本科毕业设计商务合同中汉译准确性的研究.docx
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本科毕业设计商务合同中汉译准确性的研究.docx
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本科毕业设计商务合同中汉译准确性的研究
Abstract
Astheinternationaltradeisincreasing,thecommercialcontractismoreandmoreimportanttothedevelopmentofworld’seconomy,becauseitensuresthesuccessofthebusiness.Faithfulnessisveryimportanttotranslation,especiallytothecommercialcontract,becausebothoftheChineseandEnglishcontractsshouldhavethesamelegaleffect.Thispaperpointsoutthatthecommercialcontracttranslationrequiresnotonlythecorrectnessoflogic,butalsothestylisticfaithfulnessthatisasimpotantasthecorrectnessoflogic.Byanalyzingthecommercialcontracttranslationanditsstylisticfeaturessuchaslongsentences,formality,dignityandsoon,thispaperdescribestheapproachesandmethodstoachievethefaithfulnessintranslation.
Keywords:
commercialcontract;faithfulness;translation;stylisticfeatures;formality
中文摘要
随着国际贸易的增加,商务合同对全球经济的发展越来越重要,它保证了商务活动的顺利进行。
“信”对于翻译来说,非常重要,尤其是商务合同的翻译。
因为合同的中英两个版本应该具有相同法律效力.本文指出商务合同翻译不仅要做到逻辑准确,同时文体准确也是同样重要。
通过分析商务合同具有的长句,正式,严谨等文体特点及其翻译,说明达到翻译准确性的途径和方法。
关键词:
商务合同;准确性;翻译:
文体特征;正式
1.Introduction
Nowadays,astheworld’seconomyisglobalizing,thecommercialcontractbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.Thecontractthatstipulatesmutualrightsandobligationsisachievedbycertainlegalprocedure(杨芳,1998:
7),thusithasgreatbindingforcetobothparties.Sequentially,thecontractensuresthebusinesstradegoessmoothly.AsEnglishcontract’stranslation,ithasthesamelegaleffectastheoriginaltext.Soitimposeshigherrequirementforthefaithfulnessofcontracttranslation.Faithfulnessrequiresthecontracttranslationtobesoofficial,rigorous,succinctandpalpableintranslatingthesentencesthatthepartiescancommunicateclearlyandfulfilltheirobligationcorrectly.
Ontheonehand,itiseasytoachievethisfaithfulness,becausethecontracthasafixeddiscoursepattern.Forexample,acommercialcontractisgenerallydividedintothreeparts:
preamble(head),bodyandfinalclauses(tail).Theymustbewritteninsuchanorder.Thesethreepartsincludesomerelativelyregularandessentialelements,withoutwhichacontractshallnotbeprotectedbylaw.Inaddition,sofarasthebasicformisconcerned,eachcontractiswrittenintheorderofheadings,articlesanddetailedrulesandregulations.Inordertoachievetheorderlylanguage,alltheheadingsandarticlesshouldhavethesamestructureandgenerallyspeaking,Nounphrasesareoftenpreferredinheadings.
Ontheotherhand,toachievethefaithfulnessisverydifficult.EnglishandChinesehavegreatdifferencesinexpressionhabit,whichleadstothedifferentrequirementsforcontractwording.SohowtoachievethefaithfulnessinEnglishcommercialtranslation?
2.LiteratureReview
2.1Definitionoffaithfulness
Faithfulnessisoneofcriteriaoftranslating.YanFuproposed“faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance”asthestandardsoftranslation(from张培基,2006:
8)
Nida(from马会娟,2003:
9)hasemployed“functionalequivalence”todescribehisviewoftranslationfaithfulness.Nidafurtherdevelops“functionalequivalence”bydividingitintotwolevels:
theminimallevelandthemaximallevel.Theformerisdefinedas“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletocomprehendittothepointthattheycanconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit”.Thelatterisdescribedas“thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadersdid”.Themaximalleveloffunctionalequivalenceisanidealandisrarelyachievedexceptforthosetextsofroutineinformation,whichhavelittleornoaestheticvalue;whereastheminimallevelisrealisticandatranslationbelowthislevelisunacceptable.Agoodtranslationalwaysliesinbetweenthetwolevels.
Asforfaithfulnessofcontracttranslation,LiuMiqing(刘宓庆,1998:
10)stressesthatthemainaimofcontractsistorecordfactsandthatasaresult,whatispursuedinthetranslationofcontractsisnotfloridrhetoricbutfaithfulandaccuratetransmissionoftheoriginalsense.WangChunhui,ascholarandpracticinglawyerinforeignaffairs,holdsthatthetranslatedtextshouldconveyveraciouslyandthoroughlytheoriginalsense,withoutanydistortion,omissionoroverstatement(王春晖,2001:
11).
Tocomeuptothiscriterionintranslationofcontracts,twoimportantaspectsshoulddrawourattention.Oneisaccurateandexactchoiceofwordsinthetranslationoftechnicaltermsandsomekeywordsincontractsbecausethesewordshavestrictlegaldefinition.Forexample,Weoftenassociate“formalwith”“正式的”,but“正式批准”shouldbetranslatedinto“officialapproval”while“正式签署”shouldberenderedinto“dulysign”.(刘宓庆,1998:
10)
Thefaithfulnessistheprimarytranslationstandardtoobey.Sothesecondaspectforconcernistranslationshouldhavecomprehensivecarefortheoriginaltext,style,language.Thefollowingaretheexamples:
(1)Thetermshallcountfromthetimethesuppliesorserviceshavebeeneffectedintheirentirelyandfromthereceiptofthedulyissuedinvoice.Discountshallalsobedeductibleifthepurchaseroffsetspaymentagainstreceivablesorbecauseofdeficiencieswithholdspaymentofareasonableamount,thetermshallcountfromthetimedeficienciesarecompletelycorrected.
付款期限是从供货或服务全部完成并且收到正确开签的发票的时间开始计算。
如果采购员要抵消应收款项或因不良品要扣留合理的金额,这些折扣都可以扣除,时间从产品的缺陷得到完全纠正的时间开始计算。
The“deficiencies”abovereflectsthewriter’sdissatisfactionandview,Inordertoexpresstheoriginalcontent,thetranslatordoesn’ttranslateit“缺乏”,but“缺陷”byoriginalcontent.
(2)Iftheorderconfirmationdiffersfromtheorder//(JIT)deliveryschedule,itshallbebindingonthepurchasedepartmentonifithasacceptedsuchconfirmationinwriting.
如果订单或交货计划的确认与欧司朗要求的有差异,而欧司朗采购部书面接受这个订单确认,那么这个订单确认有约束力。
TotranslateChinesetextfaithfultotheoriginal,thetranslatorshouldhaveagoodunderstandingofitatfirst,andsecondly,expresstheunderstandingcorrectlyinanotherlanguage.Thetranslationstandardofgoodunderstandingandcorrectexpressionarenotaneasything.However,faithfulnessshouldbeourpursuitandwhereweshouldmakeaneffortto.Aslongasthetranslatorhasintensiveconcentrationandceaselesseffort,anincreasinglylevelofpoliticalmind,language,cultureandspecialty,thestandardcanbeachievedbycontinuouspracticeandexperiences.
2.2Howtoachievethefaithfulnessintranslation
Therearetwostepstoachievethefaithfulness(杨芳,1998:
7).Theyareillustratedasbelow.
2.2.1Analysisofthesentence
(i)Analyzethelogicofthesentencestructureanddividethesentenceinsensegroups.
(ii)Identifytheimmediateconstituentsofthewholesentence--subject,predicateandobject,fromanoverallgraspofthestructureofthesentence.
(iii)Identifyallsubordinate,clauses,modificationandelements.
(iv)Analyzethefunctionofclausesandphrases
Example:
(3)(Theunionleaders)(declared)(thattheultimateaimoftheirstrugglewastoincreasepayandimprovedworkingconditionsfortheworkers.)
Itisnotdifficulttofindoutthatthewordsinthebracketsaresubject,predicateandobject,ofthesentence.Wecantranslatethemainclauseofthesentence(“Theunionleaderdeclared+thatclause”)firstlyas“工会领导人宣称……”andthenanalyzeagain.Therearethreepredicateconfigurationsinthissentence.Theirpredicateverbsare“declared”,“wastoincreasepay”,and“improved”.Wecanhaveabetterunderstandingonthissentenceaftertheanalysis.
2.2.2Theapplicationoftranslationmethods
(i)Literaltranslation
WemusttranslatetheoriginalEnglishinaccordancewiththeChinese.
Example:
(4)Followingthehugefloodsof1998,(thegovernment)(prohibited)(logging)intheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiverinordertoprotectforestsandreduceflooddangers.
Thebracketinthesentenceisthemainclause.“followingthehugefloodsof1998”,“intheupperreachesoftheYangtzeRiver”—thesewordsarepartsoftheadverbialwhicharethecomplementsandmodifiesoftheentiresentence.WecanuseliteralandsequentialtranslationmethodafterweAnalyzethesentence.Thissentencecanbetranslatedinto“
例如,在1998年特大洪水过后,为了保护森林和减少水患,政府明令禁止在长江上游伐木”。
(ii)Reversetranslation
Withthedifferenthabitsandcustoms,EnglishandChineseareindifferentordersofexpression,andsometimesevencompletelyopposite.Sothetranslationmuststartfromthebackoftheoriginalsentence.
Example:
(5)Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury,becausenowhereinnatureisitfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen,forwhichithasastrongaffinity.
Analysis:
Thissentenceconsistsofonemainsentence,twoReasonadverbialsandoneattributiveclause.“Aluminumremainedunknownuntilthenineteenthcentury”isthemainclause,andalsothecentralcontentofwholesentence,whichhasfourpredicateconfigurations.ForChinese,thecausesshouldusuallycomebeforetheresults.Thus,wecantranslatetheoriginaltextintoreverseorder:
“铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。
所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发现”。
(iii)Sensegrouptranslation
Inalongsentence,thesubjectorthemainclausedoesn’thaveacloserelationshiptothemodifyingcomponents.ThustranslationcanbedividedintomanyshortsentencesaccordingtotheChinesehabits,andthelongsentence’sclausesorphrasescanbetranslatedintoasentence.Sometimesitisnecessarytoaddtheappropriatewordstoensuresentencetranslation.
Example:
(6)Alltheyhavetodoispressabutton,andtheycanseeplays,films,operas,andshowsofeverykind,nottomentionpoliticaldiscussionsandthelatestexcitingfoot
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- 关 键 词:
- 本科 毕业设计 商务 合同 中汉译 准确性 研究