英语阅读与写作6.docx
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英语阅读与写作6.docx
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英语阅读与写作6
模拟试题
(二)
Part1Translation(30%)
SectionA
Directions:
TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishtoChinese.(10%)
1.Askpeoplehowtheyare,andtheywillanswerintermsoftheirfamilylife,communitylifeandworklife,ratherthanjustwhattheyarepaid.
2.Flunkingasaregularpolicyhasjustasmuchmerittodayasitdidtwogenerationsago.
3.Iknowoneexampledoesn'tmakeacase,butatnightIseeaparadeofstudentswhoareangryandresentfulforhavingbeenpassedalonguntiltheycouldnolongerevenpretendtokeepup.
4.Asaresult,thescientificstudiesoftheeraoftenfailedtofindclearevidenceofseriouspathologyandhadtheperverseeffectofexoneratingthecigarette.
5.Thereislittlepointindenyingtheobviousdarksidetothelackofself-constraintsencouragedbye-mail.
SectionB
Directions:
TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromChinesetoEnglish.(10%)
1.我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信,让我很是烦恼。
2.他们依靠问一些片面的问题,并用片面的研究来解答,从而为烟草业提供了正好需要的挡箭牌。
3.电子邮件以及所有在线交流,实际上是一种全新的东西。
4.的确,电子邮件有别于面对面的交往、打电话或者借助其他媒介的交际。
。
5.一旦你找寻到了内心真实的呼唤,你会持续不断地去进一步了解它。
SectionC
Directions:
TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese.(5%)
Tensofthousandsof18-year-oldswillgraduatethisyearandbehandedmeaninglessdiplomas.Thesediplomaswon'tlookanydifferentfromthoseawardedtheirluckierclassmates.Theirvaliditywillbequestionedonlywhentheiremployersdiscoverthatthesegraduatesaresemiliterate.
SectionD
Directions:
TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChinesetoEnglish.(5%)
这些年来,一直有人不断地问我,要如何做才能更成功。
很多隋况下,人们从事自己并不喜欢的工作,为自己并不特别尊敬的老板干活,对购买自己产品或服务的顾客并不在乎。
Part2ReadingComprehension(20%)
SectionA
Fastreading(10%)
Directions:
Gooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestions.
AreyouaCokeorPepsidrinker?
DoyoupullintoMcDonald'sgoldenarchesorpreferto"haveityourway"atBurgerKing?
Whenitcomestotoothpaste,whichflavorgetsyoubrushing,ColgateorCrest?
Ifyouthinkit'sjustyourtastebudsthatguidethesepreferences,youmaybesurprisedbywhatneuroscientistsarediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethese.
Don'tworry--noone'sscanningyourheadasyoustandinfrontofthebeverageaisleorsitinlineatthedrive-through.Instead,brainscientistsareaskingvolunteerstoponderpurchasingchoiceswhilelyinginsidehigh-techbrainscanners.Theresultingreal-timeimagesindicatewhereandhowthebrainanalyzesoptions,weighsrisksandrewards,factorsinexperiencesandemotionsandultimatelysetsapreference."Wecanusebrainimagingtogaininsightintothemechanismsbehindpeople'sdecisionsinawaythatisoftendifficulttogetatsimplybyaskingapersonorwatchingtheirbehavior,"saysDr.GregoryBerns,apsychiatristatEmoryUniversity.
Toscientists,it'sallpartofthelargerquestionofhowthehumanbrainmakesdecisions.ButtheanswersmaybeinvaluabletoBigBusiness,whichplowedanestimated$8billionin2006intomarketresearchinanefforttopredict--andsway--howwewouldspendourmoney.Inthepast,marketersreliedonrelativelycrudemeasuresofwhatgotusbuying:
focus-groupquestionnairesandmeasurementsofeyemovementsandperspirationpatterns(themoreexcitedyougetaboutsomething,themoreyoutendtosweat).Nowresearcherscangostraighttothedeciderinchief--thebrainitself,openingthedoortoacontroversialnewfielddubbedneuromarketing.
Fornow,mostoftheresearchispurelyacademic,althoughevenbrainexpertsanticipatethatit'sjustamatteroftimebeforetheirfindingsbecomearoutinepartofanysmartcorporation'smarketingplans.Somelessons,particularlyabouthowthebraininterpretsbrandnames,arealreadyenticingadvertisers.Take,forexample,theclassictastetest.P.ReadMontagueofBaylorCollegeofMedicineperformedhisversionofthePepsiChallengeinsideafunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)machinein2004.Montaguegave67peopleablindtastetestofbothCokeandPepsi,thenplacedhissubjectsinthescanner,whosemagneticfieldmeasureshowactivecellsarebyrecordinghowmuchoxygentheyconsumeforenergy.Aftertastingeachdrink,allthevolunteersshowedstrongactivationoftherewardareasofthebrain--whichareassociatedwithpleasureandsatisfaction--andtheywerealmostevenlysplitintheirpreferencesforthetwobrands.ButwhenMontaguerepeatedthetestandtoldthemwhattheyweredrinking,threeoutoffourpeoplesaidtheypreferredCoke,andtheirbrainsshowedwhy:
notonlyweretherewardsystemsactive,butmemoryregionsinthemedialprefrontalcortexandhippocampusalsolitup."Thisshowedthatthebrandalonehasvalueinthebrainsystemaboveandbeyondthedesireforthecontentofthecan,"saysMontague.Inotherwords,allthosehappy,energeticandglamorouspeopledrinkingCokeincommercialsdidexactlywhattheyweresupposedtodo:
seepedintothebrainandleftassociationssopowerfultheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofPepsi.
StanfordneuroscientistBrianKnutsonhaszeroedinonamoreprimitiveaspectofmakingchoices."Wecomeequippedtoassesspotentiallygoodthingsandpotentiallybadthings,"hesays."Thereshouldbestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival,whetheryouhavelearnedthosethingsornot--suchasbeingscaredofthedarkortheunknown."Knutsoncallstheseanticipatoryemotions,andhebelievesthatevenbeforethecognitiveareasofthebrainarebroughtintoassessoptions,thesemoreintuitiveandemotionalregionsarealreadyprimingthedecision-makingprocessandcanforeshadowtheoutcome.Suchprimitivetriggersalmostcertainlyaffordedsurvivaladvantagestoourancestorswhentheydecidedwhichplantstopickorwhichcavestoenter,butKnutsonsurmisesthatvestigesofthissystemareatworkaswemakemoremundanechoicesatthemall.There,it'sthematchbetweenthevalueofaproductanditspricethattriggersananticipationofpleasureorpain.
Totesthistheory,Knutsonandhisteamdevisedawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab.Hegavesubjects$20eachand,whiletheywereinthefMRImachine,presentedthemwithpicturesof80products,eachfollowedbyaprice.Subjectsthenhadtheoptionofpurchasingeachitemondisplay.Astheyviewedproductstheypreferred,Knutsonsawactivityinthenucleusaccumbens,aregionofthebraininvolvedinanticipatingpleasantoutcomes.If,ontheotherhand,thesubjectsthoughtthepriceoftheseitemswastoohigh,therewasincreasedactivityintheinsula---anareainvolvedinanticipatingpain."Theideaisthatifyoucanlookintopeople'sbrainsrightbeforetheymakecertaindecisions,youcangetahandleonthesetwofeelingsanddoabetterjobofpredictingwhattheyareabouttodo,"Knutsonsays."Ibelieveanticipatoryemotionsnotonlybiasbutdrivedecisionmaking."
Allofthis,ofcourse,iswhirringalongatthebrain'ssplit-secondpace,andasimagingtechnologyimproves,Knutsonishopefulthatheandotherswillbeabletoseeinevenmoredetailthecircuitsinthebrainactivatedduringadecision.Already,accordingtoMontague,theseimageshaverevealedsurprisingthingsabouthowthebrainparesdownthedecision-makingprocessbysettingupshortcutstomakeitsanalysismoreefficient.Tosavetime,thebraindoesn'trunthroughthelaundrylistofrisks,benefitsandvaluejudgmentseachtime.Wheneveritcan,itreliesonatypeof"quickkey"thattakesadvantageofexperiencesandstoredinformation.That'swherethingslikebrands,familiarityandtrustcomein--they'reashortcutforknowingwhattoexpect."Yourunfromthedevilyouknow,"saysMontague."Andyouruntothebrandthatyouknow,becausetositthereanddeliberatechewsuptime,andthatmakesyoulessefficientthanthenextguy."
That'scertainlymusictoadvertisers'ears,but,warnneuroscientists,it'sunlikelythatourpurchasingbehaviorfollowsasinglepathway.Montague,forone,isinvestigatinghowfactorsliketrust,altruismandthefeelingofobligationwhensomeonedoesyouafavorcandivertandmodifystepsinthedecision-makingtree."Thecapacitytousebrainresponsesandrelatethemtobehaviorhasacceleratedatabreathtakingpaceoverthepastfouryearsandyieldedanincredibleamountofinformation,"hesays.Howmarketersusethatdatatohonetheirmessagesremainstobeseen.
1.Whowerediscoveringwhentheypeerinsidethebrainasitmakeseverydaychoiceslikethesepreferencesaccordingtothispassage?
AprofessorsfromuniversityBneuroscientists
CpsychiatristDsciencefictionwriter
2.WhatcanwelearnfromDr.GregoryBernswhoisapsychiatristatEmoryUniversity?
Apeople'sdecisionscanbeeasilyfoundindailylife
Bpeople'sdecisionsalwaysmysterious
Cpeople'sdecisionscanbediscoveredbycomputerandotherequipments
Dpeople'sdecisionscanbeseethroughtheirbehavior
3.Whomaypaymoreattentiontothenewstudyaboutpeople’spreference?
Abigbusiness
Buniversity
Cscientists
Dchemist
4.Takingthe“theversionofthePepsiChallenge”asanexample,whatmaythewriterwanttotellus?
AmorepeopleprefercoketoPepsi
Btheimportanceofadvertisement
Chowtoimproveourthinkingstyle
Dleftassociationssopowerfulthattheycouldevenoverrideapreferenceforthetasteofdrinks
5.HowdidBrianKnutsondescribethefeelingofthestuffinyourbrainthatpromotesyoursurvival?
Aasanticipatoryemotions,
Bmotivation
Cambition
Doutofcontrol
6.WhydidKnutsonandhisteamdeviseawaytomimicthesesameintuitivereactionsinthelab?
ATotesthistheoryBThereisaproblemintheexperiment
Cthegovernmentaskthemto
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