语言学复习题.docx
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语言学复习题.docx
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语言学复习题
1Introduction
I.Blank-filling
1.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisas______linguisticstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisad______linguisticstudy.Modernlinguiststendtopreferas______approachtoad______one.
2.S______andw______arethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthes______languageastheprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.
3.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_______;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobep______.
4.L______referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andp______referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
5.Languageisasystemofa_______vocalsymbolsusedforhumanc______.
6.C______canbedefinedastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andp______canbedefinedastheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
7.Languageisa______inthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.
8.Thefactthatchildrenacquirespokenlanguagebeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyv______.
9.Languageisp______orcreativeinthatitsuserscanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.
10.Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentorabsent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Thisiswhatd______means.
11.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledg______linguistics.
12.Linguisticscanbedefinedasthes______studyofl______.
13.Dualityofstructuresisalsoreferredtoasd______a______.
II.Multiplechoice
1.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguist___intheearly20thcentury.
A.Noam.ChomskyB.F.deSaussureC.CharlesHockettD.J.R.Firth
2.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasmadebytheAmericanlinguist___inthelate1950’s.
A.Noam.ChomskyB.F.deSaussureC.CharlesHockettD.J.R.Firth
3.Amodernlinguistwouldnotprefertobea(n)___.
A.observerB.analyzerC.judgeD.recorder
II.Trueorfalsejudgement
()1.Langueisconcretewhileparoleisabstract.Langueisrelativelystablewhileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
()2.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’sperformance,nothiscompetence.
()3.Modernlinguisticsisprescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisdescriptive.
()4.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.
()5.TraditionalgrammarforcedlanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
()6.Inmodernlinguistics,adiachronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoverasynchronicone.
()7.“Languageisasystem”meansthatelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
()8.Languageisculturallyaswellasgeneticallytransmitted.
()9.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.
()10.Inabroadsenseappliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
()11.Amodernlinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.
Keys:
I.Blank-filling
1.synchronic,diachronic,synchronic,diachronic
2.Speech,writing,speech
3.descriptive,prescriptive
4.Langue,parole
5.arbitrary,communication
6.competence,performance
7.arbitrary
8.vocal
9.productive
10.displacement
11.general
12.systematic/scientific,language
13.doublearticulation
II.Multiplechoice
1.B2.A3.C
III.Trueorfalsejudgement
1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F
11.T
2Phonology
I.Blank-filling
1.P______isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.
2.Thethreeimportantbranchesofphoneticsare:
(1)a_______phonetics,whichstudieshowaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds;
(2)a______phonetics,whichstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsand(3)a_______phonetics,whichstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
4.Vibrationofthev_______c______resultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalled“v______”,whichisafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.
5.Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Theformeriscalledb_____transcriptionwhilethelatteriscalledn______transcription.
6.Thesound[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit.Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobea______andinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisu______.
7.SpeechsoundsinEnglishcanbedividedintotwobroadcategories:
v______andc______.
8.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarev______.
9.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:
s_______,f_______,a______,l______,n_______,g______.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,theEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:
b______,l______,d______,a______,p______,v______,g______consonants.
10.Englishvowelsmaybedistinguishedasf______,c______,andb______accordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.
11.Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth,wecanclassifythevowelsinto:
c______vowels,s______vowels,s______vowelsando______vowels.
12.Vowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingtotheshapeofthelips.InEnglish,allthefrontvowelsareu______vowelsandmostbackvowelsarer______.
13.TheEnglishvowelscanbeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsareallt______vowelsandthes______vowelsarelaxvowels.
14.Aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainp______inacertainphoneticcontext.
15.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthea______ofthatphoneme.
16.Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemestheyaresaidtoformap______c______.Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheyaresaidtobeinc_______d______.
17.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformam______p______.
19.Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds______rules.
21.ThepartsofspeechthatarenormallystressedinanEnglishsentencearen_____,m______verbs,a______,a______,n______andd______pronouns;theothercategoriesofwordslikea______,p______pronouns,a______verbs,p______,andc______areusuallynotstressed.
25.InEnglishwecanproduceasoundbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions,thesoundthusproducediscalledad______.
26.S______soundsaresoundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication.
27.IPAistheshortformforI______P______A______orI______P______A______.
28.InEnglishglidesaresometimescalleds______.TheEnglishglidesare______and______.
29.Aphonemeconsistsofasetofd______features.Itisjustbecauseofthesefeaturesthataphonemeiscapableofdistinguishingmeaning.
II.Multiplechoice
1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuprasegmentalfeature?
A.phonemeB.stressC.toneD.intonation
2.TheEnglishwordthatcontainsavoicelessbilabialunaspiratedstopis____.
A.peakB.speakC.tipC.topic
3.Chineseisa(n)___language.
A.intonationB.toneC.pitchD.stress
4.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled_________.
A.sequentialrulesB.combiningrulesC.assimilationrulesD.deletionrules
5.Whichofthefollowingisaminimalpair?
A.fear,pearB.put,hutC.bit,beatD.beat,beast
III.Trueorfalsejudgement
()2.Linguistsareinterestedinallsoundsproducedbyhumans.
()3.The“same”soundsweclaimtohaveheardareinmostcasesonlyphoneticallysimilar,butrarelyphoneticallyidentical.
()4.Narrowtranscriptionisnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.
()6.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit,itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
()7.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdoesnotdistinguishmeaning.
()10.Conventionallyphonemesareplacedwithinsquarebrackets,andphonesinslashes.
Keys:
Blank-filling
1.Phonetics
2.rticulatory,acoustic,auditory
4.vocalcords,voicing
5.broad,narrow
6.aspirated,unaspirated
7.vowels,consonants
8.voiceless
9.stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasals,glides;bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottal
10.front,central,back
11.close,semi-close,semi-open,open
12.unrounded,rounded
13.tense,lax
14.phone
15.allophones
16.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution
17.minimalpair
19.sequential
21.nouns,main,adjectives,adverbs,numerals,demonstrative;articles,person,auxiliary,prepositions,conjunctions
25.diphthong
26.Speech
27.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet,InternationalPhoneticAssociation
28.semivowels,[w],[j]
29
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