高中化学方程式汇总High school chemistry equation summary.docx
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高中化学方程式汇总High school chemistry equation summary.docx
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高中化学方程式汇总Highschoolchemistryequationsummary
高中化学方程式汇总(Highschoolchemistryequationsummary)
Methanecombustion
CH4+2O2-CO2+2H2O(conditionforlighting)
Methaneisisolatedfromairbyhightemperaturedecomposition
Thedecompositionofmethaneisverycomplex,andthefollowingisthefinaldecomposition.CH4-C+2H2(conditionofhightemperature,highpressure,catalyst)
Methaneandchlorineundergosubstitutionreactions
CH4+Cl2toCH3Cl+HCl
CH3Cl+Cl2toCH2Cl2+HCl
CH2Cl2+Cl2toCHCl3+HCl
CHCl3+Cl2=CCl4+HCl(conditionsarelight)
Laboratorymethaneproduction
CH3COONa+NaOH-Na2CO3+CH4(conditionCaOheating)
Ethylenecombustion
CH2=CH2+3O2-2CO2+2H2O(conditionforlighting)
Ethyleneandbromine
CH2=CH2+Br2toCH2Br-CH2Br
Ethyleneandwater
CH2=CH2+H20-CH3CH2OH(conditionascatalyst)
Ethyleneandhydrogenchloride
CH2=CH2+HCltoCH3-CH2Cl
Ethyleneandhydrogen
CH2=CH2+H2-CH3-CH3(conditionascatalyst)
Ethylenepolymerization
NCH2=CH2--[-CH2-CH2-]n-(conditionascatalyst)
Vinylchloridepolymerization
NCH2=CHCl--[-CH2-CHCl-]n-(conditionascatalyst)
Laboratoryproductionofethylene
CH3CH2OH,CH2=CH2=+H2O(conditionsforheating,concentratedH2SO4)
Acetylenecombustion
C2H2+3O2-2CO2+H2O(conditionforlighting)
Acetyleneandbromine
C2H2+2Br2toC2H2Br4
Acetyleneandhydrogenchloride
Twostepreaction:
C2H2+HCl=C2H3Cl--------C2H3Cl+HCl=C2H4Cl2
Acetyleneandhydrogen
Twostepreaction:
C2H2+H2toC2H4=C2H2+2H2toC2H6(conditionascatalyst)
实验室制乙炔
cac2+2h2o→ca(oh)2+c2h2↑
以食盐、水、石灰石、焦炭为原料合成聚乙烯的方程式.
caco3===cao+co22cao+50===2cac2+co2
cac2+2h2o→c2h2+ca(oh)2
c++h2o===co+h2-----高温
c2h2+h2→c2h4----乙炔加成生成乙烯
c2h4可聚合
苯燃烧
2c6h6+15o2→12co2+6h2o(条件为点燃)
苯和液溴的取代
c6h6+br2→c6h5br+hbr
苯和浓硫酸浓硝酸
c6h6+hno3→c6h5no2+h2o(条件为浓硫酸)
苯和氢气
c6h6+3h2→c6h12(条件为催化剂)
乙醇完全燃烧的方程式
c2h5oh+3o2→2co2+3h2o(条件为点燃)
乙醇的催化氧化的方程式
2ch3ch2oh+o2→2ch3cho+2h2o(条件为催化剂)(这是总方程式)
乙醇发生消去反应的方程式
ch3ch2oh→ch2=ch2+h2o(条件为浓硫酸170摄氏度)
两分子乙醇发生分子间脱水
2ch3ch2oh→ch3ch2och2ch3+h2o(条件为催化剂浓硫酸140摄氏度)
乙醇和乙酸发生酯化反应的方程式
ch3cooh+c2h5oh→ch3cooc2h5+h2o
乙酸和镁
mg+2ch3cooh→(ch3coo)2mg+h2
乙酸和氧化钙
2ch3
cooh+cao→(ch3ch2)2ch+h2o
乙酸和氢氧化钠
ch3cooch2ch3+naoh→ch3coona+ch3ch2oh
乙酸和碳酸钠
Na2CO3+2CH3COOHand2CH3COONa+H2O+CO2increase
Formaldehydeandnewcopperhydroxide
HCHO+4Cu(OH)2,2Cu2O+CO2=+5H2O
Thenewsystemofacetaldehydeandcopperhydroxide
CH3CHO+2CutoCu2O(precipitation)+CH3COOH+2H2O
Acetaldehydeisoxidizedtoaceticacid
2CH3CHO+O2-2CH3COOH(conditionforcatalystorheating)
O2-CO2+2H2O(conditionforlighting)
Ethylenecombustion
CH2=CH2+3O2-2CO2+2H2O(conditionforlighting)
Acetylenecombustion
C2H2+3O2-2CO2+H2O(conditionforlighting)
Benzenecombustion
2C6H6+15O2-12CO2+6H2O(conditionforlighting)
Equationforcompletecombustionofethanol
C2H5OH+3O2-2CO2+3H2O(conditionforlighting)
Anequationforthecatalyticoxidationofethanol
2CH3CH2OH+O2-2CH3CHO+2H2O(conditionascatalyst)
Catalyticoxidationofacetaldehyde:
CH3CHO+O2-2CH3COOH(heatingwithcatalyst)
Substitutionreaction:
thesubstitutionofsomeatomsorgroupsofatomsinanorganicmoleculebyotheratomsorgroupsofatoms.
Methaneandchlorineundergosubstitutionreactions
CH4+Cl2toCH3Cl+HCl
CH3Cl+Cl2toCH2Cl2+HCl
CH2Cl2+Cl2toCHCl3+HCl
CHCl3+Cl2toCCl4+HCl
(allconditionsarelight.)
Concentratednitricacid
C6H6+HNO3-C6H5NO2+H2O(conditionisconcentratedsulfuricacid)
Thesubstitutionofbenzeneandbenzenewithhalogenelements,concentratednitricacidandsoon.Suchas:
Theconcentrationofbromineandsubstitutedphenols.Suchas:
Substitutionofalkanesandhalogenelementsinlight.Suchas:
Esterificationreaction.
Thereactionbetweenanacidandanalcoholinthepresenceofconcentratedsulfuricacidtoproduceesterandwater,inessence,isthereactionofcarboxylgroupswithhydroxylgroupstoproduceestergroupsandwater.Suchas:
Hydrolysisreaction.Thesubstitutionof-OHor-Hinwatermoleculesforthereactionofatomsorclustersinorganiccompoundsiscalledhydrolysis.
Hydrolysisofhydrogenhalidestoformalcohol.Suchas:
Hydrolysisofestersyieldscarboxylicacids(carboxylicacids)andalcohols.Suchas:
Hydrolysisofethylacetate:
CH3COOC2H5+H2OtoCH3COOH+C2H5OH(theconditionisinorganicacidbase)
Additionreaction.
Thereactionofunsaturatedcarbonatomsunitedwithotheratomsoratomsintootherorganicmatter.
Ethyleneandbromine
CH2=CH2+Br2toCH2Br-CH2Br
Ethyleneandwater
CH2=CH2+H20-CH3CH2OH(conditionascatalyst)
Ethyleneandhydrogenchloride
CH2=H2+HCltoCH3-CH2Cl
Ethyleneandhydrogen
CH2=CH2+H2-CH3-CH3(conditionascatalyst)
Acetyleneandbromine
C2H2+2Br2toC2H2Br4
Acetyleneandhydrogenchloride
Twostepreaction:
C2H2+HCl=C2H3Cl--------C2H3Cl+HCl=C2H4Cl2
Acetyleneandhydrogen
Twostepreaction:
C2H2+H2toC2H4---------C2H2+2H2=C2H6(conditionascatalyst)
Benzeneandhydrogen
C6H6+3H2-C6H12(conditionascatalyst)
Eliminationreaction.Organicmoleculesoffasmallmolecule(water,hydrogenhalide,etc.)andproduceunsaturated(doublebondofcarbonorcarboncarbontriple)compounds.
Anequationfortheeliminationreactionofethanol
CH3CH2OHtoCH2=CH2+H2O(conditionisconcentratedsulfuricacid170degreesCelsius)
Intermoleculardehydrationofethanoloccursintwomolecules
2CH3CH2OH-CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O(conditioniscatalyst,concentratedsulfuricacid140degreesCelsius)
OlefinsarehydrocarbonscontainingC=Cbonds.Unsaturatedhydrocarbons.ThemolecularformulaofolefinsisCnH2n,nonpolarmolecules,insolubleorslightlysolubleinwater.Pronetoaddition,polymerization,oxidation,etc..
Physicalpropertiesofethylene
Usually,acolorlessslightlysmellgas,thedensityissmallerthantheair,insolubleinwater,solubleinorganicsolventssuchascarbontetrachloride.
1)oxidationreaction:
Itiseasytobeoxidizedbyoxidantatroomtemperature.IfethyleneispassedintotheacidicKMnO4solution,thepurpleofthesolutionisremoved,thusidentifyingtheethylene.
Easytoburnandgiveoffheat.Whenburning,theflameisbrightandblacksmokeisproduced.
2)additionreactionofdoublebondinorganiccompounds(ortriple)atbothendsofthecarbonatomswithotheratomsorgroupsofatomstoformnewcompoundswithdirectreaction.
3)polymerization:
Laboratorymethodfortheproductionofethylene2.
(1):
CH3CH2OH===CH2=CH2=+H2O(theprincipleofreactionconditionsforheating,concentratedH2SO4)
(2)generatingdevice:
areactiondeviceusingliquidandliquidheatingtoproducegas.
(3)collectionmethod:
drainagegascollectionmethod.
(4)mattersneedingattention:
Thevolumeratioofethanolandconcentratedsulfuricacidinreactionliquidis1to3.
Intheroundbottomflaskwithasmallamountofbrokentiles,thepurposeistopreventbumpingwhenheatedinthereactionmixture.
Thethermometermercurybulbshouldbeinsertedundertheliquidsurfacetoaccuratelymeasurethetemperatureofthereactionliquid.Whenheating,thetemperatureshouldberapidlyincreasedto170degreestoreducethechanceofetherformation.
Intheproductionofethyleneinthereactionofconcentratedsulfuricacidcatalyst,butnotwaterabsorbentisoxidantinthereactionprocesstoethanoloxidation,CO2,CO,thelastgenerationC(sothetubeliquidblack),whilethesulfateitselfisreducedtoSO2.SO2canmakewaterorKMnO4solution.Therefore,beforetheexperimentonthepropertiesofethylene,SO2canberemovedbywashingthegasthroughtheNaOHsolutiontoobtainpureethylene.
Acetylene,alsoknownascalciumcarbidegas.ThestructureofsimpletypeHC=CH,isthemostsimplealkynes.ChemicalformulaC2H2
Molecularstructure:
non-polarmoleculeswithlinearmolecules.
Colorless,odorless,flammablegas,slightlysolubleinwater,solubleinethanol,acetoneandotherorganicsolvents.
Thechemicalpropertyisveryactive,itcanreactwithaddition,oxidation,polymerizationandmetalsubstitution.
ThePotassiumPermanganatesolutionfadedpurple.
Method:
CaC2+2H2Olaboratoryacetylene-Ca(OH)=2+C2H2
Chemicalproperty:
(1)oxidationreaction:
A.flammability:
2C2H2+5O2to4CO2+2H2O
Phenomenon:
brightandthicksmoke.
B.oxidationbyKMnO4:
tomakePotassiumPermanganatepurpleacidsolution.
(2)add
Reaction:
itcanreactwithBr2,H2,HXandmanyothersubstances.
Phenomenon:
CCl4solutionorBr2fadefadebromine
PlusH2
CH=CH+H2,CH2=CH2
PlusH2
Twostepreaction:
C2H2+H2toC2H4
C2H2+2H2-C2H6(conditionascatalyst)
Vinylchloride;usedinmakingpolyvinylchloride
c2h2+hcl→c2h3clnch2=chcl→=-(-ch2-chcl-]n-(条件为催化剂)
(3)由于乙炔与乙烯都是不饱和烃,所以化学性质基本相似.金属取代反应:
将乙炔通入溶有金属钠的液氨里有氢气放出.乙炔与银氨溶液反应,产生白色乙炔银沉淀.
1、卤化烃:
官能团,卤原子
在碱的溶液中发生"水解反应",生成醇
在碱的醇溶液中发生"消去反应",得到不饱和烃
2、醇:
官能团,醇羟基
能与钠反应,产生氢气
能发生消去得到不饱和烃(与羟基相连的碳直接相连的碳原子上如果没有氢原子,不能发生消去)
能与羧酸发生酯化反应
能被催化氧化成醛(伯醇氧化成醛,仲醇氧化成酮,叔醇不能被催化氧化)
3、醛:
官能团,醛基
能与银氨溶液发生银镜反应
能与新制的氢氧化铜溶液反应生成红色沉淀
能被氧化成羧酸
能被加氢还原成醇
4、酚,官能团,酚羟基
具有酸性
能钠反应得到氢气
酚羟基使苯环性质更活泼,苯环上易发生取代,酚羟基在苯环上是邻对位定位基
能与羧酸发生酯化
5、羧酸,官能团,羧基
具有酸性(一般酸性强于碳酸)
能与钠反应得到氢气
不能被还原成醛(注意是"不能")
能与醇发生酯化反应
6、酯,官能团,酯基
Hydrolysisoccurstoproduceacidsandalcohols
Materialextraction:
Laboratorymethaneproduction
CH3COONa+NaOH-Na2CO3+CH4(conditionCaOheating)
Laboratoryproductionofethylene
CH3CH2OH,CH2=CH2=+H2O(conditionsforheating,concentratedH2SO4)
Laboratoryacetylene
CaC2+2H2O,Ca(OH)=2+C2H2
Industrialethanolproduction:
C2H4+H20-CH3CH2OH(conditionascatalyst)
Preparationofacetaldehyde
Acetylenehydrationprocess:
C2H2+H2OtoC2H4O(conditioniscatalyst,heating,pressurizing)
Ethylen
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