英国文学.docx
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英国文学.docx
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英国文学
PartOne
①Beowulf:
ThenationalheroicepicoftheEnglishpeople.Ithasover3,000lines.ItdescribesthebattlesbetweenthetwomonstersandBeowulf,whowonthebattlefinallyanddeadforthefatalwound.Thepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero.Themoststrikingfeatureinitspoeticalformistheuseifalliteration.Otherfeaturesofitaretheuseofmetaphors(暗喻)andofunderstatements(含蓄).
②Alliteration:
Inalliterativeverse,certainaccented(重音)wordsinalinebeginwiththesameconsonantsound(辅音).Therearegenerally4accentsinaline,3ofwhichshowalliteration,ascanbeseenfromtheabovequotation.
③Romance:
Themostprevailing(流行的)kindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheRomance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse(诗篇),sometimesinprose(散文),describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,usuallyaknight,asridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournament(竞赛),orfightingforhislordinbattleandtheswearingofoaths.
④Epic:
Anepicisalengthynarrativepoem,ordinarilyconcerningaserioussubjectcontainingdetailsofheroicdeedsandeventssignificantlytoacultureornation.Thefirstepicsareknownasprimacy,ororiginalepics.
⑤Ballad:
ThemostimportantdepartmentofEnglishfolkliteratureistheballadwhichisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas(诗节),withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.Thesubjectsofballadsarevariousinkind,asthestruggleofyoungloversagainsttheirfeudal-mindedfamilies,theconflictbetweenloveandwealth,thecrueltyofjealousy,thecriticismofthecivilwar,andthemattersandclassstruggle.Theparamount(卓越的)importantballadisRobinHood(《绿林好汉》).
⑥GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里?
乔叟:
HewasanEnglishauthor,poet,philosopheranddiplomat.HeisthefounderofEnglishpoetry.HeobtainedagoodknowledgeofLatin,FrenchandItalian.HisbestrememberednarrativeistheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷故事集》),whichthePrologue(序言)suppliesaminiature(缩影)oftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.ThatiswhyChaucerhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.Chauceraffirmsmenandwomen’srighttopursuetheirhappinessonearthandopposes(反对)thedogmaofasceticism(禁欲主义)preached(鼓吹)bythechurch.Asaforerunnerofhumanism,hepraisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytherhymedcoupletof5accentsiniambic(抑扬格)meter(the“heroiccouplet”)toEnglishpoetry,insteadoftheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.
⑦【WilliamLangland威廉?
朗兰:
PiersthePlowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
PartTwo
TheEnglishBible:
ThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedbyJohnWycliffe(约翰?
威克里夫).TheAuthorizedVersionisKingJamesBiblemadein1611.TheresultisamonumentofEnglishlanguageandEnglishliterature.
Renaissance:
Renaissanceorthebirthoflettersisanintellectualmovement.Itstwofeaturesareathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.
WilliamCaxton威廉?
卡克斯顿:
HeisthefirstEnglishprinterandinventedinEnglandtheprofessionofpublisher.
ThomasMore托马斯?
莫尔:
ThegreatestoftheEnglishhumanistswasThomasMore,theauthorofUtopia《乌托邦》.Heisalsooneofsuch“giants”(巨匠)oftheRenaissance.Hedistinguishedhimselfasalearnedscholar,amasterofLatin,awittytalker,aloverofmusic,anhoneststatesman,andamanofnoblecharacter,modestbutsteadfast(坚定的),tohisconvictions.Hewasafar-sightedthinker,aspiredforatotallynewsocietywithhappy,classless,andfreefrompovertyandexploitation.Hewasoneoftheforerunnersofmodernsocialistthought.
Utopia:
ItisMore’smasterpiece,writtenintheformofaconservationbetweenMoreandHythloday,areturnedvoyager.Itisdividedintotwobooks.ThefirstbookcontainsalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland.Inthesecondbookisdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.Thename“Utopia”comesfromGreekwordsmeaning“noplace”andwasadoptedbyMoreasthenameofhisidealcommonwealth.
PhilipSidney菲利普?
锡德尼:
Heiswell-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry.Hiscollectionoflovesonnets,AstrophelandStella《爱星者与星》,waspublishedin1591.
EdmundSpenser埃德蒙?
斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人):
Thepoet’spoetoftheperiodwasESwhowasburiedbesideChaucerinWestminsterAbbey.EShasheldhispositionasamodelofpoeticalartamongtheRenaissanceEnglishpoets,andhisinfluencecanbetracedintheworksofMilton,Shelley,andKeats.ESisthefirstmastertomakethatlanguagethenaturalmusicofhispoeticeffusions(感情的流露).HissonnetsinAmoretti,togetherwithSidney’sAstrophelandStellaandShakespeare’ssonnets,arethemostfamoussonnetsequencesoftheElizabethAge.
【In1579hewroteTheShepherd’sCalendar《牧人日记》whichmarkedthebudding(萌芽)oftheRenaissanceflowerinthenorthernislandofEngland.ThefaerieQueen《仙后》ishisgreatestworkwhichwasdedicatedtoQueenElizabeth.】
FrancisBacon:
HeisthefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandthefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.HisNewInstrumentiscalledtheInductiveMethodofreasoning.HeisalsothefirstEnglishessayist.Togiveafew,“Menfeardeathaschildrenfeartogointhedark..”“Studiesservefordelight.”“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.”
Drama:
TheMiraclePlay圣迹剧TheMoralityPlay道德剧寓意剧
TheInterlude幕间节目
ChristopherMarlowe克里斯托弗?
马洛:
Themostgiftedofthe“universitywits”wasChristopherMarlowe.Hisbestworkinclude3ofhisplays,Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587),TheJewofMalta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592),andDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士》(1588).HewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HisworkpavedthewayfortheplaysofthegreatestEnglishdramatist——Shakespeare——whoseachievementswerethemonumentoftheEnglishRenaissance.【Hisplaysshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie,itseagercuriosityforknowledge,itstoweringpride,itsinsatiable(不知足的)appetiteforpowerwonbymilitary,might,knowledge,orgold.Thethemeofhisplaysisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw,andtheconvictionoftheboundlesspossibilityofhumaneffortsinconqueringtheuniverse.Theheroesinhisplaysaremerelyindividualists,theirindividualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves.】
WilliamShakespeare:
Shakespeareisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation(改革).Shakespearelongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamasterhandforplaywriting.Shakespearewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:
thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.Hewasespeciallyathomewiththeblankverse.ShakespearewasagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.ShakespearehasbeenuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance,andoneofthegreatestwritersovertheworld.
①Thegreatcomedies:
AMidsummerMight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,AsYouLikeIt,TwelfthNight.
②Thegreattragedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth.
TheMerchantofVenice:
威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事,向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
由于安东尼奥贷款给人从不要利息,并帮夏洛克的女儿私奔,怀恨在心的夏洛克乘机报复,佯装也不要利息,但若逾期不还要从安东尼奥身上割下一磅肉。
不巧传来安东尼奥的商船失事的消息,资金周转不灵,贷款无力偿还。
夏洛克去法庭控告,根据法律条文要安东尼奥履行诺言。
为救安东尼奥的性命,巴萨尼奥的未婚妻鲍西娅Portia假扮律师出庭,她答允夏洛克的要求,但要求所割的一磅肉必须正好是一磅肉,不能多也不能少,更不准流血。
夏洛克因无法执行而败诉,害人不成反而失去了财产。
剧本的主题是歌颂仁爱、友谊和爱情,同时也反映了资本主义早期商业资产阶级与高利贷者之间的矛盾,表现了作者对资产阶级社会中金钱、法律和宗教等问题的人文主义思想
BenJonson本?
琼森:
OfthemanycontemporariesandsuccessorsofShakespeare,themostwell-knownwasBenJonson.Hewadaprolific(多产的)dramatist,writingdozensofplays,includingtragedies,comedies,and,masques(假面剧).Jonson’scomediesare“comediesofhumours.”EveryManinHisHumour《人各有癖》isoneofhisbestcomedies.
PartThree
JohnMilton:
Hisnicknamewas“TheladyoftheChrist’s”whenhewasincollege.Miltonwaspoliticalinbothhislifeandhisart.HewrotethegreatestepicParadiseLost《失乐园》inEnglishliterature.Miltonisamasteroftheblankverse.Hefirstuseblankverseinnon-dramaticworks.Miltonisagreatstylistandfamousforhisgrandstyle.Hehasalwaysbeenadmiredforhissublimity(高尚)ofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.
ParadiseLost:
ItisMilton’smasterpiece.It’salongepicin12books,writteninblankverse.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheOldTestament:
thecreation,therebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellow-angles;theirdefeatandexpulsion(驱逐)fromHeaven;thecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve;thefallenanglesinhellplottingagainstGod;Satan’stemptationofEve;andthedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden.【ThefinestthinginParadiseLostisthedescriptionofhell,andSatanistherealheroofthepoem.HeisfirmerthantherestoftheanglesandthespiritquestioningtheauthorityofGod.】
SamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》:
ItisapoeticaldramamodeledontheGreektragedies.ItdealswiththestoryofSamsonfromthe“BooksoftheJudges”intheOldTestament.
JohnBunyan:
JohnBunyan,thesonofapoortinker,wasborninthelittlevillageofElstow.Hehadasensitiveimagination.Whenhewasabout17,Bunyanenlistedintheparliamentarmy,andservedduringthedecisivebattleofNasebyin1645.AftertheRestoration,hewasflungintoBedfordprisonin1660,forrefusingtoobeythelawprohibitingreligiousmeetings.WiththecharacteristicdiligenceBunyansettoworkinprisonmakingshoelaces,andsoearnedalivingforhisfamily.Intheprison,hewrotethebook“ThePilgrim’sProgress”(《天
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