从句讲解.docx
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从句讲解.docx
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从句讲解
定语从句
(一)概念:
Heistheboy oftengoestoschoollate.
Shehadthreesons,___werealldoctors.(2011)
A.whomB.who
c.whichD.that
That’sthecourseofstudies___.I’interestedinthecourse.Which/that
A.whatI’minterestedin
B.thatI’minterested
C.I’minterestedin
D.InthatI’minterested
先行词关系词定语从句
Heisaboythat/wholikesfootball.
Ivisitedtheparkthat/which
isfarfromourschool.
关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose(定语)
Iliveintheroomwhosewindowsfacetothesouth.
Ihaveabookwhosecoverisblue.
Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisdoctor.
ThegirlwhoisstandinginfrontofmeisfromChina.
注:
在定语从句中作主语或作宾语。
关系副词:
when,where,why,how。
IwenttotheparkwhereItookmanyphotosyesterday.
IstillrememberthedaywhenIcamehere.
IusedtoswimwhenIwasyoung.
Itookmanyphotos.
注:
在定语从句中作状语。
(二)原则:
a.定语从句必须紧跟在先行词后面,限制修饰先行词。
b.定语从句必须用关系词来引导。
c.关系词在定语从句中作一个句子成分。
(主语、宾语、定语、状语)
(三)定语从句可分为两大类:
即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
Ilikeapples,oranges,pears,andgrapes.$10,000
①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。
这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词(不用逗号隔开)如:
Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.
②非限制性定语从句。
它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词起补充,说明的作用,也就是说即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响。
主从句之间常用逗号分开,且非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导。
ThiswastheAmericanCivilWar,whichlasted4yearsbeforetheNorthwonintheend.
Hewastakentoanotherroom,wherehefoundawoundedboy,whowasdying.
(四)引导词:
关系代词与关系副词
SheistheoldwomanwhomthatIsawthismorning.
MaryisthegirlwhoseparentsworkinJapan.
Isthisthekey(which/that)youarelookingfor?
October1,1949isthedayonwhichwhenNewChinawasfounded.
Thisisthehouseinwhichwherethegreatmanwasborn.
Idon’tknowthereasonforwhichwhyshelooksunhappytoday.
(1)who指人,在定语从句中作主语(宾语),不能省略。
Hisfatheristhepersonwhowillbemostunhappy.他父亲将是感到最不高兴的人。
(2)whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。
DoyouknowMr.Zhangwhomtheylikeverymuch?
你认识他们非常喜欢的张先生吗?
(3)whose指人、物,在定语从句中作定语。
Heistheonlystudentinourclasswhosefatherisapoliceman.
他是我们班唯一一个爸爸是警察的学生。
(4)which指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
作主语时,指物可与that互换;做宾语时可省略。
如果作介词宾语,且介词提前,则不能省略,也不能替换为tothat。
Thisisthemagazineaboutwhichweweretalking.about.
Thisisthemagazine(which/=that)weweretalkingabout.
Thisistheroom(which/that)Ipaintedlastweek.(作宾语可省略)
(5)that指物/人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
作主语时,指人可与who替换;指物可与which替换。
做宾语时可以省略。
Thebook__that/which__costmealotofmoneyisinteresting.
Thehero_that/who__savedmefromthefireisaPLAman.
Thebook_that/which/___Iboughtyesterdayiswellwritten.
下列定语从句只能用that来引导:
1.先行词被形容词最高级所修饰ThisisthelongestbridgethatIhaveeverseen.
2.先行词被序数词所修饰Ihappenedtobethethousandthguestthatvisitedthegreathotel.
ThisisthefirstcompositionthathehaseverwritteninEnglish.
3.先行词既包括人又包括物Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthathappenedintheschool.
Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.
4.先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,thesame所修饰
Heistheverypersonthatthepolicearelookingfor.
ThisistheonlythingthatIcanremember.
5.先行词是everything,nothing,something,all,little,much,everybody等不定代词
Telluseverythingthatyouknow,please.
Isthereanythingthatyoudon’tunderstand?
只能用which,不用that的情况:
1.在非限制性定语从句中。
例如:
Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.
2.定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。
(介词+which)例如:
Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.
(五)“介词+关系词”及关系副词when,where,why
Istillrememberthepark.
Wehadagoodtimeinthepark.
Istillrememberthepark.
Wevisitedtheparklastyear.
Istillremembertheparkthat/which/wevisitedlastyear.
Istillremembertheparkwhere/inwhichwehadagoodtime.
1.Thisisthetrain. Weworkonthetrain.
→Thisisthetrainonwhichwework.
Thisisthetrainwherewework.
2.Iknowthereason.Shediditforthereason.→Iknowthereasonforwhichshedidit.
Iknowthereasonwhyshedidit.
3.Themanisourschoolmaster.
Youshookhandswiththemanjustnow.
→Themanwithwhomyoushookhandsisourschoolmaster.
4.ThepenismadeinShanghai.
Sheiswritingwiththepen.
→ThepenwithwhichsheiswritingismadeinShanghai.
不能拆开的词组:
lookfor/lookafter/takecareof/puton/takeoff…
(六)关系代词在从句中作主语,谓语动词的数与先行词保持一致。
Thestudentwho_is__goodatEnglishstudieshard.
Thestudentswho_are__goodatEnglishstudyhard.(be)
对比:
HeisoneofthestudentswhoaregoodatEnglish.
(英语好的不止他一人,他是他们中的一员)
HeistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoodatEnglish.
(学生不止一人,他们中只有一人英语好)
Peteristheonlyoneofthebrighteststudentswho___hismasterdegree.
(七)as作为关系代词,习惯上用于下列词组:
thesame....assuch...asas...as,so…as
1.Takeasmanybooksasyouwant.
2.Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.
3.Hereadsuchbooksaswillmakehimwiser.
4.ThetownisaboutthesamedistancefromNanjingasYangzhouis.
As用于非限制性定语从句,常见以下句型:
asyouknow,aswehaveseen,asisknowntoall,asanybodycansee,aswasexpected,aswecanimagine,ashasbeenpointedout
Thesizeoftheaudience,__as_wehadexpected,waswellovertwentythousand.(2010)
a.whatb.asc.thatd.who
注意:
as与which的用法区别:
as与which在非限制性定语从句中,都可指代整个主句,但as引导的从句可放在主句的句首,句中或句尾,而which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾
Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth.
Oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth,aswehaveseen.
Shewasawardedwithagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonour.
Rewardfor
lookforwardto
(九)定语从句和同位语从句的区别:
定语从句相当于形容词作定语,对先行词加以限制或修饰,同位语从句相当于名词,对先行词加以补充或说明,连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分,而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分。
Thepromisethatmyunclegavememadeushappy.(定语从句)
Thepromisethatmyunclewouldgivemeanewbikemadeushappy.(同位语从句)
Thenewsthattheyhadwoncame.
【典型例题】
1.Everything______Iknowwillbetaughttothestudents.
2.Thisisthebestfilm______Ihaveeverseen.
3.Themanagerwalkedtowardthegate__atwhich/where___theworkersarewaitingatthegate.
4.Youcan’tgointothisroom_____theyarehavingameetingintheroom.
5.Istillrememberthedays______westudiedtogetheronthedays.
6.Thepicture_____hasahouseandflowersistheoneIlikebest.
7.Don’tmakethesamemistake_____youdidlasttime.
8.Hefailedintheexam,______surprisedusall.
9.Hedidall______wasnecessarytobedone.
10.Herparentswouldn’tlethermarryanyone__whose___familywaspoor.
11.Tom,__whose___parentsarepoorworkers,alwaysgoeshungry.
答案:
1.that2.that3.where4.where5.when6.which/that7.as
8.which9.that10.whose11.whose
【模拟试题】
[定语从句练习]
一.用适当的关系词填空
1.WearelearningEnglish,alanguage_____isusedinmanyplacesintheworld.
2.MostAmericansloveChinesefood,____iscookedinadifferentwayfromwesternfood.
3.Thismagazinebelongstotheteacher____teachesushistory.
4.Anyone____comestoChinawillsurelyvisittheGreatWallnearBeijing.
5.Anyone____hasacoldshouldhaveagoodrest.
6.Thehouse_____standsonthetopofthehillwasbuiltlastmonth.
7.Themedicine_____heboughtisgoodforyourhealth.
8.Heistheonlyperson______sawtheaccidentyesterday.
9.Tomistryingtoreadintheroom_____theothersarewatchingTV.
10.Wewon’tforgettheday_____theherowaskilled.
11.Thestudent_____theteachersaretalkingabouthaswonthefirstprizeintheEnglishcontest.
12.Thenewspaper____youarereadingistwodaysold.
13.Doyourememberthetime_____wegotlostinthepark?
14.I’llneverforgetthetime____wespenttogetherinthearmycamp.
15.Theyarebuildingahospitalonthestreet_____weusedtolive.
16.Thepresent_____hegaveheryesterdayeveningisstillunopened.
17.Happinessisoneofthethings_____moneycannotbuy.
18.Thisisthehospital______hermotherworks.
19.I’llneverforgettheday______IjoinedtheLeague.
20.Thehouse______waspulleddownlastweekisbeingrebuilt.
21.Theman______wifediedlastyearhasgonetoJapan.
22.Tellmethereason______theAmericanladyleft.
23.Doyouknowtheboy______waspraisedatthemeeting?
24.Iknowthegirl______theteacherpraisedyesterday.
25.Allenisthegirl___Ithink,(believe,suppose)willsucceedinthetest.
二.用“介词+关系代词”填空
1.Haveyoueverreadthebook____therearemanypictures?
2.Theman_withwhom__hehadatalkyesterdayisadoctor.
3.Thelibrary_____weoftenborrowbooksisverylarge.
4.Thegentleman___youjustspokeisourheadmaster.
5.Thisisthenewbicycle____Ispentfivehundreddollars.Moneytime
6.Herearethetabletennisplayers,some_ofwhom_____areouroldfriends.
7.Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledaspade.
8.Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargest_ofwhich___isTaiwan.
9.Theschoolhas2600students,twothirdsofwhom____aregirls.
Theschoolhas2600students;twothirds_ofthem___aregirls.
Theschoolhas2600students,andtwothirds_ofthem___aregirls.and,but,or,so,for
Ihavethreebooks,twoofwhichareabouthistory,
10.Waterisaliquid,thefreezingpoint__ofwhich_______is0’C.
11.Givemeapieceofpaper______Icanwritethephonenumber.
12.Theboybuiltatelescope__throughwhich____hecouldstudytheskies.
二.用“介词+关系代词”填空
1.inwhich 2.withwhom 3.fromwhich 4.towhom 5.onwhich
6.ofwhom 7.withwhich 8.ofwhich 9.ofwhom 10.ofwhich
11.onwhich 12.throughwhich
状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。
状语从句的位置可以在主句之前,常在主句前加逗号,也可以在主句之后。
常见的状语从句表示时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、方式、比较、目的、结果等。
状语从句在句中可以修饰谓语、状语或整个句子。
IusedtoswimwhenIwasyoung.
WhenIwasyoung,
Iusedtoswim
(1)时间状语从句
常用when,while,whenever,everytime,eachtime,as,before,after,since,till词引导
Hehungupthephone
b
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