1、非言语交际中西比较2011届毕业（设计）论文题 目 中西非言语交际比较专业班级 国际经济与贸易01 学 号 08900610 学生姓名 石 婷 指导教师 王 伟 指导教师职称 讲 师 学院名称 完成日期： 年 月 日Study of Differences in Chinese and English Nonverbal CommunicationA thesis submitted to the faculty of WITIn partial fulfillment of the requirements for BA degree in English Culture by Shi Ti
2、ngSupervisor: Wang WeiAcademic Title: Instructor Signature: _ September, 2011 AbstractSince language has been come into being, it plays a commanding role as a means of communication, but it is by no means the only one. Nonverbal communication takes place with verbal one at the same time in the commu
3、nication. Like verbal communication, nonverbal communication is connected closely with culture in the expression of thoughts. Recently nonverbal communication has received more and more attention and become a young science which is related to many other subjects. because of the great differences bet
4、ween English culture and Chinese culture, there are still a lot of differences in Chinese and English nonverbal communication. After a briefly reviewing achievements made in the study of nonverbal communication, this thesis introduces the definition, function, and cultural differences on cross-cultu
5、ral nonverbal communication. In real life, nonverbal communication has been widely used in many fields so it is necessary to learn something about it and the differences between Chinese and English nonverbal communication in order to improve peoples communication quality.Key words: nonverbal communi
6、cation; differences; function; definition; study摘 要自从语言产生以来,言语交际便在人类交际中扮演最主要的角色，但并非是交际的唯一手段。非言语交际与言语交际是同时进行的，非语言交际在日常交际中同样也扮演着十分重要的角色，非语言交际与言语交际一样，在表达思想时与文化紧密联系在一起。近年来，非言语交际手段越来越受到语言学家们的关注，成为一门跨学科的新兴科学。但是由于中英文化的巨大差异，中西非言语交际存在着大量的差异。本文主要简述了非语言交际的研究成果，从定义，功能，跨文化非语言交际的文化差异等方面对其作了简要介绍。在现实生活中，非语言交际被广泛应用于
7、许多领域，与我们的生活息息相关。因此为提高交际质量和文化交流有必要对非语言交际及其中西方存在的差异做一些了解。以适应社会全球化的发展。关键词：非语言交际；差异；功能；定义；研究Table of ContentsAbstract in English.Abstract in Chinese.1. Introduction、2. Overview of Nonverbal Communication.63.1 Definition of nonverbal communication.83.2 Types of nonverbal communication.83.3 Functions of n
8、onverbal in communication103.Cultural Differences in Chinese and English Nonverbal Communication.12 4.1 General appearance and dress13 4.2 Gestures.13 4.3 Posture.13 4.4 Paralanguage.14 4.5 some tips should be taken into consideration154. Conclusion.16Bibiliography171. IntroductionPeople can communi
9、cate with each other through not only verbal communication but also nonverbal communication .Nonverbal communication can be called the “Silent language”. Whats more , it can expresses more information than verbal language. Because it contains much information. According to some researchers abroad, i
10、n peoples daily life, nonverbal communication takes part over 65% in all of information exchange. nonverbal communication like verbal language can express emotions, exchange ideas and deliver information. American linguist Samovar affirms that “in a face-to-face communication, only about 35 percent
11、of messages are sent by verbal behaviors and others are sent by nonverbal behaviors.” So verbal and nonverbal communication, which are both the important parts of human communication, can express feeling, interact ideas and send messages. They are the indispensable tools that can satisfy our human c
12、ommunication.The study of nonverbal communication has a long history no matter in western or in china. The earliest study of nonverbal communication in western countries could be traced back to Greek philosopher Aristotle.（亚里士多德）. The scientific study of nonverbal communication primarily started aft
13、er World War II. After that, one of the most influential pre-twentieth century works was Darwins Expression of the Emotions in man and Animals in1872. This work spawned the modern study of facial expression, and until now many of his observations and ideas have been validated by other researchers. T
14、hen in the first half of the twentieth century, the study of nonverbal communication still remained unsystematic because there were only isolated studies of voice, physical appearance, dress and facial expressions. The three influential works during this period were Kretschmers book Physique and Cha
15、racter in 1925, Sheldons book The Variations of Human Physique in 1940, and Efrons book Gesture and Environment in 1941. In 1950s, there was a significant success in the number of nonverbal research efforts. Birdwhistells Introduction to Kinesics in 1952 and Halls Silent Language in 1959 were two mi
16、lestones of this decade. In 1956, Ruesch and Kees produced a book entitled Nonverbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations. This was the first book to use the term nonverbal communication in its title. A “nuclear explosion” of nonverbal studies was produced in 1960s. Durin
17、g this time, the classic theoretical piecework was Ekmans and Friesens article on the origins, usage, and coding of nonverbal behavior. The 1970s proved to be a time of summarizing and synthesizing on nonverbal studies. It began with Julius Fasts Body Language in 1970. This book was the best-selling
18、 volume at that time and it has now been translated into several Chinese versions. It is the 1980s that were a time of further development of nonverbal communication studies. Some nonverbal researches of this decade focused on identifying the ways a variety of nonverbal signals work together to acco
19、mplish common communicative goals.In addition, the history of Chinese scholars studies about nonverbal communication can be dated back to pre-Qin Dynasty; Confucius（孔子） paid more attention to appearance and posture on different occasions. He advocated “listening to what others say and observing othe
20、rs facial expressions” while communicating with people(察言观色). He also urged people to do the proper thing when talking with different people. Then, since Joseph Stalin had criticized the “gesture” of Mar in1950, the Chinese scholars who studied linguistic theory considered it as guiding principle to
21、 confirm the function of language communication absolutely without considering the position and function of nonverbal communication in communication. As a result, the range of study is only limited to language and communication tool based on language. And during 1960s-1970s the Cultural Revolution h
22、appened in China bringing a disaster to the study of this field. This is the reason why we began the research on nonverbal communication later than western countries. So, the research on nonverbal behavior in China actually began from 1980s. Scholars such as Hu Wenzhong, Bi Jiwan, Deng Yianchang and
23、 Liu Runqing have done some research work.To conclude, it can not be hard to say that those linguists mentioned above contributed great to the study of nonverbal communication and their writings will have a deep influence on the future scholars studies of nonverbal communication. Based on their find
24、ings, the author of this paper intends to do research on the differences of Chinese and English nonverbal communications. 2. Overview of Nonverbal Communication2.1 Definition of nonverbal communicationThere are various definitions for nonverbal communication among different scholars. According to Kn
25、app, the phrase nonverbal communication refers to communication effected by means other than words (assuming words are the verbal element). When defining nonverbal communication, Samovar and Porter propose that “nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting
26、that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver”. In this definition, the role of the environment, the message value of nonverbal stimuli and the communication setting are emphasized as three important facto
27、rs in nonverbal communication. In short, nonverbal means for communication, which is considered as “silent language”, expresses meanings or feelings without using words. As different linguists describe nonverbal communication in different standards, there is no general agreement in classification as
28、 yet. 2.2 Types of nonverbal communicationAccording to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands on nonverbal cues and behaviors including postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hairsty
29、les, nonverbal details reveal who we are and impact how we relate to other people.On the contrary, Spoken language is only 7% to 35% of communication. Moreover, we tend to search for signals when verbal messages are unclear or ambiguous. Wordless messages or kinesics are the way we communicate by se
30、nding and receiving signals using facial expressions, head movements, hand and arm gestures, physical space, touching, eye contact, and physical postures. It means that all types of communication that take place without words are defined as nonverbal communication. Furthermore, due to the unconsciou
31、s quality of nonverbal communication, many people fail to realize its significant role in intercultural communication, which brings them lots of trouble. so increasing nonverbal communication awareness and enhancing their intercultural communication. In order to show a clear picture of nonverbal communication for you, it is necessary to divide nonverbal communication into eight categories. 2.21 Facial ExpressionFacial expressions are responsible for a huge prop
