The scope of applied linguistics应用语言学范畴文档格式.docx
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The scope of applied linguistics应用语言学范畴文档格式.docx
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Abstract:
theaimofthepaperistodiscusssomeimportantaspectsofappliedlinguistics,includingitsscope,relationshipwithlinguistics,culturalstudies,etc.Theterm“appliedlinguistics”wasfirstlyproposedbyPolishlinguistBaudouindeCourtenay.Hethoughttheobjectofappliedlinguisticsresearchistoapplytheoreticallinguisticknowledgetosolveproblemsofotherdisciplines.However,therearestillnoexactanswerstosuchproblemsasthescope,definition,characteristicsofappliedlinguistics.ThepapermakesacomparisonbetweenGertraudBenke’sdissertationAppliedlinguistics-ascienceofculture?
andGuyCook’sbookAppliedLinguistics,findstheircommons,introducessomeimportantconceptions,etc.Suchmethodologiesasontology,epistemologywillbetaken.Theresultofthepapershowsthatappliedlinguisticsisinterdisciplinary,whichcanextenditsscopetomanyotherfields,includinglinguisticsandculturalstudies.Thenecessityofdiscussionofimportantconceptsofappliedlinguisticsis:
hasknowledgeofbasicconceptsofadisciplineisthepresuppositionoflearningit;
moreover,understandingscopeanddefinitionofappliedlinguisticscanbeusefulforfurtherresearch.
Keywords:
appliedlinguistics;
generallinguistics;
concepts;
scope;
culturalstudies
1.Introduction
Appliedlinguisticsisadevelopingscience.In1975,anationalconferenceaboutappliedlinguisticstookplaceinStuttgart,tospeciallydiscussthedefinitionofappliedlinguistics.However,expertsdidnotreachanagreementonthequality,characteristics,objectsandscopeofappliedlinguistics.(GuiShichun:
9)Appliedlinguisticsisamulti-disciplinaryscience,itisdifficulttogiveexactanswerstotheseproblems.Hence,onemayask,whatisthescopeofappliedlinguistics,doesappliedlinguisticshassomekindofrelationshipwithotherdiscipline,etc?
InGertraudBenke’sdissertation“appliedlinguistics-ascienceofculture”,hediscussedappliedlinguisticsindetails,fromthescopeofit,toitsrelationshipwithculturalstudies.
Thefirsthalfofthedissertationmainlyexploreswhetherappliedlinguisticsisadiscipline.Theauthorthoughtthatappliedlinguisticsincludesmanyfieldsrelatedto“generallinguistics”,andthenexplainthereasonofit;
andthendiscussedtherelationshipbetweengenerallinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsfromaspectslikeinstruments,foundations,models,methodologies,theinfluenceappliedlinguisticshasonlanguagesystem;
later,theauthorputforwardhisowndefinitionofappliedlinguistics,introducedstatusquooflinguisticsandappliedlinguisticsresearches:
eitherignoresocialfields,orlinguisticmethodologyandconsequences,whichlosesthescopeoftheseresearches;
alsotalkedabouttherelationshipbetweendiscoursestudiesandappliedlinguistics;
finally,madeaconclusionthatthescopeofappliedlinguisticsisnotdiscernable.
Thesecondhalfofthedissertationmainlytalksabouttherelationshipbetweenappliedlinguisticsandculturalstudies.Benkefirstlyexplainedculturalstudiesandappliedlinguistics;
thentalkedabouttherelationshipbetweenthem;
laterpresentedtwoexamplestotalkaboutcontributionofappliedlinguisticstoculturalstudies,thefirstexampleshowedthechangeof“neutrality”inAustrianpublicdiscoursefrom1995-1994;
thesecondstudyisastudyongenderdifferencesingroup-workinAustrianhighschoolphysicsclasses;
finally,Benkecombinedappliedlinguistics,culturalstudieswithotherfields,whichmakesappliedlinguisticsandculturalstudieswithrichmeaning.
ThisessaywillhaveabriefintroductionanddiscussionaboutsomeconceptionsrelatetoappliedlinguisticsinBenke’sdissertationandGuyCook’sbook,AppliedLinguistics,andfindthecommonsbetweenthem.Beforeadiscussionaboutthescopeofappliedlinguistics,asummaryofthedissertation,aswellasintroductionstosomeconceptsrelatedtoappliedlinguisticswillbemade;
thenthescopeofappliedlinguistics,itsrelationshipwithgenerallinguisticswillbediscussed;
anditsrelationshipwithculturalscience.
2.Thescopeofappliedlinguistics
Whatisappliedlinguistics,whattheexactlydefinitionofit?
Therearenoclearanswerstothem.Benkethoughtappliedlinguisticsincludesthefieldsofpsycholinguistics,firstandsecondlanguageacquisition,textcomprehension…theseheterogeneoustopicsoperateondifferentlevels…socialareasofapplication…methodsofanalysis…theoretizedlinguisticobjects.(Benke:
40)Benke’sdefinitionofappliedlinguisticsissimilartoGuyCook’sdefinitionofit:
theacademicdisciplineconcernedwithrelationofknowledgeaboutlanguagetodecisionmakingintherealworld.(Cook:
5)
Whatthescopeofappliedlinguisticsisandwhyfieldsofappliedlinguisticsarerelatedtolinguistics.
Firstlyisthescopeofappliedlinguistics.AccordingtoBenke(2003),duetohisexperienceinViennaasanappliedlinguist,hehasfoundthatresearchfieldsofappliedlinguisticswerealwaysininvestigatinglanguageuse.Hence,researchprojectsofappliedlinguisticsareusuallynotrestrictedtodiscursiveconfigurationofenactment,re-enactmentandcreationofsocialconfigurationswithinparticularsocialsystems.Appliedlinguisticshasevolvedfromindividualaspects(psychologicalorneuro-biologicalmodels)towiderfields.InEnglishspeakingcountry,appliedlinguisticsisoftenconcernedwithsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA).AccordingtoGuyCook(2012),therearemanyfieldsofappliedlinguistics,suchaslanguageandeducation(includingfirst-languageeducation,additional-languageeducation,clinicallinguistics…),language,work,andlaw(includingworkplacecommunication,languageplanning,forensiclinguistic),language,information,andeffect(literarystylistics,CriticalDiscourseAnalysis,translationandinterpretation,informationdesign,lexicography).(Cook:
8)FromthecomparisonofscopesofappliedlinguisticsbetweenGertraudBenkeandGuyCook,wefindthatallthosescopesrelatedtomanyotherdisciplines,aswellastolanguageresearch.Hence,aconclusioncanbedrawn:
appliedlinguisticsisamultidisciplinaryscience.Anditisascienceconcernaboutlinguistcsrelatedproblems.
Thenaquestionarises:
whymanyfieldsofappliedlinguisticsarerelatedtolanguage.
AccordingGuyCook,appliedlinguisticssetsouttoinvestigateproblemsintheworldinwhichlanguageisimplicated-botheducationalandsocialproblems,anditconcernswiththerelationofknowledgeaboutlanguagetodecisionmakingintherealworld.(Cook:
5)FromCook’sdefinitionofappliedlinguistics,onecanfindthegoalofappliedlinguisticsistohaveresearchesonlanguagerelatedproblems,asaresult,itisnormaltoextendappliedlinguisticstootherfields,whicharerelevanttosocialandeducationalproblems.AndthisisexactlywhatGertraudBenkehastalkedaboutinhisdissertationAppliedlinguistic-ascienceofculture?
Inhisdissertation,Benkesaid:
thusitisnotsurprisingthatdrivingtheoreticalframeworksandcontributionsto(acertainframeworkof)“appliedlinguistics”comefrompeoplewithinstitutionalaffiliationsoutsideoflinguistics-suchas(micro-)sociology(Schegloff1991,Sacks1995,Gumperz1982),linguisticanthropology(Ochs,Gonzales,Jacoby,1993),psychology(Mckoon,Ratcliff,1992,Crawford1995).(Benke:
41)Andthevariousfieldsofappliedlinguisticsalltranscendtheboundariesofoneclearlydefineddiscipline.
Moreover,thelackofsuchresourcesasmoney,grants,professorships,assistantshipsmakemanyscholarsaffiliatetheirfieldsofappliedlinguisticstooneoftheestablisheddiscipline.Thus,onehasonlytwooptionstogetashareofthecaketodothesekindsof“newresearch”outsidetheestablishedtraditions:
eitheronehastoaffiliateoneselftooneoftheestablishedtraditions,oronehastoestablishthefieldasanewdiscipline…(GertraudBenke:
42)Hence,appliedlinguisticshastoaffiliatetootherdisciplines.
3.Relationshipbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguistics
Havingtalkedaboutthescopeofappliedlinguistics,andthereasonswhyfieldsofappliedlinguisticsarealwaysrelatedtolinguistics,therewillbeanotherproblem:
whatistherelationshipbetweenappliedlinguisticsandlinguistics?
Onecommonthemeoflinguisticsistheinterestinlanguage,itsfunction,itsdesign,itsenactment.(Benke:
42)Linguisticsisinterestedinresearchesrelatedtolanguage,accordingtoGuyCook(2012),“linguistics-theacademicdisciplineconcernedwiththestudyoflanguageingeneral”.Theirunderstandingoflinguisticsisalmostthesame-adisciplineconcernedwithlanguagerelatedproblemsingeneral.
However,appliedlinguisticsisdifferent.Asappliedlinguisticsinvolvesmanyotherfieldslikesociolinguistics,clinicallinguistics,GuyCookthoughtthatappliedlinguisticsisconcernedwithrealityofexperienceratherthangenerallinguistics(whichisinterestedingeneralitiesunderlyingactualappearances,andabstractrealizationoflanguage),whichissameasBenke’sthoughtthatappliedlinguistsareinterestedinthestructuralaspectsoflanguageanditssocialsignification,e.g.Generallinguisticsconstructsthelanguagesystem,appliedlinguisticsdeconstructsthestabilityofthissystemanddemonstratesitsfragilityandfleetingnature.(Benke:
43)
Inotherwords,linguisticsformasystemonwhichappliedlinguisticshasresearch.Appliedlinguisticsmakesuseofmethodologyofformallinguistics,andsharethetaskof“whatlanguageis”and“howlanguageworks”.Appliedlinguisticsisinneedofitsown
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