1201adaptivereuseen.docx
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1201adaptivereuseen.docx
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1201adaptivereuseen
Chapter2.AdaptiveReusefromArchitecturalPerspectives
Adaptivereuseofhistoricbuildingsisawayofmaintainingvaluesofarchitecturalheritagewhilesupportingcurrentandfuturedevelopment.Conventionallytakenasacompromiseofsafeguardingthepast,adaptivereusealsoimpliesaroadtothefuture.Thischapterexploresthehistoryandapproachesofadaptivereuseinaglobalcontextandmulti-disciplinaryperspectivesbyaddressingthethreekeyconceptsadaptivereuseinvolves–heritageconservation,architecturalproductionandurbandevelopment.
1.AdaptiveReuseasanApproachtowardsHeritageConservation
1.1HeritageValues
Alteringexistingbuildingsfornewfunctionsisnotanewphenomenon.Thedifferencebetweenbuildingconversionandadaptivereuseisthattheformerwasdoneinapragmaticwaywhichwasoftendisregardsofthehistoryorarchitecturalcharactersofthebuildings.Whereasadaptivereuseisconductedwiththeconsiderationofheritagevaluesofthehistoricbuildings.
ThefirstsystematicanalysisofheritagevalueswasdonebyAloisRiegl(1858-1905),anarthistorian,andtheGeneralConservatoroftheCentralCommissioninAustria.AsapartoftheattemptstoreorganizetheAustrianconservationservices,Rieglwascommissionedtowriteastudytodefinethetheoreticalaspectsofthework.TheresultsofthisstudywerepublishedasThemoderncultofmonuments:
itscharacteranditsorigin.Riegloutlinedthevaluesandconceptswhenapproachingconservationofhistoricbuildings.
CommemorativeValues
Present-dayValues
∙agevalue
Evolutionaryvalue,changescausedbyweatheringanduseovertime,includingthepatinaofage,thelackofintegrity,andthetendencytodissolveformandcolour.Agevalueismorecomprehensive,associatedevenwithruinsorfragmentsthatwouldnotnecessarilyhaveanyspecifichistoricvalue.
∙historicalvalue
Thehistoricalvalueofamonumentisbasedontheveryspecificyetindividualstagethemonumentrepresentsinthedevelopmentofhumancreationinaparticularfield.
∙Deliberatecommemorativevalue
Fromtheerectionofthemonumentitself,thepurposeofdeliberatecommemorativevalueistokeepamomentfrombecominghistory,tokeepitperpetuallyaliveandpresentintheconsciousnessoffuturegeneration.
Deliberatecommemorativevaluesimplymakesaclaimforimmortality,aneternalpresent,anunceasingstateofbecoming.
∙use-value
1.1.1.1Thecapabilitytofulfilneedsofusers.
1.1.1.2
∙artvalue
Consideringthattherearenouniversallyabsolutecriteriafortheevaluationofworksofart,theartvaluesofaby-goneepochcanonlybeappreciatedsofarastheycorrespondtothemodernkunstwollen,andconsequently,shouldbeseenascontemporaryvalues
∙newnessvalue
NewnesscharacterCompletenessofformandcolor
Table1:
SummaryoftypesofvaluesofmonumentsdefinedbyAloisRiegl.
Thedifferencesofvaluesmayresultindifferentconservationapproaches.Forinstance,“historicalvalue”referredtoaparticular,individualstageofamonument,while“age-value”ismorecomprehensiveinconsideringage,colourandform(Table1).
Theinterpretationismorecomplicatedwherethe‘use-value’comesintoplay.“Whereamonumenthasceasedtohave‘use-value’,theconsiderationof‘age-value’hasbeguntoprevailinitspreservation…mostwouldprefertoregardabuildinginuseassomethingsturdyratherthanassomethingagesanddecayed.”Comparedwithotherconservationapproaches,adaptivereuseaddressesparticularlythe“use-value”.Regardingtheexistingusevalueofhistoricbuildings,Rieglsaid:
“anoldbuildingstillinusemustbemaintainedinsuchaconditionthatitcanaccommodatepeoplewithoutendangeringlifeorhealth…practicalconsiderationsallowage-valueonlyinafewexceptionalcases”.
Age-value
VS
Historicalvalue
Use-value
VS
Historic-value,Age-value
Thecontradictionbetween“newness-value”and“age-value”wasregardedbyRieglasthecentralcontroversythatragedoverthetreatmentofmonuments.Adichotomyexistswhereontheonehandthereisanappreciationoftheold,aviewthatdiscouragesanyrenovationoftheoldinprinciple;ontheotherhandthereisanappreciationofthenew,aviewthatseekstoremovealltracesofageasdisturbingandnon-contemporary.
Newness-value
VS
Age-value
1.2ArchitecturalPrinciplesforAdaptiveReuse
Tobalancedifferentvaluesofhistoricbuildingswhileadaptingthemfornewuses,contemporaryconservationdisciplineadoptssomebasicprinciplestocontroltheinterventionstohistoricbuildings.Thefollowingsectiongivesabriefintroductionofthoseprinciples.
CompatibilityofUse
Thefutureuse(s)ofthehistoricbuildingsshouldbecompatiblewithitshistoricvalueandarchitecturalcharacter.Whatdoescompatibilitymean?
ItisdefinedinBurraCharter(mentionedinChapter1)that“newuseofaplaceshouldinvolveminimalchangetosignificantfabricanduse;shouldrespectassociationsandmeanings;andwhereappropriateshouldprovideforcontinuationofactivitiesandpracticeswhichcontributetotheculturalsignificanceoftheplace”.
MinimalImpact
Adaptivereuseisbasedontherespectforthehistoricalbuildingfabricandsignificance.Changesarenecessarynotonlytofulfilthefutureuse,butsometimesalsotoretainthehistoricvalue.Thechangesmadetoanexistingbuildingshouldinprinciplebe“asmuchasnecessarybutaslittleaspossible”.Anychangesshouldbeguidedbytheassessmentofitsculturalvalueandappropriateinterpretation.ItisexplainedinBurraCharterthat“Changestoaplaceshouldnotdistortthephysicalorotherevidenceitprovides,notbebasedonconjecture”.“Newworksuchasadditionsorotherchangestotheplacemaybeacceptablewhereitrespectsanddoesnotdistortorobscuretheculturalsignificanceoftheplace,ordetractfromitsinterpretationandappreciation”.
Recognisability
Toretainauthenticity,thechangesmadetotheexistingbuildingshouldberecognisable.Imitationofarchitecturalmotivesandfeaturesshouldgenerallybeavoided.Eventhealterationsinhistoryshouldbetreatedcautiouslybecause“thetracesofadditions,alterationsandearliertreatmentstothefabricofaplaceareevidenceofitshistoryanduseswhichmaybepartofitssignificance.Conservationactionshouldassistandnotimpedetheirunderstanding”.
Reversibility
Whenchangesthatwouldreducetheculturalsignificanceofthebuildingshavetobemadeduetopracticalreasons,theyshouldbereversible,andbereversedwhencircumstancespermit.Tofindthebestwayofadaptingthebuildingswhileminimisesthereductionofitsvalue,differentoptionsshouldbeexplored.“Non-reversiblechangeshouldonlybeusedasthelastresortandshouldnotpreventfutureconservationaction”.
Theseprincipleswillbefurtherillustratedwithexamplesinthenextsection.
1.2.1.1.1.1.1.1
2.AdaptiveReuseasanActivityofArchitecturalProduction
Theverybasicaimofadaptivereuseistoretainthevaluedcomponentofthepastwhilstmeettheneedsofchangingpatternsofthefuture.Thisdoesnotnecessarilymeantorestrictthescaleandexpressionofnewstructures.Differentfromrepairandrestoration,adaptivereuseopensthewayofintegratingconservationintotheartofarchitecture.Adaptivereuseofhistoricbuildingscanbeintriguingandunique.Thismaybecausedbyconstraintsposedbytheoriginalbuilding,whichcanstimulateunconventionaldesigns.Therefore,notonlyadaptivereuseprojectsthatsensitivelykeeptheoriginalpresenceofhistoricvaluesareappreciated,wearealsoimpressedbycreativeprojectsthatbringnewexperiencestopeoplewithoutstandingarchitecturalexpressions.
2.1FactorsAffectingArchitecturalInterventions
Howdoweallowanewfunctionoranewexperiencetohappeninanadaptedandintervenedbuildingwhileretainingitsoriginalcharacters?
Theprocessofadaptinghistoricbuildingsusuallybeginswiththeunderstandingoftheircharacters.Thekeytoadaptexistingbuildingswithoutcompromisingtheiruniquecharactershingesontheaccuracyandcomprehensivenessoftheassessmentandunderstandingoftheto-be-adaptedbuildings.Thedefinedfeaturesofthehistoricstructurearelike“bones”thatshouldaccommodatenewprogrammes.Howtodothislargelydependsonthecreativemindofthearchitect.Ofcoursetherequirementsofurbanplanningandbuildingregulationsareallrelevantlimitations.
Sameasarchitecturalproductionofnewbuildings,adaptivereuseisalsoacreativeprocessthatcannotbeassessedbyobjectivecriteriaalone.Attitudestowardsarchitecturalinterventionsinadaptivereusesuchaspreferencesofstakeholdersandvaluesheldbythesocietyareinfluentialsubjectivefactorswhichcouldleadtoavarietyofapproachesinprojects.Viewingfromahistoricalperspective,architecturalconservationasamodernprofessionalalwaysreflectedthevaluesofasocietyatcertaintime.
2.2DifferentArchitecturalInterventions
Therearemanyapproachestoclassifydifferentarchitecturalinterventionsinadaptivereuseofoldbuildings.Mostoftheapproachesarebasedonthephysicalcompositionoftheoriginalandnewstructures.However,neitherformnormaterial(thetwobasicaspectsofarchitecture)canbeindicatedinsuchapproaches.
Fig.2-1AdaptivereusetaxonomiesdefinedbyKellyGoffiney.
wrapsweavingsjuxtapositionsparasitesinsertions
Fig.2-2ThefivecategoriesofadaptivereusedefinedbyFrançoiseBollack.
Hence,physicalcombinationofoldrelicsandne
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