1、英语阅读与写作6模拟试题（二）Part 1 Translation （30%）Section ADirections: Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese. (10%)1. Ask people how they are, and they will answer in terms of their family life, community life and work life, rather than just what they are paid.2. Flunking as a regular polic
2、y has just as much merit today as it did two generations ago. 3. I know one example doesnt make a case, but at night I see a parade of students who are angry and resentful for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up.4. As a result, the scientific studies of the er
3、a often failed to find clear evidence of serious pathology and had the perverse effect of exonerating the cigarette.5. There is little point in denying the obvious dark side to the lack of self-constraints encouraged by e-mail. Section BDirections: Translate the following sentences from Chinese to E
4、nglish. (10%)1. 我邀请的客人大部分在最后期限之后才回信，让我很是烦恼。2. 他们依靠问一些片面的问题，并用片面的研究来解答，从而为烟草业提供了正好需要的挡箭牌。3. 电子邮件以及所有在线交流，实际上是一种全新的东西。4. 的确，电子邮件有别于面对面的交往、打电话或者借助其他媒介的交际。5. 一旦你找寻到了内心真实的呼唤，你会持续不断地去进一步了解它。Section CDirections: Translate the following passage from English to Chinese. (5%) Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds
5、 will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas. These diplomas wont look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates. Their validity will be questioned only when their employers discover that these graduates are semiliterate. Section DDirections: Translate the following pa
6、ssage from Chinese to English. (5%)这些年来，一直有人不断地问我，要如何做才能更成功。很多隋况下，人们从事自己并不喜欢的工作，为自己并不特别尊敬的老板干活，对购买自己产品或服务的顾客并不在乎。Part 2 Reading Comprehension (20%) Section AFast reading (10%)Directions: Go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. Are you a Coke or Pepsi drinker? Do you pull into McDonalds
7、 golden arches or prefer to have it your way at Burger King? When it comes to toothpaste, which flavor gets you brushing, Colgate or Crest? If you think its just your taste buds that guide these preferences, you may be surprised by what neuroscientists are discovering when they peer inside the brain
8、 as it makes everyday choices like these. Dont worry-no ones scanning your head as you stand in front of the beverage aisle or sit in line at the drive-through. Instead, brain scientists are asking volunteers to ponder purchasing choices while lying inside high-tech brain scanners. The resulting rea
9、l-time images indicate where and how the brain analyzes options, weighs risks and rewards, factors in experiences and emotions and ultimately sets a preference. We can use brain imaging to gain insight into the mechanisms behind peoples decisions in a way that is often difficult to get at simply by
10、asking a person or watching their behavior, says Dr. Gregory Berns, a psychiatrist at Emory University. To scientists, its all part of the larger question of how the human brain makes decisions. But the answers may be invaluable to Big Business, which plowed an estimated $8 billion in 2006 into mark
11、et research in an effort to predict-and sway-how we would spend our money. In the past, marketers relied on relatively crude measures of what got us buying: focus-group questionnaires and measurements of eye movements and perspiration patterns (the more excited you get about something, the more you
12、tend to sweat). Now researchers can go straight to the decider in chief-the brain itself, opening the door to a controversial new field dubbed neuromarketing. For now, most of the research is purely academic, although even brain experts anticipate that its just a matter of time before their findings
13、 become a routine part of any smart corporations marketing plans. Some lessons, particularly about how the brain interprets brand names, are already enticing advertisers. Take, for example, the classic taste test. P. Read Montague of Baylor College of Medicine performed his version of the Pepsi Chal
14、lenge inside a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine in 2004. Montague gave 67 people a blind taste test of both Coke and Pepsi, then placed his subjects in the scanner, whose magnetic field measures how active cells are by recording how much oxygen they consume for energy. After tast
15、ing each drink, all the volunteers showed strong activation of the reward areas of the brain-which are associated with pleasure and satisfaction-and they were almost evenly split in their preferences for the two brands. But when Montague repeated the test and told them what they were drinking, three
16、 out of four people said they preferred Coke, and their brains showed why: not only were the reward systems active, but memory regions in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus also lit up. This showed that the brand alone has value in the brain system above and beyond the desire for the conte
17、nt of the can, says Montague. In other words, all those happy, energetic and glamorous people drinking Coke in commercials did exactly what they were supposed to do: seeped into the brain and left associations so powerful they could even override a preference for the taste of Pepsi. Stanford neurosc
18、ientist Brian Knutson has zeroed in on a more primitive aspect of making choices. We come equipped to assess potentially good things and potentially bad things, he says. There should be stuff in your brain that promotes your survival, whether you have learned those things or not-such as being scared
19、 of the dark or the unknown. Knutson calls these anticipatory emotions, and he believes that even before the cognitive areas of the brain are brought in to assess options, these more intuitive and emotional regions are already priming the decision-making process and can foreshadow the outcome. Such
20、primitive triggers almost certainly afforded survival advantages to our ancestors when they decided which plants to pick or which caves to enter, but Knutson surmises that vestiges of this system are at work as we make more mundane choices at the mall. There, its the match between the value of a pro
21、duct and its price that triggers an anticipation of pleasure or pain. To test his theory, Knutson and his team devised a way to mimic these same intuitive reactions in the lab. He gave subjects $20 each and, while they were in the fMRI machine, presented them with pictures of 80 products, each follo
22、wed by a price. Subjects then had the option of purchasing each item on display. As they viewed products they preferred, Knutson saw activity in the nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain involved in anticipating pleasant outcomes. If, on the other hand, the subjects thought the price of these ite
23、ms was too high, there was increased activity in the insula- an area involved in anticipating pain. The idea is that if you can look into peoples brains right before they make certain decisions, you can get a handle on these two feelings and do a better job of predicting what they are about to do, K
24、nutson says. I believe anticipatory emotions not only bias but drive decision making. All of this, of course, is whirring along at the brains split-second pace, and as imaging technology improves, Knutson is hopeful that he and others will be able to see in even more detail the circuits in the brain
25、 activated during a decision. Already, according to Montague, these images have revealed surprising things about how the brain pares down the decision-making process by setting up shortcuts to make its analysis more efficient. To save time, the brain doesnt run through the laundry list of risks, ben
26、efits and value judgments each time. Whenever it can, it relies on a type of quick key that takes advantage of experiences and stored information. Thats where things like brands, familiarity and trust come in-theyre a shortcut for knowing what to expect. You run from the devil you know, says Montagu
27、e. And you run to the brand that you know, because to sit there and deliberate chews up time, and that makes you less efficient than the next guy. Thats certainly music to advertisers ears, but, warn neuroscientists, its unlikely that our purchasing behavior follows a single pathway. Montague, for o
28、ne, is investigating how factors like trust, altruism and the feeling of obligation when someone does you a favor can divert and modify steps in the decision-making tree. The capacity to use brain responses and relate them to behavior has accelerated at a breathtaking pace over the past four years a
29、nd yielded an incredible amount of information, he says. How marketers use that data to hone their messages remains to be seen.1. Who were discovering when they peer inside the brain as it makes everyday choices like these preferences according to this passage?A professors from university B neurosci
30、entists C psychiatrist D science fiction writer2. What can we learn from Dr. Gregory Berns who is a psychiatrist at Emory University?A peoples decisions can be easily found in daily lifeB peoples decisions always mysteriousC peoples decisions can be discovered by computer and other equipmentsD peopl
31、es decisions can be see through their behavior3. Who may pay more attention to the new study about peoples preference?A big business B university C scientists D chemist4. Taking the “the version of the Pepsi Challenge” as an example, what may the writer want to tell us?A more people prefer coke to P
32、epsiB the importance of advertisementC how to improve our thinking styleD left associations so powerful that they could even override a preference for the taste of drinks 5. How did Brian Knutson describe the feeling of the stuff in your brain that promotes your survival?A as anticipatory emotions, B motivationC ambitionD out of control6. Why did Knutson and his team devise a way to mimic these same intuitive reactions in the lab?A To test his theory B There is a problem in the experimentC the government ask them to
