新视野大学英语课文.docx
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新视野大学英语课文.docx
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新视野大学英语课文
CharlieChaplin
HewasborninapoorareaofsouthLondon.Heworehismother'soldredstockingscutdownforanklesocks.Hismotherwastemporarilydeclaredmad.DickensmighthavecreatedCharlieChaplin'schildhood.ButonlyCharleChaplincouldhavecreatedthegreatcomiccharacterof"theTramp",thelittlemaninragswhogavehiscreatorpermanentfame.
Othercountries—France,Italy,Spain,evenJapanandKorea—haveprovidedmoreapplause(andprofit)whereChaplinisconcernedthanthelandofhisbirth.ChaplinquitBritainforgoodin1913whenhejourneyedtoAmericawithagroupofperformerstodohiscomedyactonthestagewheretalentscoutsrecruitedhimtoworkforMackSennett,thekingofHollywoodcomedyfilms.
Sadtosay,manyEnglishpeopleinthe1920'sand1930'sthoughtChaplin'sTrampabit,well,"crude".Certainlymiddle-classaudiencesdid;theworking-classaudiencesweremorelikelytoclapforacharacterwhorevoltedagainstauthority,usinghiswickedlittlecanetotripitup,oraimingtheheelofhisbootforawell-placedkickatitsbroadrear.Allthesame,Chaplin'scomicbeggardidn'tseemallthatEnglishorevenworkingclass.Englishtrampsdidn'tsporttinymoustaches,hugepantsortailcoats:
EuropeanleadersandItalianwaitersworethingslikethat.Thenagain,theTramp'squickeyeforaprettygirlhadacoarsewayaboutitthatwasconsidered,well,notquitenicebyEnglishaudiences—that'showforeignersbehaved,wasn'tit?
Butforoverhalfofhisscreencareer,ChaplinhadnoscreenvoicetoconfirmhisBritishnationality.
Indeed,itwasaheadacheforChaplinwhenhecouldnolongerresistthetalkingmoviesandhadtofind"therightvoice"forhisTramp.Hepostponedthatdayaslongaspossible:
inModernTimesin1936,thefirstfilminwhichhewasheardasasingingwaiter,hemadeupanonsenselanguagewhichsoundedlikenoknownnationality.HelatersaidheimaginedtheTramptobeacollege-educatedgentlemanwho'dcomedownintheworld.Butifhe'dbeenabletospeakwithaneducatedaccentinthoseearlyshortcomedymovies,it'sdoubtfulifhewouldhaveachievedworldfame.AndtheEnglishwouldhavebeensuretofindit"odd".NoonewascertainwhetherChaplindiditonpurposebutthishelpedtobringabouthishugesuccess.
Hewasanimmenselytalentedman,determinedtoadegreeunusualevenintheranksofHollywoodstars.Hishugefamegavehimthefreedom—and,moreimportantly,themoney—tobehisownmaster.Healreadyhadtheurgetoexploreandextendatalenthediscoveredinhimselfashewentalong."Itcan'tbeme.Isthatpossible?
Howextraordinary,"ishowhegreetedthefirstsightofhimselfastheTramponthescreen.
Butthatshockrousedhisimagination.Chaplindidn'thavehisjokeswrittenintoascriptinadvance;hewasthekindofcomicwhousedhisphysicalsensestoinventhisartashewentalong.LifelessobjectsespeciallyhelpedChaplinmake"contact"withhimselfasanartist.Heturnedthemintootherkindsofobjects.Thus,abrokenalarmclockinthemovieThePawnbrokerbecamea"sick"patientundergoingsurgery;bootswereboiledinhisfilmTheGoldRushandtheirsoleseatenwithsaltandpepperlikeprimecutsoffish(thenailsbeingremovedlikefishbones).Thisphysicaltransformation,plustheskillwithwhichheexecuteditagainandagain,aresurelythesecretsofChaplin'sgreatcomedy.
Healsohadadeepneedtobeloved—andacorrespondingfearofbeingbetrayed.Thetwowerehardtocombineandsometimes—asinhisearlymarriages—thecollisionbetweenthemresultedindisaster.Yeteventhispainfully-boughtself-knowledgefounditswayintohiscomiccreations.TheTrampneverloseshisfaithintheflowergirlwho'llbewaitingtowalkintothesunsetwithhim;whiletheothersideofChaplinmakesMonsieurVerdoux,theFrenchwifekiller,intoasymbolofhatredforwomen.
It'sarelieftoknowthatlifeeventuallygaveCharlieChaplinthestablehappinessithadearlierdeniedhim.InOonaO'NeillChaplin,hefoundapartnerwhosestabilityandaffectionspannedthe37yearsagedifferencebetweenthemthathadseemedsothreateningthatwhentheofficialwhowasmarryingthemin1942,turnedtothebeautifulgirlof17who'dgivennoticeoftheirweddingdateandsaid,"Andwhereistheyoungman?
"—Chaplin,then54,hadcautiouslywaitedoutside.AsOonaherselfwasthechildofalargefamilywithitsownproblems,shewaswell-preparedforthebattlethatChaplin'slifebecameasunfoundedrumorsofMarxistsympathiessurroundedthemboth—and,lateron,shewasthecenterofrestinthequarrelsthatChaplinsometimessparkedintheirownlargefamilyoftalentedchildren.
ChaplindiedonChristmasDay1977.Afewmonthslater,acoupleofalmostcomicbody-thievesstolehisbodyfromthefamilyburialchamberandhelditformoney:
thepolicerecovereditwithmoreefficiencythanMackSennett'sclumsyKeystoneCopswouldhavedone.Butonecan'thelpfeelingChaplinwouldhaveregardedthisstrangeincidentasafittingmemorial—hiswayofhavingthelastlaughonaworldtowhichhehadgivensomany.
(Words:
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ThePoliticalCareerofaFemalePolitician
Modestandsoft-spoken,AgathaMuthoniMbogo,24,ishardlytheimageofarevolutionary.Yet,sixmonthsago,shedidamostrevolutionarything:
SheranformayorofEmbu,Kenya,andwon.
Ms.Mbogo'svictorywasevenmoresurprisingbecauseshewasvotedinbyhercolleaguesontheDistrictCouncil,allmen.ForthethousandsofwomeninthisfarmingareatwohoursnortheastofNairobi,Ms.MbogosuddenlybecameasymboloftheincreasinglypowerfulpoliticalforcewomenhavebecomeinKenyaandacrossAfrica.
Ms.Mbogolaunchedherdreamofacareerinpoliticsin1992byrunningfortheEmbuCouncil,facingtheobstaclesthatoftentroubleAfricanwomenrunningforpoliticaloffice.Shehadlittlemoney.Shehadnopoliticalexperience.Shefacedridiculousquestionsaboutherpersonallife."MyopponentkeptinsistingthatIwasgoingtogetmarriedtosomebodyinanothertownandmoveaway,"Ms.Mbogosaid.
Ms.Mbogoalsofacedmisunderstandingamongthetown'swomen,manyofwhominitiallywereunwillingtovoteforher.Shebecameanambassadorforwomen'spoliticalrights,givingspeechesbeforewomen'sgroupsandgoingfromdoortodoor,handbaginhand,spendinghoursatatimegivingacombinationofspeechandgovernmentlesson.
"Iwasdelightedwhenshewontheelection,becausemenelectedher,"saidLydiahKimani,anEmbufarmerandpoliticalactivist."Itwastheanswertomyprayersbecauseitseemedtobeavictoryoverthisideathat'womencan'tlead'."
EducationofAfricanwomenhasbecomeatoppriorityforpoliticalactivists.OneorganizationhashelddozensofworkshopsinruralKenyatohelpwomenunderstandthenation'sconstitutionandtheproceduresandtheorybehindademocraticpoliticalsystem.Oneveteranfemalepoliticalactivistsaidthatmanywomenhadnotbeentaughtthebasicsofpoliticalparticipation.Theyaretaughttovotefortheonewho"givesyouahalf-kilosackofflour,200gramsofsalt,oraloafofbread"duringthecampaign,saidtheactivist.
Womenpoliticiansandactivistssaytheyarefightingdeeplyheldculturaltraditions.ThosetraditionsteachthatAfricanwomencook,clean,takecareofchildren,sowandharvestcropsandsupporttheirhusbands.Theytypicallydonotinheritland,divorcetheirhusbands,controltheirfinancesorholdpoliticaloffice.
Yet,politicalactivityamongKenyanwomenisnotanewphenomenon.Duringthestruggleforindependenceinthe1950s,Kenyanwomenoftensecretlyprovidedtroopswithweaponsandspiedonthepositionsofcolonialforces.Butafterindependence,leadersjealoustoprotecttheirpowershutthemoutofpolitics,asituationrepeatedacrossthecontinent.
Today,menstillhavetheupperhand.WomeninKenyamakeup60percentofthepeoplewhovote,butonly3percentoftheNationalAssembly.NoKenyanwomanhaseverheldacabinetpost.
Againstthatbackground,AgathaMbogobeganherpoliticalcareer.Afterwinninghercouncilseat,shedeclinedaspotontheeducationandsocialservicescommitteeafteracolleaguecalledit"awoman'scommittee".Sheinsteadjoinedthetownplanningcommittee,amuchmorevisibleassignment.
Thenlastyear,shedecidedtochallengeEmbu'smayor,aveteranpolitician.Ms.MbogosaidshehadbecomefrustratedbecausethedonorgroupsthatprovidesubstantialaidtoKenya'sruralareas"didnotwanttocomehere".
"Weweren'tseeingthingsdoneforthecommunity,"shesaid."Itwasascandal—thedonors'moneyseemedtobegoingtoindividuals."
Afterafiercecampaign,thecouncilelectedher,7to6.ShesaidwomeninEmbucelebrated.Menwerepuzzled;somewerehostile.Theyasked,"Howcouldallofthosemenvoteforawoman?
"sherecalled.
Ms.Mbogohasnotmetwiththekindsofabusethatotherfemalepoliticianshavebeensubjectedto,however.Somehavesaidtheirsupportersaresometimesattackedwithclubsafterrallies.LastJune,Kenyanpoliceattemptedtobreakupawomen'spoliticalmeetingnorthwestofNairobi,insistingitwasillegalandmightstartariot.Whenthe100women,includingamemberoftheNationalAssembly,refusedtogo,officerstoredowntheirbannersandbeatthemwithclubsandfists,witnessesreported.
Incontrast,Ms.MbogogenerallyreceiveswarmgreetingsfromthemenofEmbu,andmanysaytheyarenowgladthecouncilchoseher.
DonorgroupsarenowfundingprojectsinEmbuinearnest.Anewmarketisgoingupdowntown.A200-bedsectionfornew-mothersisbeingaddedtothehospital.Adormitory-stylehomehasbeenbuiltforthedozensofhomelessstreetchildrenwh
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