美国阿布拉姆斯M1坦克.docx
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美国阿布拉姆斯M1坦克.docx
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美国阿布拉姆斯M1坦克
M1Abrams
TheM1AbramsisanAmericanthird-generationmainbattletankproducedbytheUnitedStates.ItisnamedafterGeneralCreightonAbrams,formerArmyChiefofStaffandCommanderofU.S.militaryforcesintheVietnamWarfrom1968to1972.Highlymobile,designedformodernarmoredgroundwarfare,theM1iswellarmedandheavilyarmored.Notablefeaturesincludetheuseofapowerfulgasturbineengine(multifuel),theadoptionofsophisticatedcompositearmor,andseparateammunitionstorageinablow-outcompartmentforcrewsafety.Weighingnearly68shorttons(almost62metrictons),itisoneoftheheaviestmainbattletanksinservice.
TheM1AbramsenteredU.S.servicein1980,replacingtheM60tank.ItservedforoveradecadealongsidetheimprovedM60A3,whichhadenteredservicein1978.TheM1remainstheprincipalmainbattletankoftheUnitedStatesArmyandMarineCorps,andthearmiesofEgypt,Kuwait,SaudiArabia,AustraliaandIraq.
ThreemainversionsoftheM1Abramshavebeendeployed,theM1,M1A1,andM1A2,incorporatingimprovedarmament,protectionandelectronics.Theseimprovements,aswellasperiodicupgradestooldertanks,haveallowedthislong-servingvehicletoremaininfront-lineservice.TheM1A3wasunderearlydevelopmentasof2009.
Design
Countermeasures
Camouflage
M1A1intheAustralianArmy'sDisruptivePatternCamouflage,usedforvehiclesandmateriel.Smokegrenadelaunchersareseenatleft.
EarlierU.S.militaryvehicles,usedfromWorldWarIIthroughtheVietnamWar,usedaschemeofdarkbrownishgreenknownas"olivedrab"withlargewhitestars.Prototypes,earlyproductionM1(105mmgun)andM1-IPmodelsswitchedtoaflatmediumgreenpaintscheme.Thelargewhiteinsigniastarshavealsotransitionedtomuchsmallerblackmarkings.SomeunitspaintedtheirM1swiththeolderMERDC4-colorpaintschemebuttheturn-inrequirementsforthesetanksrequiredrepaintingthemtosolidgreen.Therefore,eventhoughalargenumberofthebasemodelM1swerecamouflagedinthefield,fewornoneexisttoday.
M1A1scamefromthefactorywiththeNATOthreecolorcamouflageBlack/Med-Green/Dark-BrownCARCpaintjobs.TodayM1A1saregiventheNATOthreecolorpaintjobduringrebuilds.M1sandM1A1sdeployedtoDesertStormwerehastilypainteddeserttan.Some,butnotall,ofthesetankswerere-paintedtotheir"authorized"paintscheme.M1A2sbuiltforMiddleEasterncountrieswerepaintedindeserttan.SomeM1seriestanksarebeingpainteddeserttanforserviceinIraqandsomearenot.Replacementparts(roadwheels,armorskirtpanels,drivesprockets,etc.)arepaintedoverallgreen,whichcansometimesleadtovehicleswithapatchworkofgreenanddeserttanparts.
AustralianM1A1sweredeserttanwhendeliveredbuthaveundergoneatransitiontotheAustralianArmyvehiclestandard'DisruptivePatternCamouflage';aschemethatconsistsofblack,olivedrabandbrown.
Concealment
Theturretisfittedwithtwosix-barreledsmokegrenadelaunchers(USMCM1A1suseaneight-barreledversion).Thesecancreateathicksmokethatblocksbothvisionandthermalimaging.Theengineisalsoequippedwithasmokegeneratorthatistriggeredbythedriver.Whenactivated,fuelissprayedintothehotturbineexhaust,creatingthethicksmoke.However,duetothechangefromdieselasaprimaryfueltotheuseofJP-8,thissystemisdisabledonmostAbramstodaybecauseofaslightlyelevatedriskoffiredamagetotheenginecompartment.
Activeprotectionsystem
Inadditiontothearmor,someAbramsareequippedwithaSoftkillActiveprotectionsystem,theAN/VLQ-6MissileCountermeasureDevice(MCD)thatcanimpedethefunctionofguidancesystemsofsomesemi-activecontrolline-of-sight(SACLOS)wireandradioguidedanti-tankmissiles(suchastheRussian9K114Shturm)andthermallyandinfraredguidedmissiles.TheMCDworksbyemittingamassive,condensedinfraredsignaltoconfusetheseekerofananti-tankguidedmissile(ATGM).However,thedrawbacktothesystemisthattheATGMisnotdestroyed,itismerelydirectedawayfromitsintendedtarget,leavingthemissiletodetonateelsewhere.Thisdeviceismountedontheturretroofinfrontoftheloader'shatch,andcanleadsomepeopletomistakeAbramsfittedwiththesedevicesfortheM1A2version,sincetheCommander'sIndependentThermalVieweronthelatterismountedinthesameplace,thoughtheMCDisbox-shapedandfixedinplaceasopposedtocylindricalandrotatingliketheCITV.
Armor
TheAbramsisprotectedbyarmorbasedontheBritish-designedChobhamarmor,afurtherdevelopmentoftheBritish'Burlington'armor.Chobhamisacompositearmorformedbyspacingmultiplelayersofvariousalloysofsteel,ceramics,plasticcomposites,andkevlar,givinganestimatedmaximum(frontalturret)1,320–1,620millimetres(52–64in)ofRHAeversusHEAT(andotherchemicalenergyrounds)and940–960mm(37–38in)versuskineticenergypenetrators.Itmayalsobefittedwithreactivearmoroverthetrackskirtsifneeded(asintheUrbanSurvivalKit)andslatarmorovertherearofthetankandrearfuelcellstoprotectagainstATGMs.ProtectionagainstspallingisprovidedbyaKevlarliner.
Beginningin1987,M1A1tanksreceivedimprovedarmorpackagesthatincorporateddepleteduranium(DU)componentsintheirarmoratthefrontoftheturretandthefrontofthehull.Armorreinforcedinthismannerofferssignificantlyincreasedresistancetowardsalltypesofanti-tankweaponry,butattheexpenseofaddingconsiderableweighttothetank,asdepleteduraniumis1.7timesmoredensethanlead.ThefirstM1A1tankstoreceivethisupgradeweretanksstationedinGermany,sincetheywerethefirstlineofdefenseagainsttheSovietUnion.US-basedtankbattalionsparticipatinginOperationDesertStormreceivedanemergencyprogramtoupgradetheirtankswithdepleteduraniumarmorimmediatelybeforetheonsetofthecampaign.M1A2tanksuniformlyincorporatedepleteduraniumarmor,andallM1A1tanksinactiveservicehavebeenupgradedtothisstandardaswell.Theaddedprotectionfromthedepleteduraniumarmorisbelievedtobeequivalentto24inches(610mm)ofRHA.InthePersianGulfWar,AbramstankssurvivedmultiplehitsatrelativelycloserangesfromIraqiLionofBabylontanksandATGMs.M829A1"SilverBullet"APFSDSroundsfromotherM1A1Abramswereunabletopenetratethefrontandsidearmor(evenatcloseranges)infriendlyfireincidentsaswellasanincidentinwhichanAbramstriedtodestroyanabandonedAbramsstuckinthemud.
Damagecontrol
Thetankhasahalonfirefightingsystemtoautomaticallyextinguishfiresinthecrewcompartment.TheenginecompartmenthasafirefightingsystemthatisengagedbypullingaT-handlelocatedontheleftsideofthetank.Thecrewcompartmentalsocontainssmallhand-heldfireextinguishers.Fuelandammunitionarestoredinarmoredcompartmentswithblowoutpanelstoprotectthecrewfromtheriskofthetank'sownammunitioncookingoffifthetankisdamaged—themaingun'sammunitionisstoredintherearsectionoftheturret,withblastdoorsthatopenunderpowerbyslidingsidewaysonlytoremovearoundforfiring,thenautomaticallyclose.
Armament
Primary
M68A1rifledgun
ThemainarmamentoftheoriginalmodelM1wastheM68A1105mmrifledtankgunfiringavarietyofhighexplosiveanti-tank,highexplosive,whitephosphorusandananti-personnel(multipleflechette)round.Thisgunisalicense-builtversionoftheBritishRoyalOrdnanceL7gun.However,itprovedtobeinadequate;acannonwithlethalitybeyondthe3-kilometer(1.9mi)rangewasneededtocombatnewerarmortechnologies.Toattainthatlethality,projectilediameterneededtobeincreased.
M256smoothboregun
ThemainarmamentoftheM1A1andM1A2istheM256A1120mmsmoothboregun,designedbyRheinmetallAGofGermany,manufacturedunderlicenseintheU.S.byWatervlietArsenal,NewYork.TheM256A1isavariantoftheRheinmetall120mmL/44guncarriedontheGermanLeopard2onallvariantsuptotheLeopard2A5.Leopard2A6replacedtheL/44barrelwithalongerL/55.
TheM256A1firesavarietyofrounds.TheM829A2APFSDSroundwasdevelopedspecificallytoaddresstheimprovedprotectionofaRussianT-72,T-80UorT-90mainbattletankequippedwithKontakt-5ExplosiveReactiveArmor.Later,theM829A3APFSDSroundwasintroducedtoimproveitseffectivenessagainstnextgenerationERAequippedtanks.Asacountertothat,theRussianarmyintroducedRelikt,themostmodernRussianERA,whichisclaimedtobetwiceaseffectiveasKontakt-5.DevelopmentoftheM829seriesiscontinuingwiththeM829E4currentlyindevelopment.TheAbramsalsofiresHEATshapedchargeroundssuchastheM830,thelatestversionofwhich(M830A1)incorporatesasophisticatedmulti-modeelectronicsensingfuseandmorefragmentationwhichallowsittobeusedeffectivelyagainstarmoredvehicles,personnel,andlow-flyingaircraft.TheAbramsusesamanualloader.ThefourthtankcrewmemberontheAbramsalsoprovidesadditionalsupportformaintenance,observationpost/listeningpost(OP/LP)operations,andothertasks.
ThenewM1028120mmanti-personnelcanistercartridgewasbroughtintoserviceearlyforuseintheaftermathofthe2003invasionofIraq.Itcontains1,0983⁄8-inch(9.5mm)tungstenballswhichspreadfromthemuzzletoproduceashotguneffectlethaloutto600meters(2,000ft).Thetungstenballscanbeusedtoclearenemydismounts,breakuphastyambushsitesinurbanareas,cleardefiles,stopinfantryattacksandcounter-attacksandsupportfriendlyinfantryassaultsbyprovidingcoveringfire.Thecanisterroundisalsoahighlyeffectivebreaching
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