非言语交际中西比较.docx
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非言语交际中西比较.docx
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非言语交际中西比较
2011届毕业(设计)论文
题目中西非言语交际比较
专业班级国际经济与贸易01
学号08900610
学生姓名石婷
指导教师王伟
指导教师职称讲师
学院名称
完成日期:
年月日
StudyofDifferencesinChineseandEnglishNonverbalCommunication
AthesissubmittedtothefacultyofWIT
InpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforBAdegreeinEnglishCulture
byShiTing
Supervisor:
WangWei
AcademicTitle:
Instructor
Signature:
_
September,2011
Abstract
Sincelanguagehasbeencomeintobeing,itplaysacommandingroleasameansofcommunication,butitisbynomeanstheonlyone.Nonverbalcommunicationtakesplacewithverbaloneatthesametimeinthecommunication.Likeverbalcommunication,nonverbalcommunicationisconnectedcloselywithcultureintheexpressionofthoughts.Recentlynonverbalcommunicationhasreceivedmoreandmoreattentionandbecomeayoungsciencewhichisrelatedtomanyothersubjects.becauseofthegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishcultureandChineseculture,therearestillalotofdifferencesinChineseandEnglishnonverbalcommunication.Afterabrieflyreviewingachievementsmadeinthestudyofnonverbalcommunication,thisthesisintroducesthedefinition,function,andculturaldifferencesoncross-culturalnonverbalcommunication.Inreallife,nonverbalcommunicationhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyfieldssoitisnecessarytolearnsomethingaboutitandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishnonverbalcommunicationinordertoimprovepeople’scommunicationquality.
Keywords:
nonverbalcommunication;differences;function;definition;study
摘要
自从语言产生以来,言语交际便在人类交际中扮演最主要的角色,但并非是交际的唯一手段。
非言语交际与言语交际是同时进行的,非语言交际在日常交际中同样也扮演着十分重要的角色,非语言交际与言语交际一样,在表达思想时与文化紧密联系在一起。
近年来,非言语交际手段越来越受到语言学家们的关注,成为一门跨学科的新兴科学。
但是由于中英文化的巨大差异,中西非言语交际存在着大量的差异。
本文主要简述了非语言交际的研究成果,从定义,功能,跨文化非语言交际的文化差异等方面对其作了简要介绍。
在现实生活中,非语言交际被广泛应用于许多领域,与我们的生活息息相关。
因此为提高交际质量和文化交流有必要对非语言交际及其中西方存在的差异做一些了解。
以适应社会全球化的发展。
关键词:
非语言交际;差异;功能;定义;研究
TableofContents
AbstractinEnglish……………………………………………….…………….ⅰ
AbstractinChinese…………………………………………………………….ⅱ
1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………、2.OverviewofNonverbalCommunication…………………………………….6
3.1Definitionofnonverbalcommunication……………………………………..8
3.2Typesofnonverbalcommunication………………………………………….8
3.3Functionsofnonverbalincommunication…………………………………10
3.CulturalDifferencesinChineseandEnglishNonverbalCommunication.12
4.1Generalappearanceanddress………………………………………………13
4.2Gestures…………………………………………………………………….13
4.3Posture……………………………………………………………………...13
4.4Paralanguage………………………………………………………………..14
4.5sometipsshouldbetakenintoconsideration………………………………15
4.Conclusion........................................................................................................16
Bibiliography……………………………………………………………………17
1.
Introduction
Peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherthroughnotonlyverbalcommunicationbutalsononverbalcommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationcanbecalledthe“Silentlanguage”.What’smore,itcanexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.nonverbalcommunicationlikeverballanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.AmericanlinguistSamovaraffirmsthat“inaface-to-facecommunication,onlyabout35percentofmessagesaresentbyverbalbehaviorsandothersaresentbynonverbalbehaviors.”Soverbalandnonverbalcommunication,whichareboththeimportantpartsofhumancommunication,canexpressfeeling,interactideasandsendmessages.Theyaretheindispensabletoolsthatcansatisfyourhumancommunication.
Thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationhasalonghistorynomatterinwesternorinchina.TheearlieststudyofnonverbalcommunicationinwesterncountriescouldbetracedbacktoGreekphilosopherAristotle.(亚里士多德).ThescientificstudyofnonverbalcommunicationprimarilystartedafterWorldWarII.Afterthat,oneofthemostinfluentialpre-twentiethcenturyworkswasDarwin’sExpressionoftheEmotionsinmanandAnimalsin1872.Thisworkspawnedthemodernstudyoffacialexpression,anduntilnowmanyofhisobservationsandideashavebeenvalidatedbyotherresearchers.Theninthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury,thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationstillremainedunsystematicbecausetherewereonlyisolatedstudiesofvoice,physicalappearance,dressandfacialexpressions.ThethreeinfluentialworksduringthisperiodwereKretschmer’sbookPhysiqueandCharacterin1925,Sheldon’sbookTheVariationsofHumanPhysiquein1940,andEfron’sbookGestureandEnvironmentin1941.In1950s,therewasasignificantsuccessinthenumberofnonverbalresearchefforts.Birdwhistell’sIntroductiontoKinesicsin1952andHall’sSilentLanguagein1959weretwomilestonesofthisdecade.In1956,RueschandKeesproducedabookentitledNonverbalCommunication:
NotesontheVisualPerceptionofHumanRelations.Thiswasthefirstbooktousethetermnonverbalcommunicationinitstitle.A“nuclearexplosion”ofnonverbalstudieswasproducedin1960s.Duringthistime,theclassictheoreticalpieceworkwasEkman’sandFriesen’sarticleontheorigins,usage,andcodingofnonverbalbehavior.The1970sprovedtobeatimeofsummarizingandsynthesizingonnonverbalstudies.ItbeganwithJuliusFast’sBodyLanguagein1970.Thisbookwasthebest-sellingvolumeatthattimeandithasnowbeentranslatedintoseveralChineseversions.Itisthe1980sthatwereatimeoffurtherdevelopmentofnonverbalcommunicationstudies.Somenonverbalresearchesofthisdecadefocusedonidentifyingthewaysavarietyofnonverbalsignalsworktogethertoaccomplishcommoncommunicativegoals.
Inaddition,thehistoryofChinesescholars’studiesaboutnonverbalcommunicationcanbedatedbacktopre-QinDynasty;Confucius(孔子)paidmoreattentiontoappearanceandpostureondifferentoccasions.Headvocated“listeningtowhatotherssayandobservingothers’facialexpressions”whilecommunicatingwithpeople(察言观色).Healsourgedpeopletodotheproperthingwhentalkingwithdifferentpeople.Then,sinceJosephStalinhadcriticizedthe“gesture”ofMarin1950,theChinesescholarswhostudiedlinguistictheoryconsidereditasguidingprincipletoconfirmthefunctionoflanguagecommunicationabsolutelywithoutconsideringthepositionandfunctionofnonverbalcommunicationincommunication.Asaresult,therangeofstudyisonlylimitedtolanguageandcommunicationtoolbasedonlanguage.Andduring1960s-1970stheCulturalRevolutionhappenedinChinabringingadisastertothestudyofthisfield.Thisisthereasonwhywebegantheresearchonnonverbalcommunicationlaterthanwesterncountries.So,theresearchonnonverbalbehaviorinChinaactuallybeganfrom1980s.ScholarssuchasHuWenzhong,BiJiwan,DengYianchangandLiuRunqinghavedonesomeresearchwork.
Toconclude,itcannotbehardtosaythatthoselinguistsmentionedabovecontributedgreattothestudyofnonverbalcommunicationandtheirwritingswillhaveadeepinfluenceonthefuturescholars’studiesofnonverbalcommunication.Basedontheirfindings,theauthorofthispaperintendstodoresearchonthedifferencesofChineseandEnglishnonverbalcommunications.
2.OverviewofNonverbalCommunication
2.1Definitionofnonverbalcommunication
Therearevariousdefinitionsfornonverbalcommunicationamongdifferentscholars.AccordingtoKnapp,thephrasenonverbalcommunicationreferstocommunicationeffectedbymeansotherthanwords(assumingwordsaretheverbalelement).Whendefiningnonverbalcommunication,SamovarandPorterproposethat“nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver”.Inthisdefinition,theroleoftheenvironment,themessagevalueofnonverbalstimuliandthecommunicationsettingareemphasizedasthreeimportantfactorsinnonverbalcommunication.Inshort,nonverbalmeansforcommunication,whichisconsideredas“silentlanguage”,expressesmeaningsorfeelingswithoutusingwords.Asdifferentlinguistsdescribenonverbalcommunicationindifferentstandards,thereisnogeneralagreementinclassificationasyet.
2.2Typesofnonverbalcommunication
Accordingtoexperts,asubstantialportionofourcommunicationisnonverbal.Everyday,werespondtothousandsonnonverbalcuesandbehaviorsincludingpostures,facialexpression,eyegaze,gestures,andtoneofvoice.Fromourhandshakestoourhairstyles,nonverbaldetailsrevealwhoweareandimpacthowwerelatetootherpeople.Onthecontrary,Spokenlanguageisonly7%to35%ofcommunication.Moreover,wetendtosearchforsignalswhenverbalmessagesareunclearorambiguous.Wordlessmessagesorkinesicsarethewaywecommunicatebysendingandreceivingsignalsusingfacialexpressions,headmovements,handandarmgestures,physicalspace,touching,eyecontact,andphysicalpostures.Itmeansthatalltypesofcommunicationthattakeplacewithoutwordsaredefinedasnonverbalcommunication.Furthermore,duetotheunconsciousqualityofnonverbalcommunication,manypeoplefailtorealizeitssignificantroleininterculturalcommunication,whichbringsthemlotsoftrouble.soincreasingnonverbalcommunicationawarenessandenhancingtheirinterculturalcommunication.Inordertoshowaclearpictureofnonverbalcommunicationforyou,itisnecessarytodividenonverbalcommunicationintoeightcategories.
2.21FacialExpression
Facialexpressionsareresponsibleforahugeprop
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- 言语 交际 中西 比较