词汇学 大作业 全英文.docx
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词汇学 大作业 全英文.docx
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词汇学大作业全英文
宁词汇学大作业
ADiscussionofWordFormation
班级
姓名
学号
任课教师
2012年6月8日
Abstract
VocabularyisveryimportantinEnglishstudy.HowevermanystudentaretiredofrememberingEnglishwords.Nowwecanuseagoodtoolcalledwordformationtoremembernewwords.EnglishwordformationcanhelpusrecognizeEnglishwords,understandthemcorrectly,andenlargeourvocabularyquickly.ItisanefficientwayandpowerfulweaponforEnglishstudy.Amongthem,affixationisthestrongestonetoformagreatrangeofvocabulary,anditisclaimedtobeoneofthebestwaysoflearningEnglish.Besides,compounding,conversion,abbereviation,clipping,acronyms,back-formationarealsoefficientwaysoflearningEnglish.Inthepaperthewaysandcharacteristicsofwordformationisanalyzedformtheseaspects:
affixation,compounding,conversion,blending.
Keywords:
English,lexicology,wordformation,affixation
摘要
词汇在英语的学习过程中非常重要。
但是许多学生厌倦了背单词,现在我们有一个很好的工具去记忆单词,它就是构词法。
英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语,同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量,英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”。
在所有的英语构词法中,词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛,它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀法以外,复合法、转化法、缩略法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆生法也都是英语学习的有效途径
关键字:
英语、词汇学,构词法,词缀法
Contents
ADiscussionofWordFormation1
1.Introduction1
2.TheFunctionofEnglishWordFormation1
3.Affixation2
4.Compounding3
5.Conversion4
6.Blending4
7.Conclusion5
WorkCited6
ADiscussionofWordFormation
1.Introduction
TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.Talkingaboutwordformationpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butnotallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Theacceptabilityisgainedonlywhenthewordhavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.Thereforerulesonlyprovideaconstantsetofmodelsfromwhichnewwordarecreatedfromdaytoday.Rulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochangestoacertainextent.Forinstance,affixesandcompoundingprocessesmaybecomeproductiveatonetimeorlosetheirproductivity.Bywordformationprocesses,weconcentrateonproductiveoronproductiverules.Whileapplyingtherules,weshouldkeepinmindthattherearealwaysexceptions.Inmyopinion,themostimportantprincipleforalltheserulesofwordformationiseconomy.
2.TheFunctionofEnglishWordFormation
Nowadays,moreandmorepeoplehavetakennoticeoflearningEnglish.ThenumberofthepeoplewhobegintolearnEnglishhasincreasedatahighspeed.HowcanweimproveourEnglisheffectivelyisundoubtedlythefocusofourattention.Generallyspeaking,vocabularyandgrammaticalrulesarekeystolearningEnglishwell.Amongthetwoaspects,vocabularyapparentlyplaysamoreimportantrole.Vocabularyisthefoundationoflanguage.Ifalanguagelearnerdoesn’thaveenoughvocabularytoexpresshisorheropinionsandunderstandotherpeople,evenifhisorhergrammaticalrulesandpronunciationsareexcellent,buthecannotcommunicatewithotherswell,heshouldn’tbeagoodlanguagelearner.
Whenwearereadinganewarticle,weoftenencounterwithsomenewwordsthatwehaveneverseenbefore.Inthiscase,mostofuswillleaveoutthenewwordandgoonwiththefollowingsections.However,thisisnotagoodhabit.IfwewanttoimproveourEnglish,wehavetotakeeverynewwordseriouslyeitherlookthemupinthedictionaryorsearchfortheinternet.Butdon’tyouthinkthatthesemethodsareinefficient?
IfweknowsomethingaboutEnglishwordformation,maybethearticlewouldnotbesodifficultforustounderstand.Inthisway,wecanguessthemeaningofthenewwordaccordingtowhatwehavelearnedaboutEnglishwordformation.Ithasbeenprovedthatourguessiscorrectinmostcases.Sowesaywordformationcanhelpushaveabettercomprehensionofanewarticle.
3.Affixation
Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsderivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordsthatarecreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintothreesubcategories:
pre-fixation,in-fixationandsuffixation.
Pre-fixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases,whichdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase.Thatistosay,prefixesdonotchangethepartofspeechofaword.Theirchieffunctionistomodifyitsmeaning,althoughthereareexceptions.Inmyopinion,prefixescanbedividedinto:
negativeprefixes,pejorativeprefixes,prefixesofdegreeorsize,prefixesoftimeandorder,andsoon.
Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.Theirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase,suchasthechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning,thoughthereareafewexceptions.Suffixescanbedividedintonounsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,adverbsuffixes,andverbsuffixes.Icangiveyouanexample.Theword“countless”,“-less”changethepartofformandshowthenegativemeaningofthestem.
Infixesarenotsocommonandtheyusuallyshowakindattitudeofthespeakerandwillnotchangethepartofformandmeaningofwords.
4.Compounding
Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’(Quirk).Compoundscanbewrittensolid,hyphenatedandopen.Compoundshaveremarkablecharacteristicswhicharedifferentfromnounphrases.Itcomesdowntothreemajorones:
1)Phonologicalfeatures.Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstconstituentwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incaseswheretherearetwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondstress,ifany,onthesecond,whereastheoppositeistrueoffreephrase.
2)Semanticfeatures.Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasessemantically.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Themeaningofafreephrasecannotbeinferredfromthetwocomponentsofitself.Nevertheless,alotofcompoundaretransparent,thatistosay,themeaningcanbeobtainedfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.Butthetwoelementsareinseparableandthechangeoftheelementwouldresultinthelossoftheoriginalidentity.
3)Grammaticalfeatures.Twoelementsofacompoundeachplaysaseparategrammaticalrole,whichcanbeseeninthewaytheexpressionsarehandledmorphological.Forexample,compoundnounsoftenshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional–sattheend.Thoughthereareexceptions,their‘one-wordness’identityisapparent.
5.Conversion
InEnglishlearning,studentswilloftenconfusedwithwordswhichhavetwoormorepartofform.Manyofsuchconditionsarecausedbyconversion.Conversionistheformationofmewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofanotherpartofspeech,withoutchangesinmorphologicalstructuresbutinfunction.Wordscreatedinthiswayarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnothingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionoftheiteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningisoriginallycarried.
6.Blending
Blendingisaveryproductiveprocessandmanycoinagesareresultingfromblendinghavebecomewellestablished.Moreover,theycanseverasmodelsfornewformation.ItisnottheCombinationoftwowordsdirectly,buttocombinepartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Thiskindofwordformationiscalledblending.Thisprocessesincluding:
Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartthesecondword.
Thewholepartofthefirstpart+thelastpartthesecondword.
Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartthesecondword.
Thewholepartofthesecondword+thefirstpartofthefirstword.
Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Blendsaremostlyusedinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology,andnewspapersandmagazines.ThoughmanyofthemhavealreadyachievedcurrencyinEnglish,theyarestillconsideredbytheserious-mindedpeopletobeslangandinformal.However,itisadvisablenottousesuchwordstoooften,particularlyinformalwriting.
7.Conclusion
Languagedevelopswiththedevelopmentofsocietyandvocabularyissensitivetothechangesofsociety.Someoldwordsareabandonedandsomenewonesarecreated.MostofthenewwordsinEnglisharecreatedaccordingtocertainrulesandconformedtocertainmethods.TheserulesandmethodsarecloselyrelatedtoEnglishwordformation.Soitisessential,aswellasimportant,forustolearnwordformation,especiallyforthestudentsofEnglishmajor.
WorkCited
张维友(ZhangWeiyou)外语语言文学系列教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2009.
魏红(WeiHong)构词法是扩大英语词汇量的有效方法[J].英语教研,2009(02).
张莉(ZhangLi)浅谈英语构词法中的词缀法[J].浙江大学,2008(10).
卢春(Luchun)浅谈英语构词法[J]广州大学,2002(09).
王家卫(WangJiawei)英语构词的类别[M].广西外语出版社,2010.
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