高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧.docx
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高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧.docx
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高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧
高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧
阅读理解占有较大的分值,掌握有效的解题技巧可以有效快速解题,高考英语阅读篇章结构题解题技巧1.确定指代关系。
最常见的提问方式是:
Theunderlinedword“they/it/…”inparagraph…refersto……2.对句子意义或作用的理解。
最常见的提问方式是:
Thesentence“……”inparagraph…means….;Theexampleof……inpara….isusedtoillustrate/show…….3.对段落大意或段落作用的理解。
最常见的提问方式是:
Thelastparagraphmainlytellusthat……;ThepurposeofwritingParagraph…is….….4.对文章组织结构的理解。
最常见的提问方式是:
Howisthepassageorganized?
;Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
在上述几类题中考生感觉难做的题是第四类,这类题是近两年来出现的主要考查议论文结构的命题新方式,且逐步得到语言教育专家们的认可。
并逐步推广到对其他文体结构的考查。
分析这一类的题我们看出:
对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。
一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构,一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。
首先,看看这样考查从段落层次理解文章的结构。
这类题经常用到的提问方式是:
Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
常见的段落结构有如下几种情况:
图1表明:
①(Paragraph1)是主题段(提出论题或论点),②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述,④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述,⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。
同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。
下面具体看看Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetter,changesfortheworse,changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse,ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:
inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.“Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?
Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?
Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?
72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
理解文章段落结构,我们很容易找到答案A。
接下来再来看看这样从论证方法上考查对议论文结构的理解。
掌握了议论文常见的写作方法,我们不难理解议论文的论证过程。
从论证方法上讲,常见的议论文结构有以下两类:
一、Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程;二、Argument/idea→Evidence→conclusion/restatingtheidea这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
对说明文、夹叙夹议类文章结构的理解,只要我们弄清段落意义和段落之间的关系,很容易理解其结构。
看看下面的例题我们也许会得到一些启发。
例1:
Ireceivealotofemailseverytimeacolumnispublishedin21stCentury.ThemajorityofquestionsIgetarelikethis:
“MyEnglishisstillverypoor,couldyoupleasegivemesomeadvice?
”Sincethiskindofquestionissobigandsovague,anyanswerswillbetoobroadortoogeneral.Infact,askingquestionsisanartthatneedstrainingandpracticeinitself.AndIwouldliketoofferthefollowingtips:
Alwayscontextualizeyourquestion.Ifyoureallywanttoaskforadviceonsomething,youneedtoprovideabriefdescriptionofhowyoucameupwiththequestionandhowyoucanbenefitfromaskingit.Forinstance,ifyouneedtoimproveyourEnglish,youneedtostatetheskillareayouareinthegreatestneedofimproving,andwhatdifficultiesyouencounterthatcauseyousomanyproblemsThesecondpieceofadviceisthatyourquestionshouldbefocusedandspecific.BythatImeanthatyoumighthavealotofquestions,butchoosetheonethatismostimportantandatthesametimetheleastcomplicated.Third,youcanpractiseaskingonequestioninmultipleways.Forinstance,ifyouareinterestedinknowinghowyoucanboostyourconfidenceinspeaking,youmightconsiderasking:
“IoftenfeelnervousbeforeIaskaquestion,howcanIovercomemyanxiety?
”“Couldyousharewithmeyourexperienceofspeakinginfrontofothers?
”Ofcourse,thebestwaytoaskgoodquestionsisthroughthepracticeofquestioning.Ihighlyencourageyoutoseekopportunitiestoaskquestions.Ittakestimetobeareallygoodquestioner.Howisthetextorganized?
A.Topic---argument----descriptionB.Opinion—discussion---explanationC.Mainidea---comparison---supportingexamplesD.Topic----argument----conclusion解析:
文章一开始就提出本文要讲的中心,然后进行论述,最后得出结论。
由此,我们不难得出答案是D。
例2:
Inthecourseofworkingmywaythroughschool,ItookmanyjobsIwouldratherforget.Butnoneofthesejobswasasdreadfulasmyjobinanappleplant.Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.Firstofall,thejobmadehugedemandsonmystrength.Fortenhoursanight,Itookboxesthatrolleddownametaltrackandpiledthemontoatruck.Eachboxcontainedtwelveheavybottlesofapplejuice.IoncefiguredoutthatIwasliftinganaverageoftwelvetonsofapplejuiceeverynight.Iwouldnothavemindedthedifficultyoftheworksomuchifthepayhadnotbeensopoor.Iwaspaidthelowestwageofthattime—twodollarsanhour.Becauseofthelowpay,Ifelteagertogetasmuchaspossible.Iusuallyworkedtwelvehoursanightbutdidnottakehomemuchmorethan$100aweek.Butevenmorethanthelowpay,whatmademeunhappywastheworkingconditions.DuringworkIwaslimitedtotwoten-minutebreaksandanunpaidhalfhourforlunch.Mostofmytimewasspentoutsideloadingtruckswiththoseheavyboxesinnear-zero-degreetemperatures.Thesteelfloorsofthetruckswerelikeice,whichmademyfeetfeellikestone.Andaftertheproductionlineshutdownatnightandmostpeopleleft,Ihadtospendtwohoursalonecleaningthefloor.Istayedonthejobforfivemonths,allthewhilehatingthedifficultyofthework,thepoormoney,andtheconditionsunderwhichIworked.BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.52.Howisthetextorganized?
A.Topic—Argument—ExplanationB.Opinion—Discussion—DescriptionC.Mainidea—Comparison—SupportingexamplesD.Introduction—Supportingexamples—Conclusion解析:
这道题考查考生对文章组织结构的理解,把握了文章的脉络,我们不难得出答案:
D。
广东高考英语试题题型(讨论稿)中提出把篇章结构作为专门的一节来考查:
要求把标有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中标记的适当位置,使文章意义完整,结构连贯。
做好这一类题,要先理解全文的意义和结构,然后理解段落的意义和结构,分析句与句之间的关系,句与段落的关系。
一般说来,文章中空格的地方主要是三类的句子或者段落:
一是段落的主题句;二是和段落主题密切相关的细节句;三是段落或句子之间的过渡句/段。
所以学会了分析句与句、句与段、段与段之间的关系做这类题并不难。
下面我们来具体看一个例题:
阅读下面短文,请将标有A-F的句子或段落插入到文章中标号为71-75的合适位置,使文章意义完整,结构连贯;其中一个段落或句子是多余的。
Sometwentyyearsago,theperformanceofgirlsandboysinclasswascompared.71Now,thesituationisreversed(颠倒)withgirlsconsistentlydoingbetterthanboys.72JohnDunsford,leaderoftheassociationofheadteachersofsecondaryschools,saysthattheacademicfailureofboysisaproblemwhichhaditsrootsinsocietyratherthantheclassroom.Girls,morethanboys,seeeducationasapassporttoagoodjob.Ontheotherhand,accordingtoPennyLewis,aheadteacher,youngmenlackconfidence,whichtheyhidewithashowofbravado(逞能).They’reuncertainabouttheirplaceinsociety.73Moreover,boysmaylearninadifferentwayfromgirls,preferringsmallamountsofworkwithimmediateheadlinesratherthanlargeprojectsstretching(延续)intothedistance.Andeducationisnotseenas“cool”.74ThisisnotjustaprobleminBritain.InastudybytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandUNESCO,girlsdidbetterthanboysatreadingattheageof15inall45countries.TheUKranksninthoutofthe45countriesforreadingdespitethefactthatpupilsintheUKspendlesstimereadingthaninmostothercountries.75A.So,whathasgonewrongwiththeboys,andwhatcanbedoneaboutit?
B.Interestingly,thestudysuggestedthatBritishchildrenreadforpleasuremoreoftenthanthoseinothercountries.C.Boysscoredbetterinexams,sovariousmeasureswereintroducedtoimprovetheperformanceofgirls,includinghavingsinglesexgirl-onlyclasses.D.Thisstudycanofferagreathelptoteachersandschoolleadersintermsofpropereducationtodifferentpeople.E.Someboysgrowupinfamilieswherethereisnomalerolemodeltofollow.F.AsonecontributoetoaBBCwebsiteputit,“Girlsachievemoreatschoolbecausetheyarewatchingthefuturewhiletheboysarewatchingthegirls.”解析:
这是一篇说明文。
首先通读文章了解文章的中心:
全文分析当前在学校女生比男生表现好的原因。
文章结构简单明了:
首先提出问题,然后分析原因。
接下来我们来逐段分析:
第一段提出问题,71空后面说“现在情况颠倒过来了:
女生比男生好了”,看了这句话,我们肯定能判断前一句话的大意应该是:
先前的情况是男生比女生表现好。
那就从选项中去看哪个句子表达的是这个意思。
快速浏览A-F选项,我们得到答案C。
第二段分析原因。
段首的空格72,应该是一个承上启下的过渡句。
浏览选项,我们迅速得到答案A。
段尾的73空应该是一个细节句,对前一句具体说明,能够具体说明They’reuncertainabouttheirplaceinsociety一句的只有选项E。
第三段进一步分析原因。
74空应该是个细节句,详细阐明男生比女生表现差的原因。
这里我们不难找到答案F。
第四段说明这种现象的普遍存在。
段尾的75空是一个接续前句的细节句。
浏览剩余的选项,我们很肯定地找到答案B。
【实战演练练习十三】Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools?
Asupporterofco-educationalschoolswouldprobablysaythatschoolsshouldbelikethesocietiestheybelongto.InHongKong,menandwomenmixsociallyonaday-to-daybasis.Inmanyfieldsmenareevenlikelytohavefemalebosses.Itis,therefore,desirablethatboysandgirlsgrow
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