文化差异在跨文化交际中的影响.docx
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文化差异在跨文化交际中的影响.docx
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文化差异在跨文化交际中的影响
InfluenceofCulturalDifferencesinInterculturalCommunication
文化差异在跨文化交际中的影响
Abstract
Cultureprovidesacommonstageforpeoplefromdifferentcountriestounderstandeachother,becauseithasthepossibilitytobeunderstoodbydifferentpeoples.Inculturalaspect,duetothevariationinthehistoricaldevelopmentinChinaandAmerica,greatdifferencesexistintheirthoughts,values,beliefsandattitudes,whichnotonlygiverisetothemisunderstandingininterculturalcommunication,butalsoposeheadachetocommunicatorswhoaretryingtobridgethegapbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.YetsinceChina’sopeningtotheoutsideworld,peoplesfromthetwocountrieshavegetmorechancestoknoweachotherbetterandnarrowthegapsbetweenthetwonations.Sowithoureffortsingraspingbothcultures’connotations,itwillpromotetheinterculturalcommunication.Onthebasisofanalyzingthedifferencesofthoughts,values,beliefsandattitudesinChinaandAmerica,thisthesisjustmakesabriefstudyontheinfluenceofculturaldifferencesoninterculturalcommunicationandthentrytofindafinesolutiontothisproblem.
Keywords:
interculturalcommunication;difference;connotation
摘要
文化能够为来自不同国家的人民提供一个互相交流和理解的平台,因为它具有可以被不同的人理解的可能性。
在文化方面,由于中美两国不同的历史发展过程,导致其在思维方式、价值观、处世态度和个人信仰诸多方面存在差异,这不仅使文化工作者在跨文化交流中容易产生误解,而且使得它们为弥补文化差异而付出的努力付诸东流。
然而自从中国实行对外开放的政策以来,中美两国人民得到了更多的相互交流的机会,两国间的差距也日渐缩短。
对我们而言,更多地关注两国文化的内涵,这将有助于两国人民的交流与学习。
本文在分析两国人民思维方式、价值观念、处事态度和个人信仰的差异的基础之上,探讨了文化差异给跨文化交流所带来的诸多影响,并试图找到一条能够沟通二者的渠道。
关键词:
跨文化交流;差异;内涵
TableofContents
1.Introduction…………………………………………………..………………....1
2.ThecomparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishinculture…………….....…...2
2.1.Thedifferentvalue………...…………………………………….....………....2
2.1.1.Differentviewsonfamily...…………………….....…………………...2
2.1.2.Differentviewsonmarriage………………………………………....3
2.1.3.Differentviewsoneducation.....……………………………………...5
2.1.3.1.Conceptsofeducation.......…………………………………...5
2.1.3.2.Goalsofeducation….....……………………………………...5
2.1.4.Differentviewsonlife………………………………………………...7
2.2.Thedifferentbeliefs...……………………………………………………….9
2.3.Thedifferentmorality………...…………………………………………....10
2.3.1.Physicalcontact...……...……………………………………………...10
2.3.2.Modesty...……...……………………………………………………...12
3.Theimportanceofinterculturalcommunication………....………..…………..13
4.Problemsindailyinterculturalcommunication....…………...……………......15
4.1.Dailygreetings...……………………………………………………………..15
4.2.Dailycall……………………………………………………………………..15
4.3.Thanks………………………………………………………………………..16
4.4.Guestsatdinner…..………………………………………………………….16
4.5.Privacy………………………………………………………………………..16
5.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………......18
6.References…………………………………………………………………....…..19
ChapterIIntroduction
Cultureindifferentcountrieshasvariousexplanations.However,itsgeneralmeaningisthecombinationofnativeknowledge,experience,value,attitude,grades,religiousandsoon,whichlastsforalongtimeandkeepsaccording,relatestothesocietyordailylifeandcustom.Itisreportedthatculturehasbeenenchasedintotheneocortex,andbecomeakindofcollectiveconsciousness,nobodycandivergefromitfromborntodeath.
Chinaisacountrywithfivethousandyearsofhistory,andithasbeenintheprocessbecomingamajoreconomicandpoliticalpower.Americaisthemostdevelopedcountry,andWesternnations,particularlytheUnitedStates,imposeculturalvaluesontheothersthroughmediaandpopularculture.TheWestpromotesitscultureashavingmoreworth,orbeingmorecorrect,thanotherregions'culturalvalues.WithmorepeoplespeakingEnglishandfollowingAmericanideals,culturalglobalizationdoesn'treallymeanamatterofWesternization.Mutualcommunicationisinevitableandofutmostimportance.Ifwedonotknowthebackgroundofeachculture,wecannotcommunicatewell.
Globalizationhasalwaysexisted,withglobaltradeliketheSilkRoad,butinthe21stcenturyitismuchmorepronouncedthaniteverwasduetotheriseofInternetandfastershippingmethods.Ithelpsthedevelopingcountriescreatemorewealthbysellingtheirgoodsandbringinginmoneyfromoverseas.
Theexchangeofinformationhasmadeculturalbarrierslessdistinct.MorepeoplearewatchingthesameTV,listeningtothesamemusicandreadingthesamebooksthaninthepast.Thismakespeoplelessdifferentfromoneanother,whichinturnmakesiteasierforpeoplefromdifferentculturestoempathizeeachother.
AnalyzingtheChineseandtheAmericanculturesinvolvescomparingandcontrastingthem,tofindsimilaritiesanddifferences.Bothculturescanseemdifferentenoughfromeachothertomakeresearchdifficult.BystudyinghowChineseandAmericanculturesrespondandhaverespondedtoeachothers'influences,youcangainanappreciationofthenationalidentityofeach.
ChapterIITheComparisonbetweenChineseandEnglishinCulture
2.1Thedifferentvalue
Traditionalconceptionofvalueisthecenterofculture,soitcan’tbeavoidedincommunication.Theformationofculturalvalueisaprocessofmakingdecisionandresolvingconflict.Thiskindofvaluealwaysteachescitizensthestandardofhowtojudgetherightandwrong,thegoodandbad,thetrueandfalse,andletthemknowwhattheyshouldstudy,whatshallbecriticized,whatshallbedefended.Whiledisciplinesandlawscannotbetheonlyelementofasocialsystem,it'sthevaluewhichpromotestheestablishmentofthesystem.Eventhoughwesharesomegeneralvaluessuchashardworking,honestandloyalty,duetothedifferentevironmentwelivein,eachcountrywillhaveitsfeaturedvaluesthatwearedifferentfromanyothercountry.
2.1.1Differentviewsonfamily
Perhaps,thereisnoothernationintheworldlovingtheirfamiliesmorethanChinese.AfamilyisquiteparticularforaChinese.SinceChinaisacountrywhichagriculturehaddominatedtheeconomyforthousandsofyears.Thereismoreemphasisonthefamilyasaneconomicunit,becausemostofthetraditionalChinesefamiliesareself-supporting.Familiesgenerallymaintainself-supportingfamilyfarmsorbusinessesformorethanonegeneration.
Inthepast,theChinesewereaccustomedandwillingtostaytogetherwiththefamily.Settledownaplace,andthenlivethere,bearthere,eventuallydiethere;itappearedtobeanendlesscircleoftheChineselife.Theyknewwelltheirplacetheycalledhome.AhomeforaChinese,notmerelyisahousebuiltwithcementandwood,butalsoaworldbelongingtothemonly,offeringchoice,hewouldnotleavehisnativeplaceandfolks.
Inaword,theprimaryresponsibilityofaChinesefamilymemberistoadvancethefamilyasagroup,bothsociallyandeconomically,andtomaintainparentalauthorityandchildren’srespectforparents.
TheviewpointofAmericansonfamilyisquiteopposite.Firstly,theAmericanfamiliesareextremelymobile.IntheUS,everyyearabout40millionsAmericanschangeresidences.Thatstatisticsuggeststhateveryonemoveseveryfiveorsixyears.Therearesomereasonstostimulatethemtomovesooften:
youngpeoplefromfarmsandsmalltownscometothebigcitiesforexcitementandjobopportunities.Coupleswithyoungchildrenmovefromcitiestosuburbstoprovideasafer,morespaciousenvironmentandabetterschoolsystemfortheirchildren.UnliketheChinese,theydon'tsettledowninparticularresidenceandstaythereformanyyears.Thisshiftingaroundputsagreatburdenuponfamilymemberssharingonehousehold.Theymustsupplythepsychologicalsupportthatcanbeprovidedbyamuchlargerfamily,butmanynuclearfamiliesfailtodoit.SosometimesAmericansadmirethewarmsupportfromthestablefamily:
East,west,homeisbest.Homeiswheretheheartis.
Secondly,therelationoftheAmericanfamilymemberscontrastswiththatofChinese.TheprimarypurposeofanAmericanfamilyistoadvancethehappiness,theequalityandthefreedomofindividualmembers.Family'shonorandunityarelessimportantthanthatinChinesesociety.SinceequalityofopportunityregardlessofbirthisconsideredasabasicAmericanvalue,andalso,theAmericandesireforfreedomfromoutsidecontrolclearlyextendstothefamilies,theydon’tliketohavecontrolsplacedonthembyotherfamilymembers.Whatwouldbebestforthefamilyisnotconsideredtobeasimportantaswhatwouldbebestfortheindividual.
InanAmericanfamily,thedemocraticideaofequalitydestroysmuchoftheparents’statusasrulerofthefamilyandlessenstheemotionaldistancebetweenfatherandchildren.Americansareveryindependent,forinstance,parentsinAmericanfamilyseldominterposewhatchildrenaredoing,theyprefertolettheirchildrendevelopthemselvesfreely;onthecontrary,thiskindofattitudewouldberegardedasirresponsibleinChinesesociety.UnliketheChinese,thereislessformalrespectfor,andfearof,thefather,buttheirismoreaffectionexpressedtowardshim:
Themasterandconstitutedrulerhavevanished,thefatherremains.Ontheotherhand,someAmericansareworriedthatthereistoomuchdemocracyinthehome.Someparentsseemtohavelittleornocontroloverthebehavioroftheirteenagechildren,particularlyaftertheyturn16andgettheirdivers'license.
2.1.2Differentviewsonmarriage
Asformarriage,theAmericansthinkhighlyofloveasitsbasis,sotheAmericanproverbsconcerningloveareaffluent.Suchas:
"All’sfairinloveandwar."
"Thepainofloveneverrunssmooth."
"Loveandcoughcannotbehid."
"Onelovedrivesoutanother."
"Loveistherewardoflove."
"Loveisanotheroflove."
AboveexpressionsshowhowAmericansunderstandlove
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