On Tess Tragedy of the DUrbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧.docx
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On Tess Tragedy of the DUrbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧.docx
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OnTessTragedyoftheDUrbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧
本科毕业设计(论文)
OnTess'TragedyinTessoftheD'Urbervilles
Abstract
TessisacountrygirlinTessoftheD'UrbervilleswrittenbyHardy,afamousEnglishnovelwriter.Herlifeisfilledwithdifferentkindsofadversities.Sheisseducedbyonemananddesertedbytheother,butunlikeconventionalwomen,shesaysgoodbyetoherpastlifebyheroptimisticattitudeandpursuitsnewlifeconfidently.Sheisdepictedasanattractiveandpurewoman,whohasthequalityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.Inspiteofhercontinuousrebel,shecan'tchangehertragiclife.Atlast,Tessbecomesamurdererandsheissentencedtodeath.Throughanalyzingthenovel,wecanrevealthereasonsforTess’tragedybetterandunderstanddeeplyaboutthesocialenvironment,countryside,farmers’fateandsocialvaluesoftheBritainattheendofthe19thcentury.AndwecanalsohaveaconclusionthatTess'tragedyisunavoidable,becauseundersuchsocialconditions,althoughTesshasmanyexcellentqualities,shestillhasnochancetoescapefrompatriarchalfenceandsocialconventions.
Keywords:
Tess;socialenvironment;family;fatetragedy
摘要
苔丝是英国著名小说家托马斯.哈代笔下的乡下女孩,她的一生充斥着各种不幸——她先后被一个男人诱奸,后又被另一个男人抛弃,但是她并未对命运屈服,而是以积极地生活态度去告别过去,满怀信心的追求新生活,被作者刻画成一位纯洁、容忍和具有自我牺牲的女性形象。
即使苔丝不断地反抗也改变不了悲剧的结局,最终无奈之下苔丝变成了杀人凶手,被判处绞刑而终结了自己的悲惨一生。
本文通过对这部作品、苔丝、其他主要人物以及社会背景、家庭、命运等方面的分析,运用文献综述法的研究方法来更好的揭示苔丝悲剧的原因,从而使大家更加深入的了解19世纪末英国的社会环境、农村及农民的命运和社会价值观,也得出在这种社会条件下,尽管苔丝拥有许多优秀的品质,她还是遭受社会习俗的排斥,拥有男权文化的烙印,苔丝悲剧也是不可避免的结论。
关键词:
苔丝;社会环境;家庭;命运悲剧
Contents
I.Introduction............................................................................................1
II.BackgroundoftheWork........................................................................2
A.IntroductionofThomasHardy’sLifeandHisWorks...................2
B.GeneralizationoftheNovel..........................................................3
III.ReasonsforTess’tragedy....................................................................3
A.SocialFactor.................................................................................3
1.TheSocialCircumstancesoftheLate19thCentury................3
2.TheSocialValuesoftheLate19thCentury...........................4
B.FamilyFactor..........................................................................5
1.TheSituationofTess’family....................................................5
2.Tess’parents.........................................................................5
C.FateFactor.......................................................................................5
1.Tess’familyandTess..............................................................5
2.Angel’sFamily.........................................................................6
D.CharacteristicsoftheMainCharacters...........................................6
1.Alec............................................................................................6
2.Angel........................................................................................7
3.Tess..........................................................................................7
E.EducationFactor.............................................................................8
1.LackofLawKnowledge...........................................................8
VI.Conclusion............................................................................................9
Bibliography...............................................................................................10Acknowledgements....................................................................................11
I.Introduction
ThomasHardy,aninfluentialEnglishnovelistandpoet,wasoneoftheimportantrepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealisminthelate19thcentury.TessoftheD'Urbervillesisoneofthefamousworksofhim.Ittellsusthetragiclifestoryofanintelligentandsensitivecountrygirlwhoturnsfromapureandnativegirltoawomanwhocommitssupposedlycriminalandimmoralactions.Shesuffersfromagreatdealoftragedyduringherlife.Afterreadingthisnovel,everyonewillthinkaboutonequestion:
whoshouldberesponsibleforTess'tragedy?
Accordingtothecurrentresearch,therearethemainreasonsforTess'tragedy.DongBingqiongprovedthatTess'tragedyiscausedbysocialfactor,humanfactors,familyfactorsandmoralandreligiousfactors.ChenGuangxianprovedthatTess'tragedyistheresultofpatriarchalcultureandfatalism.Inmyhumbleopinion,thedevelopmentofresearchcanbemuchdeeperandmoredetailed.Wecancombinereasonsfromhistory,society,family,people’smisunderstandinganddefectsofcharacters.ThisthesisanalyzesthisworkanddisclosesthevariousreasonsforTess'tragedy.Thisthesiswillbedividedintothreeparts:
Inthefirstpart,somebackgroundinformationwillbeintroduced;inthesecondpart,themainreasonsforTess'tragedywillbediscussedinfiveaspects:
socialfactor,familyfactor,fatefactor,character'spersonalityandeducationfactor;thelastpartistheconclusionofthethesis.AlthoughTesshasalotofgoodqualities,itisimpossibleforhertoavoidfallingvictimtothesocietyattheendofthe19thcentury.
II.BackgroundoftheWork
A.IntroductionofThomasHardy’sLifeandHisWorks
IntheEnglishliterature,manyliterarylightsspranguplikethebambooshootsafteraspringrain,especiallyinthe19thcentury.ThomasHardyisconsideredasagreattalentongiantmen’sshoulders.HewasthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianage.Hisworksprovidedthevividpicturesofthelastdecadeof19thcenturyforreaders.
ThomasHardywasborninasmallthatchedcottageinthehamletofHigherBockhamptonthreemilesfromDorchester,onJune2nd,1840.Hewasbornintoanarchitect'sfamily,andhewasexpectedtobeanarchitect.Hewasafrailchildinhisearlyyears.Attheageofsixteen,heendedhisformalschoolingwhenhewasapprenticedtoalocalchurchrestorer.In1862,HardybecameanassistanttoaLondonarchitect,SirArthurBloomfield.Hewasanarchitect,buthewasinterestedinliterature.Hardy’sfirstpopularworkoccurredin1874whenthefirstofhisWessexnovels,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,waspublished.Afterthat,hedevotedhimselfentirelytowritingandproducedaseriesofnovels,andhisfamechieflyrestsonhiscreationofthenovelsofcharacterandenvironment.TheyareUndertheGreenwoodTree(1872),FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874),TheReturnoftheNative(1878),TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886),TessoftheD'Urbervilles(189i),Life'sLittlelronies(1894),andJudetheObscure(1896).Amonghisnovels,TessoftheD'UrbervillesandJudetheObscurecanberegardedasthemostfamousnovelsandthesummitofhisrealism.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,theheroineTessiscreatedasanattractiveandpurewoman,whohasthegoodqualityofenduranceandself-sacrifice.TesshasbeenconsideredasthemostexceptionalwomancharacterinEnglishliteraryhistory.
Hardywaspessimisticinhisviewoflife.Inhisview,everythingintheuniverseisdeterminedbytheImmanentWill,whichisimpartiallyhostiletowardshumanbeings'desireforjoyandhappiness.Thedominantthemeofhisnovelistheman'sfutileeffortstostruggleagainstunmercifulFate,Chance,andCircumstances,whicharealldoomedbytheImmanentWill.Althoughthereisahumorousandattractivesideoflife,theprevalentmoodinhisnovelsistragic.Asweallknowthatloveisthemoststrongexpressionofhuman'sdesireforhappiness,itisinlovethattheconflictbetweentheeffortsofhumanbeingsandtheheartlessforceoftheImmanentWillismostardent.
B.GeneralizationoftheNovel
ThenovelisaboutthetragiclifeofTessDurbeyfield,thedaughterofapoorfoolishpeasant,whobelievesthatheisthedescendantofanancientaristocraticfamily,andwhosendshisdaughtertoworkasamaidforaneighboringfamilybythenameofD’Urberville.TessisseducedbyAlec,thesonofthefamilyandgivesbirthtoachild,whichdiesininfancy.ThenTessgoestoworkonadairyfarm,wheresheisengagedtoAngelClare,amanofliberalmind,andthesonofaclergyman.Ontheweddingnight,TessconfessestoAngelherseductionbyAlec.Onhearingherwife'stale,Angel'sold-fashionedprejudiceovercomeshimandheabandonsTess.ThenmisfortunesfalluponTess;finally,afteraperiodofhardworkontheFlintcombAshfarm,shemeetsAlecagain.WhenAngelrepentsandcomesbacktofindTess,itistoolate.TessmurdersAlec,andafterhidingforashortperiodoftimewithAngel,sheisarrested,tried,andhanged.Thebookendswiththesentence:
"Justicewasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortalshadendedhissportwithTess."Attheendofstory,AngelrealizedhispromisethathewilltakecareofTess'sister.
Ⅲ.ReasonsforTess’tragedy
A.SocialFactor
1.TheSocialCircumstancesofthelate19thCentury
ThenovelsofHardybelongtotheendofVictorianage,1870-1901,thelastperiodofthe19thcentury.Englandcontinuedtoreinforceitself.By1890,Englandoccupiedmorethanaquarterterritoryonthesurfaceoftheearth,soitwascalled"theempireonwhichthesunneversets".AsformanyVictorians,thisperiodistranquilandsecure.Atthelastthirtyyearsinthe19thcentury,VictorianmaintaineditssurfaceprosperityandstrongandatImperialismstage,Englandstillthoughtitselfasacountry“theempireonwhichthesunneversets".Butunderthefiercecompetition,financialcrisishaveacontinuousbadeffectonthecountry.AftertheCivilWar,Americanrosesharply;underthecontrolofBismark,econo
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