英语语言学复习资料Word文件下载.docx
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英语语言学复习资料Word文件下载.docx
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2.Whatisnarrowingoflexicalmeaning?
答案:
Thisreferstothecasethatinthecourseofseveralgenerations,semanticchangehasnarrowedthemeaningofawordtowhatitisinModernEnglish.
Taketheword‘girl’forinstance.Itoncemeant‘youngpersonofeithersex’butnowmeans‘youngpeopleoffemalesex’.
3.Bottom-upprocessing
Bottom-upprocessingissuchaninductiveanalysisastoperformphoneticanalysis,whenonehearsasentence,toisolatephonemesandwordboundaries,andtorelatethesetorepresentationsinthementallexicon.
4.Namingtheory
Thenamingtheory,proposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato,isoneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,accordingtowhich,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,andwordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.
5.Whatareinflectionalmorphemes?
Inflectionalmorphemesaremorphemes(suchas‘-s’,‘-es’,‘-ed’and‘-ing’)thatareboundtoothermorphemesorwordswithoutchangingtheirsyntacticcategory.
120.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptivelinguistics?
Thedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptivelinguisticsisthatprescriptivelinguisticsistolaydownrulesforlanguageusers,whereasdescriptivelinguisticsistodescribethelanguagephenomenaastheyare.Therefore,theformerissubjective,whilethelatterisobjectiveandmorescientific
121.Whatisovergeneralization?
Overgeneralizationistheuseofpreviouslyavailablestrategiesinnewsituations,whichresultsinmistakes,e.g.
Thegirlisinablueskijacket.
Thegirlisdressedinablueskijacket.
*Thegirlisworninablueskijacket.
122.Whatisunder-extension?
Under-extensionreferstothephenomenonofachilddenyingsomefactduetohislackofadequateknowledge,e.g.achildmaysaythatbirdsarenotanimals.
123.Whatisthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?
AccordingtoChomsky,competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,whileperformanceistheactualrealizationoftheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.
124.Whatisthedifferencebetweensenseandreference?
Thedifferencebetweensenseandreferenceisthatsenseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,whereasreferencedealswithwhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld.
125.Whatisaphrasestructurerule?
Aphrasestructureruleisaspecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphrase.Forinstance,
NP→(Det)N(PP)…
VP→(Qual)V(NP)…
AP→(Deg)A(PP)…
PP→(Deg)P(NP)…
126.Whatisculture?
Inabroadsense,culturemeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.Inanarrowsense,itmayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodculture,etc.
127.Whatiscross-association?
Cross-associationreferstotheinternalinterference,orthecloseassociationofthetwosimilarlinguisticformswhichleadstoconfusion,e.g.
Theapricotistoosourtoeatit.[Ican’teatit.]
128.Whatarefreemorphemes?
Freemorphemesaremorphemes(suchas‘boy’and‘play’)thatcanoccurindependentlyandfreely.
129.WhatisS-structure?
S-structureissurfacestructure,asyntacticstructurecorrespondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.
130.WhatisSapir-WhorfHypothesis?
AccordingtoSapirandWhorf,languagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisistermedSapir-WhorfHypothesis.Itcomesintwoversions,thestrongandweakversions.Thestrongversionholdsthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.Theweakversionholdsthatthelanguagepatternsinfluencepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.
131.Whatistelegraphicspeech?
Telegraphicspeechreferstocontentwordswhichgiveustheinformationandwhichlackthefunctionelements.
132.Whatareboundmorphemes?
Boundmorphemesaremorphemes(suchas‘dis-’and‘-ish’)thatcannotoccur‘unattached’.
133.WhatisD-structure?
D-structureisdeepstructure,asyntacticstructureformedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties.
134.WhatisSpoonerism?
Spoonerismisakindofhumorousslipsoftongue,namedaftertheVictorianclericandteacher,W.A.Spooner,whowasinfamousforblunderingthroughmanylecturesorsermonswithhumorousspeecherrorssuchasbelow:
Whatheintended:
Youhavewastedthewholeterm.
Whathesaid:
Youhavetastedthewholeworm.
120.Whatismotherese?
Mothereseisa“special”speechadultsuseintalkingtolittlechildrenwithslowrateofspeech,highpitch,richintonation,shorterandsimplersentencestructures,frequentrepetition,paraphrasingandlimitedvocabulary.Itisalsotermed‘caretakertalk’orchilddirectedspeech.
121.Whatareinflectionalmorphemes?
122.Whatarecausesoflanguagechange?
Languagechangecanbeattributedtoavarietyoffactors.Somelanguagechangesmaybeeasytoexplain,butothersmaybedifficulttoaccountfor.
Forinstance,itiscleartousthattherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyhasledtothecreationofmanynewwords(suchas‘telecom’,‘fax’).Inaddition,socialandpoliticalchangesandpoliticalneedshavesuppliedtheEnglishvocabularywithagreatquantityofnewwordsandexpressions(suchas‘hotline’,‘shuttlediplomacy’).Whatismore,asmoreandmorewomenhavetakenupactivitiesformerlyreservedformen,moreneutraljobtitles(suchas‘chairperson’,‘policeofficer’)havebeencreated.Furthermore,thewayacquirethelanguagealsoprovidesabasiccauseofchange.Stillanothersourceofchangewhichcanberegardedas‘economyofmemory’resultsingrammarsimplification(suchas‘agendum—agenda/agendums’).Itistruethatthereisnosinglecauseoflanguagechange.Whenweaccountforlanguagechange,wemayfinditquiteacomplicatedphenomenon.
123.Whatistheinteractionistviewoflanguageacquisition?
Theinteractionistviewoflanguageacquisitionisthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechildandtheenvironmentinwhichthechilddevelops.
124.WhatisS-structure?
125.WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?
TheCriticalPeriodHypothesisreferstothespecificandlimitedtimeperiodforlanguageacquisition.Ithastwoversions.Thestrongversionsuggeststhatchildrenmustacquiretheirfirstlanguagebypubertyortheywillneverbeabletolearnfromsubsequentexposure.Theweakversionholdsthatlanguagelearningwillbemoredifficultandincompleteafterpuberty.
126.Whatisreference?
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;
itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Forinstance,ifwesay‘Thedogisbarking’,wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindoginthesituation;
here,‘dog’referstoadogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearer.Thisisthereferenceoftheword‘dog’inthisparticularsituation.
127.Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?
Phonologyandphoneticsbothstudyhumanspeechsounds,buttheydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phonologydealswithhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Phonetics,however,isinterestedinallhumanspeechsoundsanddealswithhowtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,andsoon.Hence,phoneticsisgeneral,whereasphonologytendstobemorespecificandrelatedtothemeaningfuluseofthesounds.
128.Whatisover-extension?
Over-extensionreferstothephenomenonofachildtakingapropertyofanobjectandgeneralizingitinappropriately,e.g.‘apple’for‘allfruit’or‘anythinground’.
129.Whatisthedifferencebetweenprescriptiveanddescriptivelinguistics?
130.Whatisthedistin
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