21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 8.docx
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21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 8.docx
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21世纪大学实用英语综合教程第二册Unit8
教案
授课单元
Unit8Book2
本(章)节
授课方式
课堂讲授(√)实践课()
教学时数
6
授
课
要
点
本(章)节教学目标
1.masterthebasiclanguageandskillsnecessarytoaskforandgivereasons;
2.understandthemainideasofTextA,TextBandTextC,andmastertheusefulsentencestructuresandwordsandexpressionsfoundintheexercisesrelevanttothefirsttwotexts
3.knowhowtousetheinvertedorder
4.knowhowtowriteanemail
5.understandparagraphdevelopment
教学重点和难点
IntheListeningandSpeakingsection,learnhowtoaskforandgivereasons.IntheReadingandWritingsection,readthreepassagesaboutscienceandtechnology.TextAwaswrittenattheturnofthe21stcenturyandthewriterpredictedthetopfivescientificdevelopmentsofthecomingcentury.TextBconcernsissuesofsafetythatmustbeguaranteedwhenthefrontierofscienceandtechnologyisbeingpushedback.TextCdealswiththeissueofrecycling.
思考题
或
作业
1.Whatdoyouthinkofthewriter’spredictionsaboutthe21stcentury?
Useyourimaginationtodiscusspeople’slivesinthefuturewhenthewriter’spredictionsmaycometrue.
2.Canyouaddmorepredictionstothoseofthewriter?
Makeyourownpredictionstoyourclassmatesandseeifanyofthemcoincideswith(与…不谋而合)yourclassmates.
教学内容与组织安排
1stperiod
TextA(GlobalReading)
2ndperiod
TextA(DetailedReading)
3rdperiod
GrammarReview
4thperiod
PracticalWriting
5thperiod
TextB
6thperiod
ImproveYourReadingSkills
Part1TextAStudy
Backgroundknowledge
1)JamesTrefil
Asanaward-winningauthorandphysicist,JamesTrefilhaswrittenmorethan25booksonarangeofsciencetopics.He’sacontributortoNationalPublicRadioandSmithsonianMagazine,andaphysicsprofessoratVirginia’sGeorgeMasonUniversity,U.S.A.
The20thcenturyproducedscientificandtechnologicalchangeatadizzyingpace-greaterthaninanyothercenturyinhistory.Butthe21stcentury,thedawnofthenewmillennium,maywellseeevenmoredramaticchangedrivenbyadvancesinscienceandtechnology.
Onthesepagesaremypredictionsforthetopscientificdevelopmentswe’llseeinthenext100years,intheorderIthinkthey’llhappen.
2)ModernScience(20thcentury)
a.Genetics
Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,thelifesciencesenteredaperiodofrapidprogress.Mendel’sworkingeneticswasrediscoveredin1900,andby1910biologistshadbecomeconvincedthatgenesarelocatedinchromosomes,thethreadlikestructuresthatcontainproteinsanddeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA).Duringthe1940sAmericanbiochemistsdiscoveredthatDNAtakenfromonekindofbacteriumcouldinfluencethecharacteristicsofanother.Fromtheseexperiments,itbecameclearthatDNAisthechemicalAfterAmericanbiochemistJamesWatsonandBritishbiophysicistFrancisCrickestablishedthestructureofDNAin1953,geneticistsbecameabletounderstandheredityinchemicalterms.Sincethen,progressinthisfieldhasbeenastounding.Scientistshaveidentifiedthecompletegenome,orgeneticcatalog,ofthehumanbody(seeHumanGenomeProject).Inmanycases,scientistsnowknowhowindividualgenesbecomeactivatedandwhateffectstheyhaveinthehumanbody.Genescannowbetransferredfromonespeciestoanother,side-steppingthenormalprocessesofheredityandcreatinghybridorganismsthatareunknowninthenaturalworld(seeTransgenicOrganism).
b.Medicine
Attheturnofthe20thcentury,DutchphysicianChristiaanEijkmanshowedthatdiseasecanbecausednotonlybymicroorganismsbutbyadietarydeficiencyofcertainsubstancesnowcalledvitamins.In1909GermanbacteriologistPaulEhrlichintroducedtheworld’sfirstbactericide,achemicaldesignedtokillspecifickindsofbacteriawithoutkillingthepatient’scellsaswell.Followingthediscoveryofpenicillinin1928byBritishbacteriologistSirAlexanderFleming,antibioticsjoinedmedicine’schemicalarmory,makingthefightagainstbacterialinfectionalmostaroutinematter.Antibioticscannotactagainstviruses,butvaccineshavebeenusedtogreateffecttopreventsomeofthedeadliestviraldiseases.Smallpox,onceaworldwidekiller,wascompletelyeradicatedbythelate1970s,andintheUnitedStatesthenumberofpoliocasesdroppedfrom38,000inthe1950stolessthan10ayearbythe21stcentury.Bythemiddleofthe20thcenturyscientistsbelievedtheywerewellonthewaytotreating,preventing,oreradicatingmanyofthemostdeadlyinfectiousdiseasesthathadplaguedhumankindforcenturies.Butbythe1980sthemedicalcommunity’sconfidenceinitsabilitytocontrolinfectiousdiseaseshadbeenshakenbytheemergenceofnewtypesofdisease-causingmicroorganisms.Newcasesoftuberculosisdeveloped,causedbybacteriastrainsthatwereresistanttoantibiotics.New,deadlyinfectionsforwhichtherewasnoknowncurealsoappeared,includingthevirusesthatcausehemorrhagicfeverandthehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thecauseofacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome.
Inotherfieldsofmedicine,thediagnosisofdiseasehasbeenrevolutionizedbytheuseofnewimagingtechniques,includingmagneticresonanceimagingandcomputedtomography.Scientistswerealsoonthevergeofsuccessincuringsomediseasesusinggenetherapy,inwhichtheinsertionofnormalorgeneticallyalteredgenesintoapatient’scellsreplacesnonfunctionalormissinggenes.
Improveddrugsandnewtoolshavemadesurgicaloperationsthatwereonceconsideredimpossiblenowroutine.Forinstance,drugsthatsuppresstheimmunesystemenablethetransplantoforgansortissueswithareducedriskofrejection(seeMedicalTransplantation).Endoscopypermitsthediagnosisandsurgicaltreatmentofawidevarietyofailmentsusingminimallyinvasivesurgery.Advancesinhigh-speedfiber-opticconnectionspermitsurgeryonapatientusingroboticinstrumentscontrolledbysurgeonsatanotherlocation.Knownastelemedicine,thisformofmedicinemakesitpossibleforskilledphysicianstotreatpatientsinremotelocationsorplacesthatlackmedicalhelp.
c.SocialSciences
Inthe20thcenturythesocialsciencesemergedfromrelativeobscuritytobecomeprominentfieldsofresearch.AustrianphysicianSigmundFreudfoundedthepracticeofpsychoanalysis,creatingarevolutioninpsychologythatledhimtobecalledthe“Copernicusofthemind.”In1948theAmericanbiologistAlfredKinseypublishedSexualBehaviorintheHumanMale,whichprovedtobeoneofthebest-sellingscientificworksofalltime.Althoughcriticizedforhismethodologyandconclusions,Kinseysucceededinmakinghumansexualityanacceptablesubjectforscientificresearch.The20thcenturyalsobroughtdramaticdiscoveriesinthefieldofanthropology,withnewfossilfindshelpingtopiecetogetherthestoryofhumanevolution.AcompletelynewandsurprisingsourceofanthropologicalinformationbecameavailablefromstudiesoftheDNAinmitochondria,cellstructuresthatprovideenergytofuelthecell’sactivities.MitochondrialDNAhasbeenusedtotrackcertaingeneticdiseasesandtotracetheancestryofavarietyoforganisms,includinghumans.
d.ThreeMileIsland
ThreeMileIslandisanislandintheSusquehannaRiverinDauphinCounty,Pennsylvania,nearHarrisburg,ofarea3.29km2(814acres).ThenameismostcommonlyassociatedwithanaccidentattheThreeMileIslandNuclearGeneratingStationonMarch28,1979,whenreactorTMI-2sufferedapartialcoremeltdown.
Noidentifiableinjuriesduetoradiationoccurred(althoughagovernmentreportbyL.Battistet.al.statedthat“theprojectednumberofexcessfatalcancersduetotheaccident…isapproximatelyone.”)Itwas,however,aseriouseconomicandpublicrelationsdisaster.Italsofurtheredaseriousdeclineinthepublicpopularityofnuclearpower.
e.TheChernobylAccident
Therehavebeendifferentreportsabouttheconsequencesoftheaccident.Twodifferentversionshavebeenpresentedbelow.
In1986,anexplosionandfireatthenuclearpowerplantinChernobyl,nearKiev,releasedlargeamountsofradioactivematerialintotheatmosphere.Nuclearfalloutfromtheaccidentcausedmanyhealthandenvironmentalproblems.
Sovietofficialsclaimedonly31peoplediedfromtheaccidentandabout200wereseriouslyinjured.Butintheearly1990’s,Ukrainianofficialsestimatedthat6,000to8,000peoplediedasaresultoftheexplosionanditsaftermath.ThedisasterhascausedhighratesofcancerandotherillnessesinUkraine,Belarus,andRussia.
Part2.Textglobalreading
1)Haveyoueverthoughtabouthowadvancesinscienceandtechnologymaychangeourworldinahundredyears?
Canyoupredictwhatpeoplewillbeabletodothen?
Nowtalktoyourclassmates,makealistofthepossiblebreakthroughsyoucanthinkofanddiscussthewayspeoplemaymakeuseofthem.
2.ReadingAnalysis
PartOneIntroductoryremarksaboutpredictionsforthe21stcentury
PartTwo5predictions
Part3.Detailedlearning
1.top:
mostimportant;best最重要的;最好的
eg.Oursisoneoftheworld’stopengineeringcompanies.
2.breakthroughn.importantdevelopmentordiscovery,esp.inscientificknowledge(尤指科学知识上的)重大进展(或发现),突破
eg.Scientistshavemadeamajorbreakthroughinthetreatmentofcancer.
eg.Breakthroughsinnuclearresearchhaveledtothedevelopmentofnuclearbombs.
3.technologyn.(thestudyandknowledgeof)thepractical,esp.industrial,useofscientificdiscoveries技术(学),工艺(学);工业技术
eg.theScienceandtechnologyhavecausedmajorchangesinthewaywelive.
eg.Moderntechnologyhasopenedoureyestomanythings.
4.millennium//:
n.periodof1,000years一千年,千年期
eg.Tendecadesareacentury,andtencenturiesarea
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