测绘工程英文论文.docx
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测绘工程英文论文.docx
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测绘工程英文论文
ReductionofShort-IntervalGPSDatafor
ConstructionOperationsAnalysis
JohnHildreth,M.ASCE1;MichaelVorster,M.ASCE2;andJulio
Martinez,M.ASCE3
Abstract:
Thesystemsthathistoricallyhavebeenusedtocollectdatafortimestudiesof
constructionoperationsaremanualinnatureandlimitedtotheobserver'sfieldofview.Global
PositioningSystem(GPS)technologyincorporatedintoanonboardinstrumentationsystemcanbe
usedtoautonomouslycollectpositionandvelocitydatawithoutthefieldofviewlimitation.Data
mustbecollectedatashorttimeintervaltoprovidethelevelofdetailnecessaryforoperations
analysis.Thustheissuebecomesmanagingthedataandidentifyingtherelativelykeyrecordsthat
markthestartandstopofactivities.Afieldobserveridentifiesthekeytimesinrealtimewith
instantaneousdecisionsofwhenoneactivitystopsandthenextstartsbasedonenormousvolumes
ofvisualinformation.Thisworkdevelopedamethodologyformakingequivalentdecisionsbased
onGPSdataandpresentstheproceduresdevelopedtoidentifythekeyrecordsnecessaryto
calculateactivitydurations.Acasestudyisusedtoillustrateapplicationofthesystemtoan
earthmovingoperation.
Also,itispostulatedhowtheinformationcanbeusedindiscreteeventsimulation.
DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:
8(920)
CEDatabasesubjectheadings:
Geographicinformationsystems;Constructionindustry;Data
analysis;Informationmanagement;Timestudies.
Introduction
Timestudieshistoricallyhavebeenperformedtorecordthetimerequiredtocompletevarious
constructiontasks(Oglesbyetal.1989).Theoriginaltimestudysystemwasthestopwatch,which
hassincebeenreplacedbytime-lapsevideorecordings.Thesesystemsaremanualinnatureand
limitedtothefieldofviewoftheobserver,orwhatiswithinthelineofsightofthe
observer.Recently,analystshaveturnedtotechnologyfornewtools.Whetheranobserverperforms
thestudyinthefieldwithastopwatchortheoperationisfilmedforpreliminaryreviewanddata
reductionintheoffice,theinformationislimitedtothefieldofviewoftheobserverorcamera.
Analystshavelookedtoon-boardinstrumentationasadatacollectiontoolusefulbeyondthefield
ofview.
GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)technologyincorporatedintoanonboardinstrumentationsystem
canprovidepositionandvelocitydataasapotentialsolutiontothefield-of-viewissue.However,
recordingdatafrequentlyenoughtoprovidegoodre-sultsproducesaverylargevolumeofdata.
Withseveralthousanddatarecordsproduceddailyoneachpieceofinstrumentedequip-ment,the
issuebecomesmanagingthedataandidentifyingtherelativelyfewkeyrecordsthatmarkthe
beginningandendoftheactivitiesbeingstudied.Regardlessofthetoolimplemented,theprocess
isperformedinfourphases:
datacapture,preliminaryreview,datareduction,anddataanalysis.
ThetoolsusedineachphaseforvarioussystemscanbeseeninTable1.
Afieldobserveridentifiesthekeytimesinrealtimewithin-stantaneousdecisionsofwhenone
activitystopsandthenextstartsbasedonenormousvolumesofvisualinformation.Thiswork
developedamethodologyformakingequivalentdecisionsbasedonGPSdata,specificallyto
answerthequestion,Howcanthelargevolumeofshort-intervalGPSdatacollectedbe
auto-maticallyreducedtothesmallvolumeofkeydiscretepointsthatmarkthestartandstopof
activities?
Thispaperbrieflydescribesthehardwareusedtorecordthe
necessaryGPSdataandpresentsproceduresdevelopedtoidentifythekeyrecordsnecessaryto
calculateactivitydurations.Acasestudyisusedtoshowtheapplicationofthesystemtoan
earth-movingoperation.Thispaperalsopostulateshowtheinformationfromthedatacanbeused
indiscreteeventsimulations.Descrip-tionsofdiscreteeventsimulationappliedtoconstruction
opera-tionscanbefoundinMartinezandIoannou(1995),IoannouandMartinez(1996a),
Martinez(1998),Sangarayakul(1998),CorandMartinez(1999),andIoannou(1999).
PreviousWork
AnearlyuseofGPStocollectproductivitydatawasapilotstudydesignedtoprovidecurrent
informationregardingearthworkoperations(Ackroyd1998).Positioninformationwastransmitted
viaradioandrecordedbyaremotePCat2-minintervalsandattheclosureofproximityswitches
onleversofarticulatedhaulersandmotorscrapers.Intheinitialphase,analysisofthedata
focusedonmeasuringcycletimes,butnorealanalysiswasperformedofpositionsbetweenevents.
Inasecondphase,straingaugeswereusedtoestimatepayloadandtherebyprovideproductivity
data.ThisworkdepictsthepotentialofGPSforrecordingdatafromearthmovingoperationsbut
focusesonthehardwareissuesratherthanthedatareductionissues.Ackroydconcludesthatthe
informationmayaddvaluetomonitoringandschedulingtasksbutdoesnotaddressuseofthedata
foranalyzingearthmovingoperations.
FieldDataReduction
Oglesbyetal.(1989)pointoutthatthepurposeofatimestudyistorecordthetimesofvarious
activitiesthatmakeupanoperation.Thesimplesttimestudies—stopwatchstudies—relyonthe
observertodecidethepointintimeatwhichactivitiesstartandstop.Oglesbyetal.(1989)note
thatplacingthisresponsibilityontheobserverlimitstheusefulnessofthedata.Observerscan
havedifferencesinopinion,datarecordedbyasingleobservermayvaryovertime,available
informationisstrictlylimitedtothatrecordedandissubjecttothephysicallimitationsofthe
observer.Additionally,theinformationrecordedisstrictlylimitedtothefieldofviewofthe
observer.
BjornssonandSagert(1994)presentedPAVIC+asacomputer-basedsystemtoextractdatafrom
videorecordingofconstructionoperations,includingactivitydurations.Eachactivityinstanceis
calledasegmentanddefinedbyastartandstoptime.Threetoolsareavailableforregistering
segments:
start-stoptime,cycletime,andconsecutivetime.Thestart-stoptimetooloperateslikea
stopwatch:
theuserindicatesthroughkeystrokesboththestartandstoptime.PAVIC+readsthe
timeofthekeystrokefromatimestampplacedontheaudiotrackandrecordsit.Thecycletime
toolisusedwhenthesameworksequenceisrepeated.Thekeystrokeusedtoindicatethestopof
anactivityalsoindicatesthestartofthesuccessiveactivity,whicheliminatestheneedtopresstwo
keyssimultaneously.Theconsecutivetimetoolisappropriateforagroupofcorrelatedactivities,
suchasacraneservingmultiplecrews.Eachactivityisassignedauniquekeythatisstruckwhen
theactivityends.Thiskeystrokeindicatesthestopoftheassociatedactivityandthestartofthe
successiveactivity.
Frank(2001)describesaverysimilarsystemusedtoextractinformationfromdigitalvideo.He
presentsanddiscussestheDigitalVideoAnalysisTool(DVAT)andnotesthatPAVIC+wasthe
basisonwhichDVATwasdeveloped.DVATisasoftwarepackagespecificallydevelopedfor
strippinginformationfromdigitalvideo.Theextractedinformationcanbeusedtogeneratecrew
balancechartsortodevelopinputforcomputersimulationmodels.
Thesetraditionaldatacollectionmethodshaverelieduponmanualtoolslimitedtothefieldof
viewoftheobserver.Researchershaveturnedtotechnologyfortoolsthatarebothautomatedand
notrestrictedtofieldofview.Kannan(1999)describestheuseofonboardinstrumentation
systemsforrecordingdatafromearthmovingoperations.Heusedmechanicalparametersrecorded
bytheVitalInformationManagementSystem(VIMS)andtheTotalPayloadManagementSystem
(TPMS)producedbyCaterpillartoobtainoperationaldata.Suchsystemsplaceavirtualobserver
intheequipment,andthustheequipmentisalwaysinthevirtualfieldofview.
Kannan(1999)statesthatwhenusingonboardinstrumentation,thesensorsmustbeabletodetect
achangeinthestatusofthetruck.Thischangeinstatusindicatesthestartorstopofanactivity.
KannanandVorster(2000)statethatmechanicalparameterscanbetranslatedtoproduction
measuresthroughtheuseofsurrogatemeasuresandprotocolrules.Kannan(1998)describesthe
useofsuspensionstrutpressure,gearcontrolleverposition,bedraiseswitchposition,andspeedto
derivethedurationoftruckcyclecomponents.Truckcyclecomponentsoractivitiesaredefinedin
termsoftheparameters.
Itisevidentfromtheliteraturereviewedthattraditionaldatacollectionmethodsarelimitedby
theabilityofanobservertoinstantaneouslydecideactivitystartandstoptimeswithinanarrow
andstaticfieldofview.Moderntechniquesremovethislimitationbyusingsensor-based
data-collectiontechniquestoidentifykeytimesthroughchangesinsensoroutput.Athorough
understandingofthemethodsforreviewing,reducing,andanalyzingGPSdatafromconstruction
operationsrequiresbackgroundknowledgeofhowandwhatdataarecollected.
DataCapture
AnautomateddatacapturesystembasedonGPStechnologywasusedtorecordtherawdataata
user-specifiedtimeinterval,includingdate,time,velocity,andhorizontalposition.Thesystem
consistsofadatabox,junctionbox,andsensorpackandwasdevelopedbasedonfieldevaluations
ofcommerciallyavailablesystems.Thedataacquisitionandstorageboxisaweathertight
enclosurethathousesthesystemcircuitryandtheCompactFlashmediaonwhichthedataisstored.
ThesensorpackconsistsofaGarminGPS-35LVCreceiverandaVector2Xmagneticcompass
manufacturedbyPrecisionNavigation,In
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