无线电接收机中英文.docx
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无线电接收机中英文.docx
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无线电接收机中英文
英文原文
RadioReceiver
AblockdiagramforamodernradioreceiverisshowninFig..2-4.Theinputsignalstothisradioareamplitude-modulatedradiowaves.Thebasicelectroniccircuitsinclude:
antenna,tuner,mixer,localoscillator,IFamplifier,audiodetector,AFamplifier,loudspeaker,andpowersupply.
Fig.1ABlockDiagramForModernRadioReceiver
Anyantennasystemcapableofradiatingelectricalenergyisalsoabletoabstractenergyfromapassingradiowave.Sinceeverywavepassingthereceivingantenna.Inducesitsownvoltageintheantennaconductor,itisnecessarythatthereceivingequipmentbecapableofseparatingthedesiredsignalfromtheunwantedsignalsthatarealsoinducingvoltagesintheantenna.Thisseparationismadeonthebasisofthedifferenceinfrequencybetweentransmittingstationsandiscarriedoutbytheuseofresonantcircuits,whichcanbemadetodiscriminateverystronglyinfavorofaparticularfrequency.Ithasalreadybeenpointedthat,bymakingantennacircuitresonanttoaparticularfrequency,theenergyabstractedfromradiowavesofthatfrequencywillbemuchgreaterthantheenergyfromwavesofotherfrequencies;thisalonegivesacertainamountofseparationbetweensignals.Stillgreaterselectiveactioncanbeobtainedbytheuseofadditionalsuitablyadjustedresonantcircuitslocatedsomewhereinthereceiverinsuchawayastorejectallbutthedesiredsignal.Theabilitytodiscriminatebetweenradiowavesofdifferentfrequenciesiscalledselectivityandtheprocessofadjustingcircuitstoresonancewiththefrequencyofadesiredsignalisspokenofastuning.
Althoughintelligibleradiosignalshavebeenreceivedfromthestationsthousandsofmilesdistant,usingonlytheenergyabstractedfromtheradiowavebythereceivingantennamuchmoresatisfactoryreceptioncanbeobtainedifthereceivedenergyisamplified.Thisamplificationmaybeappliedtotheradio-frequencycurrentsbeforedetection,inwhichcaseitiscalledradio-frequencyamplificationoritmaybeappliedtotherectifiedcurrentsafterdetection,inwhichcaseitiscalledaudio-frequencyamplification.Theuseofamplificationmakespossiblethesatisfactoryreceptionofsignalsfromwavesthatwouldotherwisebetooweaktogiveanaudibleresponse.
Theprocessbywhichthesignalbeingtransmittedisreproducedfromtheradio-frequencycurrentspresentatthereceiveriscalleddetection,orsometimesdemodulation.Wheretheintelligenceistransmittedbyvaryingtheamplitudeoftheradiatedwave,detectionisaccomplishedbyrectifyingtheradiofrequencycurrent.Therectifiedcurrentthusproducedvariesinaccordancewiththesignaloriginallymodulatedonthewaveirradiatedatthetransmitterandsoreproducesthedesiredsignal.Thus,whenthemodulatedwaveisrectified,theresultingcurrentisseentohaveanaveragevaluethatvariesinaccordancewiththeamplitudeoftheoriginalsignal.
Receivercircuitaremadeupaofanumberofstages.Astageisasingletransistorconnectedtocomponentswhichprovideoperatingvoltagesandcurrentsandalsosignalvoltagesandcurrents.Eachstagehasitsinputcircuitfromwhichthesignalcomesinanditsoutputcircuitfromwhichthesignal,usuallyamplified,goesout.Whenonestagefollowsanother,theoutputcircuitofthefirstfeedsthesignaltothesecond.Andsothesignalisamplified,stagebystage,untilitstrongenoughtooperatetheloudspeaker.
RadioWaves
RadioWavesareamemberoftheelectromagneticofwaves.Theyareenergy-carrierswhichtravelatthespeedoflight(ν),theirfrequency(ƒ)andwavelength(λ)beingrelated,asforanywavemotion,bytheequation
ν=ƒ*λ
whereν=c=3.0*108m/sinavacuum(orair).Ifλ=300m,thenƒ=ν/λ=3.0*108/(3.0*102)=106Hz=1MHz.Thesmallerλis,thelargerƒ.
RadioWavescanbedescribedeitherbytheirfrequencyortheirwavelength.Buttheformerismorefundamentalsince,unlikeλ(andν),fdoesnotchangewhenthewavestravelformonemediumtoanother.
RadioWavescantravelformatransmittingaerialinoneormoreofthreedifferentways.
Surfaceorgroundwave..Thistravelsalongaground,thecurvatureoftheearth’ssurface.Itsrangeislimitedmainlybytheextenttowhichenergyisabsorbedformitbytheground.Poorconductorssuchassandabsorbmorestronglythatwater,andthehigherthefrequencythegreatertheabsorption.Therangemaybeabout1500kmatlowfrequencies(longwave,butmuchlessforv.h.f.).
Skywave.Thistravelsskywardsand,ifitisbelowacertaincriticalfrequency(typically30MHz),isreturnedtoearthbytheionosphere.Thisconsistsoflayersofairmolecules(theD,EandFlayer),stretchingformabout80kmabovetheearthto50km,whichhavebecomepositivelychargedthroughtheremovalofelectronsbythesun’sultravioletradiation.Onstrikingtheearththeskywavebouncesbacktotheionospherewhereitisagaingraduallyrefractedandreturnedearthwardsasifby'reflection'.Thiscontinuesuntilitiscompletelyattenuated.
Spacewave.Forv.h.f.,u.h.f.andmicrowavesignals,onlythespacewave,givingline-ofsighttransmission,iseffective.Arangeofupto150kmispossibleonearthifthetransmittingaerialisonhighgroundandtherearenointerveningobstaclessuchashills,buildingsortrees.
Oscillators
Electricaloscillatorsarewidelyusedinradioandtelevisiontransmittersandreceivers,insignalgenerators,oscilloscopesandcomputers,toproduceA.C.withwaveformswhichmaybesinusoidal,square,sawtoothetc.andwithfrequenciesfromafewhertzuptomillionsofhertz.
Oscillatorycircuit
Whenacapacitordischargesthroughaninductorinacircuitoflowresistance,anA.C.flows.Thecircuitissaidtooscillateatitsnaturalfrequencywhich,aswewillshowshortly,equals
i.e.itsresonantfrequencyf0.Electricalresonancethusoccurswhentheappliedfrequencyequalsthenaturalfrequencyasitdoesinamechanicalsystem..
InFig,2(a),achargedcapacitorCisshownconnectedacrossacoilL.Cimmediatelystartstodischarge,currentflowsandamagneticfieldiscreatedwhichinducesane.m.f.inL.Thise.m.f.opposesthecurrent.WhenCiscompletelydischargedtheelectricalenergyoriginallystoredintheelectricfieldbetweenitsplateshasbeentransferredtothemagneticfieldaroundL.
Fig.2(b)oscillatorFig.2(a)TheLCcircuit
Bythetimethemagneticfieldhascollapsed,theenergyisagainstoredinC.OncemoreCstartstodischargebutcurrentnowflowsintheoppositedirection,creatingamagneticfieldofoppositepolarity.Whenthisfieldhasdecayed,Cisagainchargedwithitsupperplatepositiveandthesamecycleisrepeated.
Intheabsenceofresistanceinanypartofthecircuit,anundampedsinusoidalA.C.wouldbeobtained.Inpractice,energyisgraduallydissipatedbyresistanceasheatandadampedoscillationisproduced.
Oscillator
AstheresistanceofanLCcircuitincreases,theoscillationdecaymorequickly.Toobtainundampedoscillations,energyhastobefedintotheLCcircuitinphasewithitsnaturaloscillationstocompensatefortheenergydissipatedintheresistanceofthecircuit.Thiscanbedonewiththehelpofatransistorinactualoscillators.
AsimpletunedoscillatorisshowninFig.2(b).TheLCcircuitisconnectedinthecollectorcircuit(astheload)andoscillationsstartinitwhenthesupplyisswitchedon.Thefrequencyoftheoscillationsisgivenby,i.e.thennaturalfrequencyoftheLCcircuit.Thetransistormerelyensuresthatenergyisfedbackatthecorrectinstantfromthebattery.ThecurrentbiasforthebaseofthetransistorisobtainedthroughR.
AMPLIFIER
Introduction
Thetermamplifierisverygeneric.Ingeneral,thepurposeofanamplifieristotakeaninputsignalandmakeitstronger(orinmoretechnicallycorrectterms,increaseitsamplitude).Amplifiersfindapplicationinallkindsofelectronicdevicesdesignedtoperformanynumberoffunctions.Therearemanydifferenttypesofamplifiers,eachwithaspecificpurposeinmind.Forexample,aradiotransmitterusesanRFAmplifier(RFstandsforRadioFrequency);suchanamplifierisdesignedtoamplifyasignalsothatitmaydriveanantenna.Thisarticlewillfocusonaudiopoweramplifiers.Audiopoweramplifiersarethoseamplifierswhicharedesignedtodriveloudspeakers.Specifically,thisdiscussionwillfocusonaudiopoweramplifiersintendedforDJandsoundreinforcementuse.Muchofthematerialpresentedalsoappliestoamplifiersintendedforhomestereosystemuse.
Thepurposeofapoweramplifier,inverysimpleterms,istotakeasignalfromasourcedevice(inaDJsystemthesignaltypicallycomesfromapreamplifierorsignalprocessor)andmakeitsuitablefordrivingaloudspeaker.Ideally,theONLYthingdifferentbetweentheinputsignalandtheoutputsignalisthestrengthofthesignal.Inmathematicalterms,iftheinputsignalisdenotedasS,theoutputofaperfectamplifierisX*S,whereXisaconstant(afixednumber).The"*"symbolmeans?
Multipliedby".
Thisbeingtherealworld,noamplifierdoesexactlytheideal,butmanydoaverygoodjobiftheyareoperatedwithintheiradvertisedpowerratings.Theoutputofallamplifierscontainadditionalsignalcomponentsthatarenotpresentintheinputsignal;theseadditional(andunwanted)characteristicsmaybelumpedtogetherandaregenerallyknownasdistortion.Therearemanytypesofdistortion;howeverthetwomostcommontypesareknownasharmonicdistortionandintermodulationdistortion.Inadditiontothe"garbage"traditionallyknownasdistortion,allamplifiersgenerateacertainamountofnoise(thiscan
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