National Malaria Control CentreWord文档下载推荐.docx
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National Malaria Control CentreWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Forcommentsandprintrequestscontact
OperationalResearchOffice
P.OBox32509
Lusaka,ZAMBIA
Tel:
282455
Email:
chandap@nmcc.org.zm
1.0Introduction
InZambia,malariaismajorcauseofillnessanddisease,thusithasbeenrecognisedasapublichealthpriorityarea(NHSP2005).Itisestimatedthat37%ofalloutpatientattendancesareduetomalaria(ZDHS2002).Annualmorbidityandmortalitytrendsshowatleast3millionclinicalcasesand50,000deaths.Theunderfive-mortalityrateis40%whilethematernalmortalityrateis20%(CBOH2003).
Tothiseffect,theNationalMalariaControlProgramme(NMCP)inZambiahasembarkedonastrategicprocessofimplementingtheRBMobjectives.OneoftheRBMgoalsseekstoensureaccesstopromptdiagnosisandeffectivetreatment(WHO2000).Inlinewiththisobjective,thenationalantimalarialdrugpolicywasrevisedtoreplacethefailingmonotherapieswithartemisinin-basedcombinationtherapy(ACTs)forthetreatmentofuncomplicatedmalaria.ACTsarehighlyefficaciousintreatinguncomplicatedmalariaandreducingthetransmissionofresistantgenes(Omarietal2002,Chandaetal2004).
However,theeffectivenessofthedrugdoesnotonlydependonitsefficacy,butalsoonfactorssuchasadherence,drugquality,coverageandaccess(Barnesetal2005).InthecaseofArtemether-lumefantrine(AL),clinicaltrialshaveshownthattheefficacyisexcellentwhetheradministeredundercontrolledstudysettingsorroutineclinicoperations(Piolaetal2005,Omarietal2002).
CoverageandaccesstoALiscurrentlynotaprobleminZambiaastheuseofACTsisnowanationwidephenomenoninallpublichealthfacilitiesownedbythegovernment.Malariatreatmentishighlysubsidisedbygovernment(andpartners),hencereducingcostbarrierstoaccess.AlsothecountrywidedistributionprogrammebeingimplementedbyMedicalStoresLimited(MSL),aprivatefirmcontractedbygovernment,ensuresthatthedrugsaredeliveredtoalldistrictsontimelyschedules(MOH2004).
ThusamajorcasemanagementissueisassuringcomplianceintheuseofALformanagementofuncomplicatedmalaria.Non-compliancebytheprovidersandalsobythecaretakersaffectstherapeuticresponsetodrugs(Nshakiraetal2002).Patientadherencetotheprescriptionandadviceofahealthcareproviderdeterminesthefinaleffectivenessofantimalarialtreatment(Abdinasiretal2004),evenwithhighlyefficaciousAL.
TherecommendeddosageofALinZambiaisthesix-doseregimentobetakenoverthreedays,twicedaily.Thisdosingscheduleiseffectiveandresolvessymptomswithinashortperiodoftime,thus,patientsareatriskofnotcompletingthefulldoseespeciallyafterresolutionofclinicalsymptoms.
Itisthuscriticaltoasseshowcaretakersaretakingthetreatmentprescribedtothem.Thisisimportantbecausenon-compliancehasadversepublichealthconsequences.Subtherapeuticdosescanleadtorecurringmalariaepisodes,increasemalariaprevalence,exacerbatesevereanaemia,lowercureratesandthenencouragetheemergenceofparasiteresistance(Depoortereetal2004,White&
Olliaro1996).
Thisstudyisafollow-uptothe2004baselinestudywhichwasconductedaftertheinitialdeploymentofAL.Thiswillprovidetheprogrammewithinformationonthetrendsincomplianceovertimeandsodoingprovideabasisforimprovingtheimplementationprocessandprogrammeplanning.
2.0Aim
Toidentifyfactorswhichinfluencepatientnon-adherencetotreatmentprotocolsinmalariapatientsinZambia.
3.0SpecificObjectives
1.Tomeasurethelevelofcompliancetoartemether+lumefantrinesixdoseregimeninuncomplicatedmalariapatientsagedmorethan24months(orweightgreaterorequalto10Kg)seekingtreatmentathealthfacilities.
2.Todeterminewhetherartemether/lumefantrineisbeingcorrectlyadministeredbyhealthworkers.
3.Todeterminetherelationshipbetweencomplianceandsocialdemographicfactorsofthestudygroup.
4.Toassesthehealthproviderandcommunityperspectiveofthesafetyofartemether-lumefantrinefortreatinguncomplicatedmalaria.
4.0DescriptionoftheStudy
4.1StudyDesign
Thestudywasacrosssectionalsurveyindesign.ObservationsweremadeinmembersofthepopulationreportingathealthfacilitieswithsuspecteduncomplicatedPlasmodiumfalciparummalaria.Thestudylookedatwhetherallpatientsdiagnosedwithuncomplicatedmalaria(andhaveCoartem®
prescribedtothem)getappropriateinformationonthetreatmentcourse.Thepatient’soutpatientdepartmentrecordswereusedtoobtaindataonage,sex,temperature,weightandresidentialaddress.
Patientswerevisitedathomeaftercompletionofthetreatmentcourseonday3.Thepatientswereunawareofaneventualhomevisitbythestudyteam.Compliancewasascertainedthroughtheadministrationofasemi-structuredquestionnaire(AppendixA)tothepatientorcaregiverandalsothroughaphysicalinspectionofthesachetwherepossible.Thepatientswerethenclassifiedintorespectivecompliancecategoriesbasedontheassessment.
4.2StudySites
ThestudywascarriedoutinsevenRollBackMalaria(RBM)districtswhereCoartem®
hasbeeninuse.Thedistrictswerepurposivelychosenbasedonthefollowingcriteria:
Rural,peri-urbanandurban,partoftheRBMsentineldistrictandeaseofaccessibilityduringtherainyseason.Thesites(districts)chosenwereChongwe,Chibombo,Kabweurban,Kalomo,Livingstone,SenangaandNdola(namesites).
4.3StudyPopulation
ThestudypopulationconsistedofanypatientsuspectedofhavinguncomplicatedPlasmodiumfalciparummalariapresentingatthehealthfacilityduringnormalOPDhoursinthemonthofJanuaryandFebruary2005for21days(actualdates).Thediagnosisofmalariawasconfirmed(wherepossible)bylaboratoryinvestigation.Otherfacilitieswithoutlaboratorycapacitybasedtheirtreatmentonclinicalinvestigationsaspermalariacasemanagementguidelines.Patientsdevelopingseveremalariasymptomsandthosenon-residentsinthestudyareawereexcludedfromthestudy.
4.4SampleSize
Anon-compliancelevelof35%wasassumedbasedonearlierresultsfromastudydonein2004.Forthepurposeofthestudyaprecisionof5%and95%confidencelevelwasusedmeaningthataminimumof87patientshadtobeenrolledpersite.Allowingfora20%dropoutrate,atleast104wererequiredtoobtainrepresentativedata.Thusatotalof736patientswereenrolledinthestudy.
4.5StudyProcedure
Upondiagnosisofuncomplicatedmalaria(clinicalorlaboratory)consentwasfirstobtainedfromeverypatientorcaregiverforenrolmentinthestudy.Aminimumofonepatientorcaregiverexitinterviewwasconductedeveryday.Theexitinterviewcorrespondedwiththeblindedobservationofthehealthworkersprovidinginformationondruguseandthiswasmatcedduringanalysis.Onthefirstandseconddays,theOPDbookswerecrosscheckedtodetectifanyofthepatientsonthestudyreturnedtotheclinicaftertakingthefirstdose.Patientsadmittedtothehealthfacilitiesbetweenday0andday3wereexcludedfromthestudy.
OnDay3ofbeingonthestudy,everypatientenrolledwasfollowedupbyaCommunityHealthWorker(CHW)andasupervisortoadministerasemi-structuredquestionnaire(AppendixA)andtoinspectthemedicationpackforanyremainingtablets.Fortheunder-agepatients,thecaregiverwhoaccompaniedthemtotheclinicwastheprimaryrespondenttothequestionnaire.Clinicalconditionassessmentwasdonebymeasuringauxiliarytemperature,withfeverbeingdefinedastemperatureexceeding37.5oC.Ifonday3,thepatient’sconditionhadnotimproved,areferraltothehealthcentrewasmadeandwherenecessary,patientswerereferredtoahospitalnearbytoreceivealternativetreatment.Compliancewasdeterminedandclassifiedintotherespectivecategorydependingonresponsesgiven.
AseparatequestionnairewasalsoadministeredrandomlytopatientswhohadbeentreatedwithCoartem®
toassesstheoccurrenceofadversereactions(AppendixE).Thesamequestionnairewasusedtoevaluatehealthworkerandcommunityperspectivesondrugsafety.
5.0EndPoints
TheprimaryendpointwascomplianceonDay3,measuredthroughtheuseofasemi-structuredquestionnaire,apillcountandablisterpackrecoverywherepossible.Secondaryendpointswerethenumberofdosescorrectlytaken,numberoftabletsremainingintheblisterpack(whereapplicable)developmentofadversedrugreactionsandlosstofollow-up.
6.0ClassificationofCompliance
Intheabsenceofstandardnationalguidelinesonmeasurementofcompliance,thefollowingclassificationwasadoptedforthepurposeofthisstudy:
6.1TotalComplianceAssumed
Verbalconfirmationofcompletionofalldosesinthepresenceofphysicalevidence(emptyblisterpack)andacorrectdescriptionofhowthedosesweretaken.
6.2ProbableComplianceDetermined
Confirmationofcompletionofalldosesintheabsenceofphysicalevidence(blisterpack)andcorrectdescriptionofhowthedosesweretaken.
6.3Non-Compliant
Presenceoftabletsontheblisterpackonday3andinabilitytoexplainhowthedosesweresupposedtobetaken.
6.4NotDetermined
Losstofollow-up,exclusionduetothedevelopmentofseveremalariaoradversedrugreactions.
7.0EthicalConsideration
ThestudywasapprovedbytheCentralBoardofHealth.Healthfacilityconsentwasobtainedfromthein-chargeinordertoaccessthemalariaoutpatientattendancestofacilitatethesamplingofpatientsforeachday.Consen
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