonapublicplatform,saysMrLuo.WhengrumblingsdeveloponWeChat,theyaremorelikelytofesterquietlyforlonger.Ifarumourisspreading,thereisnopublicplatformtorefuteit,hesays.“Ithinkifsomethingreallyhappens,WeChatwoulddoalotmoredamagethan weibo.”
Powerandpatriotism
ReachingfortheMoon
XiJinpinghasconsolidatedpowerquickly.Nowheisshowingitoff
Dec18th2013,16:
00 |Fromtheprintedition
ITWAS,asaChinesenewspaperputit,“anewbeginningfortheChinesedream”.
Bizarre,see-throughseacreaturebafflesangler
MarineexpertsintheU.K.identifythejelly-likeblobasaSalpamaggiore
January21,2014 by DavidStrege
AfishermaninwatersnorthofNewZealandcameacrossanodd-looking,translucentseacreatureswimmingonthesurface.Curious,hecaughtthecreature—presumablyscoopingitupwithanet—togetacloserlook.
Itwasdescribedasasee-through,shrimp-likecreature bytheU.K.MailOnline.
“Itfeltscalyandwasquitefirm,almostjellylike,andyoucouldn’tseeanythinginsideasidefromthisorangelittleblobinsideit,”fishermanStewartFrasertoldMailOnline.
SeacreaturecalledaSalpamaggiore;photofrom CatersNewsAgencyandusedwithpermission
Fraser,whohadbeenfishingwithsonsConaughandFinn43milesnorthoftheKarikariPeninsula,tookphotosandsharedthemwithhisfishingbuddies,noneofwhomcouldidentifytheseacreature.
“Wehavenoideawhatitcouldhavebeen,butitwasquitesomething,andI’dneverseenanythinglikeitbefore,”hesaid.
Fortunately,thefolksattheNationalMarineAquariuminPlymouth,U.K.,hadanidea,identifyingitasaSalpamaggiore(Salpamaxima).
PaulCox,directorofconservationandcommunicationattheaquarium,toldMailOnlinethatasalpisbarrel-shaped,movesbypumpingwaterthroughitsgelatinousbody,andthatthelife-cycleincludesalternategenerationsofexistingassolitaryindividualsorasagroupforminglongchains.
“Incommonwithotherdefenselessanimalsthatoccupyopenwater—jelliesandhydroids,forexample—thetranslucencepresumablyprovidessomeprotectionfrompredation,”CoxtoldMailOnline.“Beingsee-throughisaprettygoodcamouflageinwater.”
Thereportdoesn’tsay,butitispresumedFraserthrewthebizarreseacreaturebackintotheocean.
SnugglyScience:
HowPuppiesKeepWarm
AtemperaturetestfromScienceBuddies
Jan16,2014 |By ScienceBuddies
Keyconcepts
Heat
Temperature
Physics
Animals
Introduction
Haveyoueverwokenuponacold,frostymorningandjustwantedtosnuggledowndeeperunderthecovers?
Othermammals,suchaspuppiesandpiglets,donotlikebeingcoldeither,buttheydonothavehandsorblanketstowrapthemselvesup.Sowhentheseanimalsgetchilledtheychangetheirbehavioranddothingslikehuddle—curlupclosetootheranimals.Inthisscienceactivityyou'llseejusthowmuchhuddlingcanhelpreduceheatloss.
Background
Wantmakesapuppywanttosleepinanadorableheap?
Snuggling,alsoknownashuddling,doesmorethancreatecutepuppypiles.Puppies,likeotheranimals,huddletokeepwarm.Heatiscontinuouslyflowingintoandoutofeverythingaroundyou.Justasaballrollsdownhill,heatrollsaway,too,flowingfromanobjectthat'shottertoonethat'scolder.If,forinstance,youputacupofhotchocolateinaroom-temperatureroom,theheatwillflowfromthehotchocolatetotheroom,cupandtable.Thesesurroundingswillactuallywarmup(eversoslightly)fromthehotchocolate's
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