语言学课后练习附参考答案.docx
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语言学课后练习附参考答案.docx
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语言学课后练习附参考答案
Chapter1
I.Definethefollowingterms.
1.designfeatures2.diachronic3.arbitrariness
4.competence5.parole6.prescriptive
7.duality8.performance9.synchronic
10.descriptive11.displacement12.langue
II.Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?
Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?
Answer:
Trafficlightdoesnothaveduality.Obviously,itisnotadouble-level
system.Thereisonlyone-to-onerelationshipbetweensignsandmeaningbutthemeaningunitscannotbedividedintosmallermeaninglesselementsfurther.Sothetrafficlightonlyhastheprimarylevelandlacksthesecondarylevellikeanimals’calls.
Redstop
Greengo
Yellowgetreadytogoorstop
III.Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacialexpression.Dobodylanguageandfacialexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguage?
Answer:
Onthewhole,bodylanguageandfacialexpressionlackmostofthe
distinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguagesuchasduality,displacement,
creativityandsoon.Bodylanguageexhibitsarbitrarinessalittlebit.For
instance,nodmeans“OK/YES”forusbutinArabianworlditisequalto
saying“NO”.Somefacialexpressionshavenon-arbitrarinessbecause
theyareinstinctivesuchasthecryandlaughofanewborninfant.
IV.Whyisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceimportantinlinguistics?
Doyouthinkthelinecanbeneatlydrawnbetweenthem?
Howdoyouliketheconceptcommunicativecompetence?
Answer:
ThisisproposedbyChomskyinhisformalistlinguistictheories.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictline.Someresearchersinappliedlinguisticsthinkcommunicativecompetencemaybeamorerevealingconceptinlanguageteachingthanthepurelytheoreticalpair---competenceandperformance.
Chapter2
I.Definethefollowingterms.
1.phonetics2.consonant3.allophone4.vowel
5.assimilation6.syllable7.intonation
8.phonology9.phoneme10.tone
II.GivethedescriptionofthefollowingsoundsegmentsinEnglish.
1.[ð]2.[ʃ]3.[ŋ]4.[d]5.[p]
6.[k]7.[l]8.[i]9.[u:
]10.[ɔ]
Answers:
1.[ð]:
voiceddentalfricative2.[ʃ]:
voicelesspostalveolarfricative
3.[ŋ]:
velarnasal4.[d]:
voicedalveolarstop
5.[p]:
voicelessbilabialstop6.[k]:
voicelessvelarstop
7.[l]:
(alveolar)lateral8.[i]:
highfrontunroundedlaxvowel
9.[u:
]:
highbackroundedtensevowel
10.[ɔ]:
lowbackroundedlaxvowel
III.GivetheIPAsymbolsforthesoundsthatcorrespondtothedescriptionsbelow.
1.voicelesslabiodentalfricative2.voicedpostalveolarfricative
3.palatalapproximant4.voicelessglottalfricative
5.voicelessalveolarstop6.high-midfrontunroundedvowel
7.highcentralroundedvowel8.lowfrontroundedvowel
9.low-midbackroundedvowel
10.highbackroundedtensevowel
Answers:
1.[f]2.[Ʒ]3.[j]4.[h]5.[t]
6.[e]7.[ʉ]8.[ɶ]9.[ɔ]10.[u:
]
IV.Towhatextentisphonologyrelatedtophoneticsandhowdotheydiffer?
Answer:
Phoneticsisthebranchoflinguisticsstudyingthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonologyisthestudyofsoundsystemsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternswheretheyfallin.Minimalpairs,phonemes,allophones,freevariation,complementarydistribution,etc.,arealltobeinvestigatedbyaphonologist.
Bothareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage----thespeechsounds.Buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.
Phoneticsisofgeneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;itfocusesonchaos.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Aphonologiststudieswhathebelievesaremeaningfulsoundsrelatedwiththeirsemanticfeatures,morphologicalfeatures,andthewaytheyareconceivedandprintedinthedepthofthemind.Phonologicalknowledgepermitsaspeakertoproducesoundswhichformmeaningfulutterances,torecognizeaforeign“accent”,tomakeupnewwords,toaddtheappropriatephoneticsegmentstoformpluralsandpasttenses,toknowwhatisandwhatisnotasoundinone’slanguage.Itfocusesonorder.
V.Thepronunciationoftellis[teɫ],butthatoftelleris[telə].Discusswhythephoneme/l/isrealizedas[ɫ]and[l]respectivelyinthissituation.
Answer:
Thewordtellerisformedbyaddingasuffix–ertothebaseword
telltoformanewword.Weareallfamiliarwiththerulethatgovernsthe
allophonesofthephoneme/l/:
whenprecedingavowel,itis[l]andwhen
followingavowelitis[ɫ].However,intellerithasavowelbothbefore
andafterit,sohowdowedecidethatitshouldbepronouncedas[l],not
[ɫ]?
Wenoticethattellisamonosyllabicwordwhiletellerisdisyllabic.
Inapolysyllabicword,wefollowtheMaximalOnsetPrinciple(MOP)
forthedivisionofsyllable.ByMOP,the[l]mustbeplacedintheonset
positionofthesecondsyllableinsteadofthecodapositionofthefirst
syllable.Thus,thephoneme[l]isrealizedasitshouldbebeforethe
vowelinthesecondsyllable.Thesameistruewithtelling,falling,and
manyothers.Wecanseefromthisthatthephonologicalstructureofa
complexwordisoftendifferentfromitsmorphologicalstructure,i.e.how
thewordisformed.Inword-formationitistell+-erwhileinsyllable
structureitis[te+lə].
Chapter3
I.Definethefollowingterms.
1.morpheme2.affix3.allomorph4.freemorpheme
5.derivation6.stem7.blending8.back-formation
9.inflection10.root11.boundmorpheme12.acronym
II.Completethewordswithsuitablenegativeprefixes.
a.removablem.syllabic
b.formaln.normal
c.practicableo.workable
d.sensiblep.written
e.tangibleq.usual
f.logicalr.thinkable
g.regulars.human
h.proportionatet.relevant
i.effectiveu.editable
j.elasticv.mobile
k.ductivew.legal
l.rationalx.discreet
Answers:
a.irremovablem.dissyllabic
b.informaln.abnormal
c.impracticableo.unworkable
d.insensiblep.unwritten
e.intangibleq.unusual
f.illogicalr.unthinkable
g.irregulars.inhuman
h.disproportionatet.irrelevant
i.ineffectiveu.uneditable
j.inelasticv.immobile
k.inductivew.illegal
l.irrationalx.indiscreet
III.Morphemeisdefinedasthesmallestunitintermsofrelationship
betweenexpressionandcontent.Thenismorphemeagrammatical
conceptorasemanticone?
Whatisitsrelationtophoneme?
Cana
morphemeandaphonemeformanorganicwhole?
Answer:
Sincemorphemeisdefinedasthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical,thatis,itisinvolvedbothingrammaticalandsemanticaspects.
Asinglephonememayrepresentasinglemorpheme,buttheyarenotidentical.Forexample,thephoneme/s/in‘looks’,‘tapes’,‘Frank’s’,‘race’isthesameone,yettheyrepresentdifferentmorphemesorevenisnotamorphemeindividually.Thephoneme/s/in‘looks’:
thethird-personsingularpresenttensemorpheme;thephoneme/s/in‘tapes’:
thepluralmorpheme;thephoneme/s/in‘Frank’s’:
thepossessivecasemorpheme;thephoneme/s/in‘race’:
isnotamorpheme,forithasneitherlexicalmeaningorgrammaticalmeaning.
Morphemesmayalsoberepresentedbyphonologicalstructureotherthanasinglephoneme.Inotherwords,amorphememayoverlapwithaphoneme,suchasI,butusuallynot,asinpig,inwhichthemorphemeisthewholeword,i.e.anindependent,freemorpheme,butthephonemesare/p/,/i/and/g/.
Chapter4
I.Definethefollowingterms.
1.syntax2.constituent3.subordination4.endocentric
5.category6.construction7.exocentric8.coordinate
II.Putbracketsaroundtheimmediateconstituentsineachsentence.
1.Irodebackwhenitwasdark.
2.Theboywascrying.
3.Shutthedoor.
4.Openthedoorquickly.
5.Thehappyteacherinthatclasswasbecomingaway.
6.Heboughtanoldcarwithhisfirstpaycheque.
Answers:
1.((I)((rode)(back)))((when)((it)((was)(dark)))).
2.((The)(boy))((was)(crying)).
3.(Shut)((the)(door)).
4.((Open)((the)(door)))(quickly).
5.((The)(((happy)(teacher))((in)((that)(class)))))((was)((becoming)(away))).
6.(He)(((bought)((an)((old)(car))))((with)((his)((first)((pay)(cheque)))))).
III.Foreachoftheunderlinedconstructionsorwordgroups,dothefollowing.
—Statewhetheritisheadedornon-headed.
—Ifheaded,stateitsheadword.
—Namethetypeofconstructions.
e.g.:
Hissonwillbekeenlycompeting.
Answer:
headed;headword—competing;verbalgroup
(a)Ducksquack.
(b)Theladderintheshedislongenough.
(c)Isawabridgedamagedbeyondrepair.
(d)Singinghymnsisforbiddeninsomecountries.
(e)Hishandsomefaceappearedinthemagazine.
(f)Aladyofgreatbeautycameout.
(g)Heenjoysclimbinghighmountains.
(h)Themannoddedpatiently.
(i)Amanrousedbytheinsultdrewhissword.
Answers:
(a)non-headed;independentclause
(b)non-headed;prepositionalphrase
(c)headed;headword---damaged;adjectivalgroup
(d)headed;headword---singing;gerundialphrase
(e)headed;headword---face;nominalgroup
(f)non-headed;prepositionalphrase
(g)headed;headword---climbing;gerundialphrase
(h)non-headed;independentclause
(i)headed;headword---roused;adjectivalphrase
Chapter5Meaning
I.Definethefollowingterms.
1.conceptualmeaning2.denotation3.connotation
4.reference5.sense6.synonymy
7.gradableantonymy8.complementaryantonymy
9.converseantonym
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