24Windows Server StepbyStep Guide for DNS in Small NetworksWord格式文档下载.docx
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24Windows Server StepbyStep Guide for DNS in Small NetworksWord格式文档下载.docx
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JimBecker
Abstract
ThisguidehelpsyouimplementDomainNameSystem(DNS)ontheWindows
Server®
2008operatingsysteminasmallnetwork.WindowsServer
2008usesDNStotranslatecomputernamestonetworkaddresses.AnActive
Directory®
domaincontrollercanactasaDNSserverthatregistersthenamesandaddressesofcomputersinthedomainandthenprovidesthenetworkaddressofamembercomputerwhenthedomaincontrollerreceivesaquerywiththenameofthecomputer.ThisguideexplainshowtosetupDNSonasimplenetworkthatconsistsofasingledomain.
Thisdocumentsupportsapreliminaryreleaseofasoftwareproductthatmaybechangedsubstantiallypriortofinalcommercialrelease,andistheconfidentialandproprietaryinformationofMicrosoftCorporation.Itisdisclosedpursuanttoanon-disclosureagreementbetweentherecipientandMicrosoft.ThisdocumentisprovidedforinformationalpurposesonlyandMicrosoftmakesnowarranties,eitherexpressorimplied,inthisdocument.Informationinthisdocument,includingURLandotherInternetWebsitereferences,issubjecttochangewithoutnotice.Theentireriskoftheuseortheresultsfromtheuseofthisdocumentremainswiththeuser.Unlessotherwisenoted,thecompanies,organizations,products,domainnames,e-mailaddresses,logos,people,places,andeventsdepictedinexampleshereinarefictitious.Noassociationwithanyrealcompany,organization,product,domainname,e-mailaddress,logo,person,place,oreventisintendedorshouldbeinferred.Complyingwithallapplicablecopyrightlawsistheresponsibilityoftheuser.Withoutlimitingtherightsundercopyright,nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans(electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise),orforanypurpose,withouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofMicrosoftCorporation.
Microsoftmayhavepatents,patentapplications,trademarks,copyrights,orotherintellectualpropertyrightscoveringsubjectmatterinthisdocument.ExceptasexpresslyprovidedinanywrittenlicenseagreementfromMicrosoft,thefurnishingofthisdocumentdoesnotgiveyouanylicensetothesepatents,trademarks,copyrights,orotherintellectualproperty.
©
2008MicrosoftCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
ActiveDirectory,SharePoint,Windows,Windows
Server,Windows
Vista,theWindowslogo,andtheMicrosoftlogoaretrademarksoftheMicrosoftgroupofcompanies.
Allothertrademarksarepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.
Contents
Step-by-StepGuideforDNSinSmallNetworks5
PlanningDNS6
UnderstandingtheDNSnamespace6
DesigningaDNSnamespace8
CreatinganInternetDNSdomainname9
CreatinginternalDNSdomainnames9
CreatingDNScomputernames9
InstallingandConfiguringADDSandDNS11
ConfiguringClientSettings19
AdvancedDNSConfiguration27
Addingresourcerecords28
Automaticallyremovingoutdatedresourcerecords29
TroubleshootingDNS31
DomainNameSystem(DNS)isasystemfornamingcomputersandnetworkservicesthatmapsthosenamestonetworkaddressesandorganizesthemintoahierarchyofdomains.DNSnamingisusedonTCP/IPnetworks,suchastheInternetandmostcorporatenetworks,tolocatecomputersandservicesbyusinguser-friendlynames.WhenauserenterstheDNSnameofacomputerinanapplication,DNScanlookupthenameandprovideotherinformationthatisassociatedwiththecomputer,suchasitsIPaddressorservicesthatitprovidesforthenetwork.Thisprocessiscallednameresolution.
Namesystems,suchasDNS,makeiteasiertousenetworkresourcesbyprovidinguserswithawaytorefertoacomputerorservicebyanamethatiseasytoremember.DNSlooksupthatnameandprovidesthenumericaddressthatoperatingsystemsandapplicationsrequiretoidentifythecomputeronanetwork.Forexample,usersenterinsteadofthenumericIPaddressoftheservertoidentifyaMicrosoftWebserverontheInternet.ThenameisresolvedwhentheDNSclientsoftwareontheuser'
scomputersendsarequesttoaDNSserverthattheuser'
scomputerisconfiguredtouse.IftheDNSserverhasbeenconfiguredtorespondauthoritativelywiththeaddressoftherequestedhost,itrepliestotherequestdirectly.Otherwise,theDNSserverpassestherequestontoanotherserverthatcanprovidetheaddressorareferraltoanotherDNSserverthatcanhelpprovidetheaddress.Thisiswherethenamehierarchycomesintoplay:
IfaDNSserverdoesnotknowwhichserverisconfiguredwiththeaddress,itcanrequesttheserverthatisresponsibleformaintainingaddressesofserversateachlevelinthehierarchyuntilitlocatestheauthoritativeserver.Forexample,iftheDNSserverdoesnotknowwhichserverisresponsiblefortheservernamed,theDNSservercanasktheserverthatisresponsibleforsupplyingthenamesofDNSserversinthe.comdomaintoprovidetheaddressoftheserverthatisresponsibleforprovidingtheaddressesofDNSserversinthedomain.TheoriginalDNSservercanthenquerythatserverfortheaddressofthecomputernamed.
DNSrequireslittleongoingmaintenanceforsmallbusinesses,whichtypicallyhaveonetofourDNSservers.(Medium-sizeorganizationsusuallyhave4to14DNSservers.)DNSproblems,however,canaffectserveravailabilityforyourentirenetwork.MostDNSproblemsoccurbecauseDNSsettingsareconfiguredincorrectlyorobsoleterecordsremainontheDNSservers.Byfollowingtheproceduresinthisguide,youcanavoidsuchproblemswhenyoudeployDNSinasimplenetworkthatisbasedontheWindows
2008operatingsystem.
ThisguideexplainshowtoinstallandconfigureabasicDNSimplementationinanetworkthatconsistsofasingle,newActive
DomainServices(AD
DS)domain.Theguidethenaddressessomeadvancedissuesthatmedium-sizeorganizationsmayhavetoconsider.Finally,itincludessomebasicDNStroubleshootingstepsthatyoucantakeifyoususpectthatyourenvironmenthasproblemswithDNS.
Inthisguide
∙PlanningDNS
∙InstallingandConfiguringADDSandDNS
∙ConfiguringClientSettings
∙AdvancedDNSConfiguration
∙TroubleshootingDNS
PlanningDNS
DomainNameSystem(DNS)istheprimarymethodfornameresolutioninWindows
2008andforotherversionsofMicrosoft®
Windows®
operatingsystems,suchasWindows
2000,Windows
XP,Windows
Server
2003,andWindows
Vista.DNSisarequirementfordeployingtheActive
DirectoryDomainServices(AD
DS)serverrole.IntegratingDNSwithAD
DSmakesitpossibleforDNSserverstotakeadvantageofthesecurity,performance,andfault-tolerancecapabilitiesofAD
DS.
Typically,youorganizeyourDNSnamespace(thatis,theassociationofdomains,subdomains,andhosts)inawaythatsupportsyourplanforusingAD
DStoorganizethecomputersonyournetwork.
UnderstandingtheDNSnamespace
ThefollowingillustrationshowshowtheDNSnamespaceisorganized.
ADNSnameconsistsoftwoormorepartsseparatedbyperiods,or"
dots"
(.).Thelast(rightmost)partofthenameiscalledthetop-leveldomain(TLD).OtherpartsofthenamearesubdomainsoftheTLDoranothersubdomain.ThenamesoftheTLDsareeitherfunctionalorgeographical.Subdomainsusuallyrefertotheorganizationthatownsthedomainname.
FunctionalTLDssuggestthepurposeoftheorganizationthathasregisteredasubdomainintheTLD.ThefollowingtableshowssomeofthemostcommonfunctionalTLDnames.
FunctionalTLD
Typicallyusedby…
.com
Commercialentities,suchascorporations,toregisterDNSdomainnames
.edu
Educationalinstitutions,suchascolleges,andpublicandprivateschools
.gov
Governmententities,suchasfederal,state,andlocalgovernments
.net
OrganizationsthatprovideInternetservices,suchasInternetserviceproviders(ISPs)
.org
Private,nonprofitorganizations
GeographicalTLDsindicatethecountryorregionwheretheorganizationthatregisteredthedomainislocated.Forexample,anorganizationthatwantstoshowthatitislocatedinCanadaregistersitsInternetdomainnameinthe.caTLD,andanorganizationthatwantstoshowthatitislocatedinBrazilregistersitsInternetdomainnameinthe.brTLD.
MostorganizationsthatwanttohaveanInternetpresenceforaWebsiteorthatwanttosendandreceivee-mailmessages,forexample,registeranInternetdomainnamethatisasubdomainofaTLD.Usually,theychooseasubdomainnamebasedontheirorganization'
sname,suchasor.MostsmallorganizationsworkwiththeirInternetserviceprovider(ISP)toregistertheirdomainname,althoughyoucanalsoregisteryourdomainnamedirectlywitharegistrarthatislistedatInterNIC(
RegisteringanInternetdomainnamereservesthenamefortheexclusiveuseoftheorganizationandconfiguresDNSserversontheInternettoprovidetheappropriateIPaddresswhenthoseserversarequeriedforthatname.Thatis,itcreatestheequivalentofatelephonedirectoryentryfortheInternetdomainname.Butinsteadofprovidingatelephonenumberforthename,itprovidestheIPaddressthatacomputerrequirestoaccessthecomputersintheregistereddomain.
TheDNSnamespaceisnotlimitedtoonlythepubliclyregisteredInternetdomainnames.OrganizationsthathavenetworkswiththeirownDNSserverscancreatedomainsfortheirinternaluse
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