矿井通风专业 外文文献翻译.docx
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矿井通风专业 外文文献翻译.docx
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矿井通风专业外文文献翻译
外文资料原文
Anintelligenthybridsystemforsurfacecoalminesafetyanalysis
abstract:
Analysisofsafetyinsurfacecoalminesrepresentsaverycomplexprocess.Publishedstudiesonminesafetyanalysisareusuallybasedonresearchrelatedtoaccidentsstatisticsandhazardidentificationwithriskassessmentwithintheminingindustry.DiscussioninthispaperisfocusedontheapplicationofAImethodsintheanalysisofsafetyinminingenvironment.Complexityofthesubjectmatterrequiresahighlevelofexpertknowledgeandgreatexperience.ThesolutionwasfoundinthecreationofahybridsystemPROTECTOR,whoseknowledgebaserepresentsaformalizationoftheexpertknowledgeintheminesafetyfield.Themaingoalofthesystemistheestimationofminingenvironmentasoneofthesignificantcomponentsofgeneralsafetystateinamine.Thisglobalgoalissubdividedintoahierarchicalstructureofsubgoalswhereeachsubgoalcanbeviewedastheestimationofasetofparameters(gas,dust,climate,noise,vibration,illumination,geotechnicalhazard)whichdeterminethegeneralminesafetystateandcategoryofhazardinminingenvironment.BoththehybridnatureofthesystemandthepossibilitiesitoffersareillustratedthroughacasestudyusingfielddatarelatedtoanexistingSerbiansurfacecoalmine.
1.Introduction
Oneofthemostimportantandalsomostcomplexproblemsencounteredinsurfacecoalminesissafetyanalysis.Anappro-priateandreliablesolutionforthisproblemisvitalfortheworkingprocessinmineswithsurfaceexploitation.
Publishedstudiesonminesafetyanalysisareusuallybasedonresearchrelatedtoaccidentsstatistics(KecojevicandRadomsky,2004;Karra,2005;BennettandPassmore,1986;Marovelli,1981).Severalstudieshavebeenconductedonhazardidentificationandriskassessment(SouthAfricanMiningIndustry,2003;JoyandGriffiths,2005)whichaimstoprovideadviceonhazardidentificationandriskassessmentwithintheminingindustry.
Systemssafetyanalysismethodsprovideaproactiveapproachtoanalyzesystemsforpotentialhazardsthatmaythreatenthehealthandsafetyofminers.Thesystemsapproachtothesafetyproblemfocusesonthesystemtakenasawhole.Itinvolvestheinteractionofpeople,machines,andenvironmentwithinproce-duralconstraints(Hammer,1972).Itusesanumberoftechni-ques:
thetechniqueofoperationsreview,thefailuremodeandeffectsanalysistechnique,thefaulttreeanalysistechnique.Contemporaryminingtheoryoperateswithanumberofmethodsandtechniqueswhichcanbeusedtosolveminesafetyproblems.Thesemethodsareusedincurrentengineeringpracticewiththehelpofappropriatesoftwareproducts.
Softwareproductsinminesafetyneedexpertknowledgeandexperiencetobefullyexploited.Thisknowledgeconsistsofrulesandheuristicsexpertsusewhentheyapplynumericalmethods,andArtificialIntelligenceoffersformalismsandmechanismsforitsincorporationinsoftwaresystems(RussellandNorvig,2002).FormalizationofknowledgerepresentationanddevelopmentofmechanismsforusingthisknowledgeareamongmethodsandtoolsdevelopedbyAIforsolvingcomplexproblems(GiarratanoandRiley,2004).However,thecomplexityofsomeproblemsoutgrowsthepotentialsofsinglemethods.ApossiblesolutionistocombinetwoormoreAImethodsintoahybridintelligentsystem(GoonatilakeandKhebbal,1995).ThisapproachhasbeenadoptedinthecaseofPROTECTOR,ahybridsystemfortheanalysisandestimationofsafetyinminingenvironment,devel-opedattheFacultyofMiningandGeologyoftheUniversityofBelgrade.PROTECTORwasdevelopedbycombiningneuralnetworksandexpertsystemtechnology.Whiletheminingenvironmentestimationmethodologyisimplementedthroughanexpertsystem,someoftherelatedestimationparametersaredeterminedbyneuralnetworks.
DiscussioninthispaperisfocusedontheapplicationofcombinedAImethodsintheanalysisofsafetyinminingenvironment.Afullunderstandingoftheprocessanduseofallcollecteddatarequiretheinvolvementofanexperiencedspecialistintheminesafetyfield.ThesolutionwasfoundinthecreationofPROTECTOR,whoseknowledgebaserepresentsaformalizationoftheexpertknowledgeintheminesafetyfield.
Section2ofthispaperoutlinestheglobalproblem-solvingstrategythroughahierarchicaldecompositionofthemaingoal,theevaluationoftheminingenvironment,andtheformalizationofthisstrategybymeansofamodifiedobject-orientedanalysis(OOA)model.ThesystemstructureandthemainarchitecturalcomponentsofthePROTECTORsystemaredescribedinSection3.TheimplementationofthesystemintheKAPPA-PCexpertsystemsshellisdiscussedinSection4.Section5presentsacasestudy,followedbyaconclusioninthelastsection.
2.Aformalizationofminingenvironmentevaluationproblem-solving
Analysisofsafetyincoalminesrepresentsaverycomplexprocessbasedonestimationofnumerousandinterdependentparametersthatareclassifiedintoseveralbasiccriteriaforestimationofminingenvironment.Thesecriteriaarerelatedtothefollowingconditions:
gas,dust,climate,noise,vibration,illuminationandgeotechnicalhazard(highwallstabilityandwastestability).
Indiscussingoccupationalrisksintheminingindustry,itiscommonpracticetoidentifyhealthandsafetyhazardsseparately.Someoftheseenvironmentalstressesmayinteracttoproduceagreateroveralleffect.Incombinationoralone,ifenvironmentalstressesexceedhumantolerancelevelsforprolongedperiodsoftime,feelingsofdiscomfortwillarise,alertnesswilldecrease,accidentswilloccur,andperformanceandproductivitywilldrop.
Miningisamongthemoretraditionalandconservativeengineeringdisciplines.Althoughvariousassessmenttechniquesandnumericalmethodsareavailable,theanalysisofsafetyinsurfacecoalminesreliesmostlyonheuristicsformulatedbyminesafetyexperts.ThiswaspreciselythemotivationfordevelopingofPROTECTORasahybridsystem,withitsexpertsystemcomponentinitscore.Thesystemarchitecturedrawsupontheexperiencegainedbysuccessfulimplementationofhybridsystemsindifferentfields,butrepresentsanovelapproachwhenminingisconcerned.Thenoveltyoftheapproachtominesafetywasfurtherreinforcedbythedevelopmentofanevaluationstrategy.Themaingoalofthesystemistheestimationofminingenvironmentasoneofthesignificantcomponentsofgeneralsafetystateinmine.Thisglobalgoalcanbesubdividedintoahierarchicalstructureofsubgoalswhereeachofthesesubgoalscanbeviewedastheestimationofasetofparameters(gas,dust,climate,noise,vibration,illuminationandgeotechnicalhazard)whichdeterminethegeneralminesafetystateandcategoryofhazardinminingenvironment.Duringthisprocess,theimpor-tance,i.e.significanceofeachparticularparametermustbetakenintoaccount.Thehierarchicaldecompositionofthemaingoalintosubgoals,representingtheproblem-solvingstrategy,makesiteasiertocopewiththecomplexitiesandtocoordinatetheuseoftheknowledgeincorporatedinthesystem.
Thestrategyforevaluationofthesafetyinminingenviron-mentisformallyrepresentedusingamodificationoftheCoad-Yourdonobject-orientedanalysis(OOA)model(CoadandYourdon,1991).Inthestandardmodeleveryrealworldentityisrepresentedbyaclass(object)consistingofitsname,attributesandmethodspertainingtotheproceduresrelatedtotheobject.However,inordertoincorporatedeclarativeknowledge,wehaveresortedtoamodificationofthismodelbyincludinganew(fourth)element,featuringtheproduction(IF-THEN)rulesrelatedtoanobjectinthemodel.Thusboththeproceduralanddeclara-tiveknowledgerelatedtoaclassobjectcouldberepresented.SuchamodifiedOOAmodelwasthenusedfortherepresentationoftheminingenvironmentevaluationstrategyaswellasotherobjectsinthesystemandtheirmutualrelationships(Fig.1).
Fig.1.ModifiedOOAmodeloftheminingenvironmentevaluation
Theinheritancerelationsbetweenhierarchicallyconnectedobjectsrepresentingelementsofthestrategyaregivenbyfulllines,whiletheexchangeofmessagesbetweenclassesisrepresentedwithdottedlines.Themodelwasthebasisfortheimplementationofthesysteminanobject-orientedexpertsystemshell.
3.ArchitectureofthePROTECTORsystem
Safetyofminesandpreventionofaccidentsisanissueofgreatimportanceinminemanagement.Inordertobeabletomakeappropriateandtimelydecisioninthisdelicatematterthemanagementneedstobeadequatelyandaccuratelyinformedabouttheminesafetystateonadailybasis.Thisinformationis,naturally,onlypartoftheinformationrequiredbyminemanage-ment.Informationsystemsofferthetoolsandtechniquesforhandlingalltheinformationflowsincomplexsystemsuchasmines.Tothatend,aTechnologicalInformationSystem(TIS)hasbeendeveloped,whichcanbetailoredtosuitrequirementsofanymineinSerbia.Itintegratesthefollowingmodules:
HumanResources,Maintenance,MineSafety,MinePlanningandProduc-tion,ManagementInformationDecisionSupportSystemandTechnicalData,anddeliverscriticalinternalandexternalinformationneededtosupportminingbusiness.TIScomponentsareintegratedandoperatewithauniquedatabase,andPROTECTOR,thehybridsystempresentedinthispaperispartoftheMineSafetyTISmodulenamedMISS(MineSafetyInformationSystem).
TheUnifiedModelingLanguage(UML)diagraminFig.2representsthestructureofTISandtheplaceofMISSwithinTIS,aswellasthestructureofMISSandtheplaceofthehybridsystemProt
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