在初中英语教学中文化背景知识的重要性Word格式文档下载.docx
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在初中英语教学中文化背景知识的重要性Word格式文档下载.docx
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table"
inAmericanEnglishthatmeanstoputsomethingontheagenda.ButinBritishEnglishitmeanstoputsomethingofftheagenda.Thisexampleindicatedhowthecultureaffectsthebusiness.
1.2ToshowthebriefintroductionofEnglishculture
Culturesdifferfromoneanother.Eachcultureisunique.ThispaperwillshowusEnglishculture.Atthefirstplace,itwillintroducehowEnglishculturetoshape.Weallknow,itwilltakealongtimetoformakindofculture.
WhenitcomestoEnglishculture,wewillnaturallytalkwithBritishandAmerica.Britishculturehasalonghistory,andithasgonethroughcomplexprocess'
sdevelopment.Especially,itaffectsdeeplythedevelopmentofliterature.Englishliteraturehasgonethroughdifferenthistoricalstage:
theRenaissance,Neoclassicism,Romanticism,Realism,Modernismandsoon.Inthe20thcentury,AmericanliteratureseparatesfromBritishliterature,becomingdependentandrobustnationalliterature.
Sofar,thereare380millionpeopleconsideringEnglishasthefirstlanguage,while250millionpeopleregarditasthesecondlanguageintheworld.Besides,thereare100millionpeoplewhoarelearningit.Itisabout1/3peopletouchitinacertainextenteverydayintheglobal.Itissaidthat1/2peopleareabletousethislanguageintheworldin2050.Englishisthelanguageofglobalization,whichisusedextensivelyininternationalbusiness,politicsandforeignaffairs.ItiscommonlanguageincomputerandInternet,too.YoucanfinditintheadvertisementinRomanstreet;
youcanlistentoitfromthepopularsongsinTokyo;
youcanreaditfromofficialdocumentinCambodiaandsoon.Therefore,wecanknowtheimportanceofEnglishculture,weshouldpaymoreattentiontoit.
2.Problemsarousedbydifferentculturalbackgrounds
OnceanAmericanwasvisitingthehomeofaChinese.Asthevisitorsawthehost'
swife,hesaid,"
Yourwifeisverybeautiful."
Thehostsmiledandsaid:
Where?
"
-whichcausetheAmerican’ssurprise,buthestillanswered:
Eyes,hair,nose"
-ananswerthatthehostfoundabitpuzzling.Thesurprisingwascausedbydifferentcultures.“Where?
”meaning“哪里!
哪里!
”inChineseisakindofhumblesaying.ButtheAmericanunderstooditas“Whichpartsofthebodyarebeautiful?
”So,thereasonforbothsides’misunderstandingswasdifferencesincustomsandhabits.Eachwasexpressingandunderstandingwhattheothersaidaccordingtohisorherculture.Foranotherexample,itisinevitablethattheculturaldifferencehasimpactonbusiness.Forinstance,whenacompanyhavingmeeting,theword"
inAmericanEnglishthatmeanstoputsomethingontheagenda.ButinBritishEnglishitmeanstoputsomethingofftheagenda.Thisexampleindicatedhowthecultureaffectsthebusiness."
WhatIthinkthemostsignificantinfluenceinculturaldifferenceisthepowerdistance.(Hoecklin,1995:
28)"
Itwouldconditiontheextenttowhichemployeesacceptthattheirbosshasmorepowerthantheyhaveandtheextenttowhichtheyacceptthattheirboss'
sopinionsanddecisionsarerightbecauseheorsheistheboss."
Iconsidereditashowmuchsubordinatescanconsentordissentwithbossesormanagers.Itisthedistancebetweenamanagerandsubordinate.Amongmostorientalcorporatecultures,thereishierarchism,greatercentralization,sometimescalled'
power-orientedculture'
duetothehistoricalreasons.Thatisahighpowerdistanceculturethatmangersmakethedecisionandsuperiorsappealtobeentitledmoreprivileges.Theirdecisionalwaysclosesupervisionpositivelyevaluatedbysubordinates.Inthissituation,itisnotberegardedifasubordinateshaveadisagreementwiththeirmanagers,especiallyinMalaysia,Japan,China,India.
Eventslikethesearefairlycommonwhenpeopleofdifferentlanguagesandculturescommunicate.Becauseofculturaldifferences,misunderstandingsmayarise,althoughthelanguageusedincommunicationmaybefaultless.Thesamewordsorexpressionsmaynotmeanthesamethingtodifferentpeoples.Becauseofculturaldifferences,aseriousquestionmaycauseamusementorlaughter;
aharmlessstatementmaycausedispleasureoranger.Becauseofculturaldifferences,jokesbyaforeignspeakermaybereceivedwithblankfacesandstonysilence.Yetthesamestoriesinthespeaker’sowncountrywouldleaveaudiencesholdingtheirsideswithlaughter.Therefore,wewilltalkaboutsomeproblemsarousedbydifferentculturalbackgroundsindailylife.Therewillbegivenfiveexamples:
Example1:
Togreetpeople
WhenChinesemeettheirfamiliarpeople,theyoftengreetthemin"
Whereareyougoing?
Haveyoueatenyet?
However,BritishandAmericanpeoplemayconfuseandmisunderstand.Theforeignerdonotthinkitisusefultogreetsomeone.Forexample,whenyouaskaforeigner"
.Hemaynotthinkitissimplegreeting,onthecontrary,hethinkyoujustwanttoinviteheinmistake.Inthesameway,"
maymakehedispleased,sohisreactiontothissentenceis"
Itisnoneofyourbusiness"
.BritishandAmericanpeopleusuallyuse"
Goodmorning/afternoon/evening"
"
Howdoyoudo?
Nicetomeetyou"
Howareyoudoing"
ingreeting.Iftheirrelationisclose,theywillsay"
Hello"
or"
Hi"
.
Example2:
Toaddresspeople
ThehabitofaddressingpeopleismuchdifferentfromourcountryinBritishandAmericancountry.InChineseview,someaddressruncountertoreason,itisimpolite,anditisnotbreeding.Suchas,itisappropriateandamiablewhenthechildrencalltheirgrandpa’sandgrandmaname.Similarly,whentheyoungadresstheold,theycanaddMr,MrsandMissfronttotheirfamilyname.Like,MrSmith,MrsSmithandMissGreenandsoon.Wecanuse"
teacher,secretary,manager,engineer,factorydirectorandsoonwiththeirfamilynamesasaddressinginChinese.However,wecannotdoitinEnglish.Wecannotsay"
teacherZhang"
or"
engineerWu"
.WeshouldaccordingtothehabitofBritishandAmericanpeoplethatcollocateMr,MrsandMissasrespectorpoliteness.WhenChineseaddressfamilymembers,relativesorneighbours,theyusuallyusethesewords:
bigbrother,eldersister,sister-in-laworuncleLi.ItcannotbeusedinEnglish.Whethermanorwoman,weoftencallhisnameinEnglish.
Example3:
Tochat
WhenChinesemeet,theyoftenchat"
Howoldareyou?
Howmuchcanyouearn?
Haveyougottenmarried?
InEnglishculture,thetopicofage,address,placeofwork,income,marriage,familybackground,beliefandsoonbelongtoindividualprivacy.Theydonotlikeothersaskthem.BritishandAmericanpeopleliketalkingaboutweather,conditionandforecast.Like"
Itisfineisn'
tit?
Itisraininghard,isn'
Yourdressissonice!
andsoon.InChinese,therearesomechatshowthecaretoothers:
Youlooklikeill."
Longtimenosee,youhavegainedweight,"
Youaresothin,soyoushouldtakecareforyourbody."
IfChinesehearthat,theywillnotbeangry.ButwhenBritishandAmericanpeoplehearyousay"
Youarefat"
Youaresothin"
theywillfeelembarrassed.Eventhoughtheyarefamiliar,theythinkitisimpolite.
Ontheotherside,ChinesestudentsareusedtousingChinesesemanticstructuretoapplymechanicallyEnglishinmodeofthinking.Forexample,whencallsomebodyup,Chinesestudentsareusedtosaying"
Hello,whoareyouplease?
However,BritishandAmericanpeoplelikereportingtheirnumbers,unitorcompany'
snames,whentheyringsomeoneup.Suchas:
A:
Hello8403229B:
Hello,thisisTom.CouldIspeaktoJim,please?
Example4:
Tocomplimentandcongratulation
WhenBritishandAmericanpeoplecongratulateChinese,wewillbeveryhappy.Butwealwaysbehavemodest,Chinesethinkitisakindofvirtue.Ifnot,theythinkitisdisrespecttoothers.Forexample,aforeigntouristsaidtoMisstourguide:
YourEnglishisquitefluent,"
butshejustanswered:
No,nomyEnglishisverypoor."
Onthecontrary,astoChinesemodestresponse,theforeignerswillmisunderstandyouwhoquerytheirjudgment.Foranotherexample,inoncedancingparty,aAmericanpraisedaChineselady:
Youlookbeautifultoday,"
thenthisChineseladysaidmodestly:
Where,where."
Fortunately,thisAmericanunderstandalittleChinese,sohesaidskillfully:
Every-where."
Accordingtoforeigner'
shabit,whentheypraiseothers,theyalwayshopeotherpeoplerespondinthankingoracceptingnicely
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