专八人文常识辅导材料美国文学.docx
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专八人文常识辅导材料美国文学.docx
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专八人文常识辅导材料美国文学
AmericanLiterature:
AConciseHistory
I.Review
1.WhowroteTheAmerican?
()
A.HermanMelvilleB.NathanielHawthorne
C.HenryJamesD.TheodoreDreiser
2.DeathofaSalesmanwaswrittenby____.()
A.ArthurMillerB.ErnestHemingway
C.RalphEllisonD.JamesBaldwin
3.ThenovelForWhomtheBellTollsiswrittenby___.()
A.ScottFitzgeraldB.WilliamFaulkner
C.EugeneO’NeilD.ErnestHemingway
4.WilliamSydneyPorter,knownasO’Henry,ismostfamousfor_____.()
A.hispoemsB.hisplays
C.hisshortstoriesD.hisnovels
II.HistoricalPeriods
1.ColonialPeriod:
17th~18th(faith→reason)
2.RomanticPeriod:
endof18thtotheCivilWar★
3.TheAgeofRealism:
1865-1890★
4.TheAgeofNaturalism:
1890-1900
5.ModernPeriod:
1912-1945★
6.PostwarRealism:
1950s-1960s
7.Postmodernism:
1960s-1980s
III.KeyFigures
1.BenjaminFranklin
2.JamesFenimoreCooper,WashingtonIrving;EdgarAllanPoe,WaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson/NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville(R.W.Emerson,H.D.Thoreau)
3.O’Henry,HenryJames,MarkTwain
4.StephanCrane,TheodoreDreiser,JackLondon
5.EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,R.L.Frost/ErnestHemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,SinclairLewis,JohnSteinbeck/EugeneO’Neill,TennesseeWilliams,ArthurMiller
6.JeromeSalinger
7.Nabokov
MarkTwain:
①Trend:
realism(localcolorism)②Genre:
fiction③Masterpiece:
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn④DistinctiveStyle:
vernacularlanguage⑤OtherImportantWorks
IV.Sample
1.Americanliteratureproducedonlyonefemalepoetduringthe19thcentury.Shewas__________.
A.AnneBradstreetB.JaneAusten
C.KatherineAnnePorterD.EmilyDickinson
2.ThefirstAmericantowintheNobelPrizeforLiteraturewasasharpsocialcritic,whosenamewas__________.
A.T.S.EliotB.SinclairLewis
C.ErnestHemingwayD.WilliamFaulkner
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinDreiser’s
trilogyofdesireconcerningtheruthlessnessof
capitalists?
A.TheGeniusB.TheFinancier
C.TheTitanD.TheStoic
4.WithHowells,James,andMarkTwainactiveonthescene,__________becamethemajortrendintheseventiesandeightiesofthenineteenthcentury.
A.sentimentalismB.romanticism
C.realismD.naturalism
5.From1732to1758,Franklinwroteandpublishedhisfamous__________,anannualcollectionofproverbs.
A.Autobiography
B.PoorRichard’sAlmanac
C.CommonSense
D.TheGeneralMagazine
6.“TheAmericanRenaissance”istheperiodof______inthehistoryofAmericanliterature.
A.localcolorismB.Romanticism
C.TranscendentalismD.Colonism
7._________isMarkTwain’smasterwork,theonebookfromwhichasHemingwaynoted,“AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomes”.
A.TheGildedAge
B.LifeontheMississippi
C.TheAdventuresofTomSawyer
D.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn
8._______istheonlyAmericanplaywrightawardedNobelPrizeofLiterature.
A.ArthurMillerB.EugeneO’Neill
C.TennesseeWilliamsD.SinclairLewis
9.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto“BeatGeneration”?
A.JackKerouacB.F.S.Fitzgerald
C.AllenGinsbergD.WilliamBurroughs
10.__________isidentifiedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry,whoalsoplaysanimportantroleintransmittingChineseculturetotheEnglish-speakingworld.
A.T.S.EliotB.RobertFrost
C.EzraPoundD.WaltWhitman
I.ColonialPeriod:
17th~18th
TheinfluenceofPuritanismonwriting:
fresh,simpleandplain
traceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible
frequentreferencetothetechniqueofsymbolism
AnneBradstreet
TheTenthMuseLatelySprungupinAmerica
MichaelWigglesworth
TheDayofDoom
EdwardTaylor:
ametaphysicalpoet
BenjaminFranklin:
thespokesmanoftheAmericanEnlightenment(AgeofReason/GreatAwakening);createdtheimageoftheYankee
pseudonym:
SilenceDogood
PoorRichard’sAlmanac
Autobiography
ThomasPaine(hisstyle:
plain)
CommonSense—thefirstpamphleturgingimmediateindependencefromBritain;hismostfamouspamphlet;thegreatestoftheRevolutionarypamphlets
PhilipFreneau
ThefirstAmerican-bornpoet;PoetoftheAmericanRevolution
Theme:
nationalism
ThebeginningofAmericanRomanticism
II.RomanticPeriod:
1)EarlyRomantics
NewEnglandPoets(Fireside/SchoolroomPoets):
HenryWadsworthLongfellow
ThesongofHiawatha—thefirstAmericanepicinblankverseabouttheAmericanIndians
ThefirstAmericanpoettobehonoredbyhavinghisbustplacedinthePoets’CornerofWestminsterAbbey
WilliamCullenBryant:
theAmericanWordsworth
Thanatopsis(ponderingondeath)—hisgreatestpoem
Novelist:
JamesFenimoreCooper:
thefirstsuccessfulAmericannovelist
32novels
3kinds:
abouttherevolutionarypast—TheSpy
aboutthesea—Thepilot
★aboutthefrontier—TheLeatherstockingTales(ThePioneers,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,andTheDeerslayer;protagonist:
NattyBumppo--“theessentialAmericansoul”byD.H.Lawrence)
StoryWriterandProseStylist:
WashingtonIrving
TheSketchBookwonhiminternationalfame
“RipVanWinkle”&“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”
“Crayon”style
IntroducedthefamiliaressaytoAmerica
II.RomanticPeriod:
2)Transcendentalists
NewEnglandTranscendentalism=AmericanRenaissance
Features:
Itstressedthepowerofintuition.
Itplacedspiritfirstandmattersecond.
IttooknatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.
Itemphasizedthesignificanceoftheindividual.
Itenvisionedreligionasanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversal“Oversoul”.
Itheldthatcommercewasdegrading.
TheTranscendentalClub&theirjournalTheDial
Essayists:
RalphWaldoEmerson
Transcendentalism’smostseminalforce
TheLyceumMovement
Nature—“themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalism”
TheAmericanScholar—“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”
HenryDavidThoreau
Hisfirstmajorinfluence:
nonviolentstruggleasexpressedinhis“CivilDisobedience”
Hissecondmajorinfluence:
callof“BacktoNature”
Walden—aclassicofAmericanprose;readslikeadiaryofanaturelover
Symbolism
II.RomanticPeriod:
3)HighRomantics
EdgarAllanPoe
Literarytheories:
1)AtheoryofPoetry
Themostimportantpurposeofpoetryisthecreationofbeauty(Englishasamediumofpuremusicalandrhythmicbeauty).
Thetoneofitshighestmanifestationisoneofsadness.
Thedeathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpotentialtopic.
death–predominantthemeinPoe’swriting
“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”
2)AboutHisFiction
Thementalworldofthepeopleshouldbeilluminated.
Theprincipleofconcentrationandthematictotalityshouldbestressed.
Truthratherthanbeautyisoftentheaimofthetale.
Literaryachievements:
TheRaven—hismostfamousnarrativepoem
Detectivestories,ratiocinativestories&sciencefiction
TheMurdersintheRueMorgue
TheFalloftheHouseofUsher
TheMasqueoftheRedDeath
WaltWhitman
LeavesofGrass(9editions)—America’sfirstgenuineepicpoem
Style:
freeverse
Theenvelopestructure,cataloguetechnique,thoughtrhythm
RepresentsaturningpointinthehistoryofAmericanpoetry
EmilyDickinson
Forthewhole19thcenturyshewastheonlywomanpoetwhoenjoyshighacademicesteemtoday.
Poems
Themes:
religion–doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects
deathandimmortality
love–sufferingandfrustrationcausedbylove
physicalaspectofdesire
nature–kindandcruel
freewillandhumanresponsibility
NathanielHawthorne—thefirstAmericanromancer;thefirstmajornovelistinEnglishtowedmoralitytoart
Hisnovelswereperhapsthedeepestandmostpsychologicalinthe19thcentury.
TheScarletLetter
HesterPrynne,Pearl,Chillingworth,Dimmesdale
Pointofview:
Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.Whereverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.
HermanMeiville—anadventurewriter,knownas“amanwholivedwithcannibals”
MobyDick—thefirstAmericanproseepic;thegreatestAmericannovelbysomecritics
Asymboltorepresentcruel,brutal,maliciouspowersofnature
Thetechniqueofmultipleviews
Style:
highlysymbolicandmetaphorical
III.TheAgeofRealism
Features:
truthfuldescriptionoflife
typicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstance
objectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife
“Realisticwritersarelikescientists.”
open-ending:
Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.
WilliamDeanHowells
Productiveexceptthegenreofpoetry
TheRiseofSilasLapham
WilliamSydneyPorter(O.Henry)
Thesurpriseendingishisspecialty,e.g.“TheCopandtheAnthem”.
SherwoodAnderson:
Winesburg,Ohio
★HenryJames:
novelsofmanners
Developedtheinternationalnovel
DaisyMillerestablishedhisreputationathomeandabroad(theme:
Americaninnocencevs.Europeansophistication)
TheAmbassadors:
hismost“perfect”workofart,claimedbyhimself
3influentialsubjects:
children,newwomenandartists
TheoryoffictioninhisTheArtofFiction
Chiefcriterion:
showingratherthantelling
honors:
thefirstofthe“modernpsychologicalnovelists”
A“realistoftheinnerlife”
AbridgeofAmericanandEuropeancultures
LocalColorism
Thelate1860stoearly1870s
Towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.
HamlinGarland’s“UndertheLion’sPaw”
HarrietBeecherStowe:
UncleTom’sCabin—thegreatestofallanti-slaveryliterature
MarkTwain(SamuelClemens)—“theLincolnofourliterature”;thetruefatherofAmericanliterature
Onefamousessay:
“TothePersonSittinginDarkness”
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