英语语言学考试题型课堂练习与答案 1.docx
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英语语言学考试题型课堂练习与答案 1.docx
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英语语言学考试题型课堂练习与答案1
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考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
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ExaminationItems考试题型
上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期
英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级
“语言学”期末试卷
考试时间:
60分钟
班级____________学号____________姓名____________
I.Fillintheblankswithsuitableterms.(30%)
II.Judgeifthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(30%)
III.Chooseanytwoofthefollowingquestionstoanswer.(40%)
QuestionsforReference参考问答题
1.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?
(P6)
2.Pleasedifferentiatethefollowingpairsofterms.
voicingandvoiceless(P16)vowelsandconsonants(P18)
aspiratedandunaspirated(P18)phonesandphonemes(P23)
3.GiveabriefaccountofthekindsofmorphemesinEnglishlanguagewithexamples.(P33-36)
4.WhyisEnglishrichinsynonyms?
Andhowcanweclassifythem?
(P66-68)
ExercisesandKey课堂练习及其答案
Practice1Introduction
1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyof__________.
2.__________linguisticsstudieslanguagechangeovervariousperiodsoftimeandatvarioushistoricalstageswhile__________linguisticsstudieslanguageatoneparticularpointoftime.
3.The__________studyoflanguagestudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime,anditisahistoricalstudy.
4.__________and__________arethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.
5.Thedistinctionbetween__________andparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcenturywhilethedistinctionbetweencompetenceand_________wasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950s.
6.Chomskyusestheterm__________torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.
7.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveraldifferentways.Firstly,linguisticsis__________whiletraditionalgrammaris__________;Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageas__________,notthewritten;Thirdly,modernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoa_________-basedframework.
8.Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe__________.
9.Thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguageare:
creativity,__________,__________,__________,__________.
10.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis__________.
11.Generallyspeaking,threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:
thedescriptivefunctions,theexpressivefunction,andthe__________function.
12.AccordingtotheBritishlinguistHalliday’ssimplersystemoflanguagefunctions,theideationalfunctionistoorganizethespeakerorwriter’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld,andthe__________functionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeoplewhilethe__________functionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextsinsuchamannerthattheyarecoherentwithinthemselvesandfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.
Practice2Introduction
1.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespoken.
2.Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflanguage.Alllanguagesintheworldtodaycanbebothspokenandwritten.
3.Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech;thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken,butnotwritten.
4.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.
5.Withtheirrespectivedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,andcompetenceandperformance,bothSaussureandChomskypresenttheviewthatonlytheabstractstructureoflanguagecanbestudiedsystematically,butnotitsuse.
6.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasproposedbytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussure.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhileparolereferstotheconcreteuseofconventionsandrules,thusvaryingfrompersontoperson.
7.Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusage.
8.Languagecanbestudiedbothsynchronicallyanddiachronically.Thetwoapproachesareequallyfavoredbymodernlinguists.
9.Languageisentirelyarbitrary.
10.Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.
Practice3Phonetics
1.Phoneticsisthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Ithasthreebranches:
__________,__________andauditoryphonetics.
2.Thestudyofhowpeopleusetheirspeechorganstoproducespeechsoundsisofgreatinteresttothoseworkingin__________phonetics.
3.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingcontainsthreeimportantareas(cavities):
__________,__________andnasalcavity.
4.Ofallthespeechorgans,the__________isthemostflexible.
5.Voicingasaqualityofspeechsoundsiscausedbythevibrationof__________.
6.Asoundis__________whenitsproductionisaccompaniedbyapuffofbreath.ThisischaracteristicoftheEnglishvoicelessstopsininitialposition,e.g.[pi:
l].
7.__________transcriptionistheonerequiredandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.
8.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeature__________.
9.AllthebackvowelsinEnglisharepronouncedwithroundedlipsexcept__________.
10.__________areproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.
11.Theorthographicrepresentationofspeechsoundswithdiacriticsisnormallynotusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
12.Voicingisafeatureofallconsonantsandsomevowels.
13.Inproducingavoweltheairstreamcomingfromthelungsmeetswithnoobstructionwhatsoeverwhileintheproductionofaconsonantitisobstructedinonewayoranother.
14.TheEnglishstopsinclude[p][b][t][d][k][g][f][v].
15.AlltheEnglishnasalconsonantsarevoiced.
16.WithnoexceptionallthefrontvowelsinEnglishareunrounded.
17.WithnoexceptionallthebackvowelsinEnglisharerounded.
18.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:
/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.
19.Althoughthe[l]soundisrepresentedbythesamesymbolinthetwocombinationsof[li:
f]and[fi:
l],itisactuallypronounceddifferently.
20.IfaChinesespeakerpronouncesthe/l/soundin/fi:
l/notasadark[É],butasaclear[l],hewillbemisunderstoodbyanativespeakerassayingsomethingelse.
Practice4Phonology
1.[p],and[p]arethe__________ofthesamephoneme/p/.
2.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Theyinclude__________,__________andintonation.
3.Thetone,definedaspitchvariation,isanimportantsuprasegmentalfeatureoftonelanguagessuchas__________.
4.Thenegativeprefix“in-”inEnglish,whenaddedtotheadjective“possible”,isactuallypronounced/im/,andspeltas“im-”.Thisistheresultofthe__________ruleatwork.
5.Toformthepresenttense,3rdpersonsingular,oftheverb“teach”,wehavetoadd“-es”,insteadofjust“-s”toit.Thisisrequiredbythe__________ruleofEnglish.
6.Ageneraldifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsisfocusedontheproductionofspeechsoundswhilephonologyismoreconcernedwithhowspeechsoundsdistinguishmeaning.
7.Aphoneisaphoneticsegmentwhileaphonemeisaphonologicalunit.
8.Clear[l]anddark[É]formtherelationofcomplementarydistributionfortheyoccurinthesamepositioninsoundcombinationsandalsodistinguishmeaning.
9./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit]areincontrastivedistribution.
10.Phonologicalrulesarenotlanguagespecific,i.e.onceprovedtobevalid,theycanbeappliedtoalllanguages.
11.InEnglish,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenextmustbeavowel.
12.Thethreevoicelessstops/p/,/t/,/k/areaspiratedwhenprecededby/s/andfollowedbyavowel.
13.Usuallyinthetwo-syllablewords,thenounhasthestressonthefirstsyllableandthecorrespondingverbhasthestressonthesecondsyllable.
14.Stressisasuprasegmentalfeaturethatisexclusivelyusedwithwords,notwithsentences.
15.Chineseisoftencitedasexamplesoftypicaltonelanguagebecausetoneplaysanimportantroleindistinguishingmeaning.
Practice5Morphology
1.isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2.Themorpheme“-vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)________morpheme.
3.Therearedifferenttypesofmorphemes.“-ed”intheword"learned"isknownasa(n)__________morpheme.
4.Thewordsthatcontainonlyonemorphemecanbecalled________morphemes.
5.Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalledmorphemes.
6.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandconjunctionsmakeupthelargestpartofthevocabulary.Theyareopenclasses.
7.Suchendingsas“-ed”and“-ing”arecalledderivationalmorphemesbecausenewgrammaticalformsarederivedbyaddingthemtoexistingwords.
8.Themeaningofacompoundisnotalwaysthesumofthemeaningsofitsparts.
9.Acompoundisthecombinationofonlytwowords.
10.Theword“carelessness”isathree-morphemewordformed
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