Chapter-4-developing-paragraphs.ppt
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Chapter-4-developing-paragraphs.ppt
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DevelopingParagraphs,Chapter4,Contents,IStructureofapagragraph;IICharaceristicsofaparagraph;IIIFeaturesofmakinganeffectiveparagraph;IVPlanningaparagraph;VWaysofdevelopingaparagraph,StructureofaPharagraph,Itisagroupofsentencesthatintroduces,presentsanddevelopsonemainideaaboutthetopic,mainlyoccuringinthefollowingforms.Topicsentence;Detail1,detail2.Concludingsentence,Characeristicsofaparagraph,1.UnityDealwithasingletopicStateasinglethought2.Coherence1)Thepartoftheparagraphshouldbelogicallyconnected2)Eachsentencenaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaininganddevelopingthecentralidea.3)Theparagraphisanintegratedwhole,ratherthanacollectionofseparatesentences.,FeaturesofaParagraph,Threefundamentalfeatures:
Acentralidea(whichmaybeexpressedeitherexplicitlyinatopicsentenceorimplicitly)Supportingevidence(alltheinformationgiveninthissentencesshouldimpressesthereaderwiththecentralidea)Closeconnectionbetweenthesentences,Planningaparagraph,TopicoutlineSentenceoutline,2.WaysofDevelopingaParagraph,Topicoutline在标式提纲中,每部分的内容将短语(通常是名词短语)列为标题,其特点是简洁醒目,例如:
Title:
HowShouldWeSpendOurSpareTimeI.Introduction:
ManykindsofactivitiesinsparetimeII.Body:
A.Firstsupportingdetail:
Movies,TVprograms1.Muchmoney2.Apassiveactivity3.AwasteoftimeB.Secondsupportingdetail:
Reading1.Littlespace2.Littlemoney3.KnowledgeC.Thirdsupportingdetail:
Sports1.Fun2.Exercises3.ActiverelaxationIII.Conclusion:
Morereadingandsportsinoursparetime,Sentenceoutline在句式提纲中,每部分的内容用完整的句子列出。
其特点是能较详尽地体现出实质内容和各部分之间的逻辑联系,因此对议论性强的严密文章更为适合。
如:
Title:
HowShouldWeSpendOurSpareTimeI.Introduction:
Therearemanykindsofactivitiesinoursparetime.II.Body:
A.Firstsupportingdetail:
Movies,TVprogramsarenotpreferable.1.Goingtomoviesneedsmuchmoney.2.WatchingTVprogramsisapassiveactivity.3.Theywastealotoftime.B.Secondsupportingdetail:
Readingiseasy,cheapandbeneficial.1.Readingdoesntneedmuchspace.2.Readingdoesntcostmuchmoney.3.Readingbroadensourknowledge.C.Thirdsupportingdetail:
Sportsarefunandactive.1.Sportsarefun.2.Sportsstrengthenourbody.3.Sportsareakindofactiverelaxation.III.Conclusion:
Wepreferdoingmorereadingandsportsinsparetime.,Waysofdevelopingaparagraph,TypesofaParagraph,1.developingbytime2.developingbyprocess3.developingbyspace4.developingbyexample5.developingbycomparisonandcontrast6.developingbycauseandeffect7.developingbyclassification,1.DevelopmentbyTimeIntellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.,LunarNewYearParadeinHongKongStartingin1996,theHongKongTouristAssociationorganizesaLunarNewYearParadeeveryyeartopromotetourismandcelebratethistraditionalfestival.Byoneoclock,onthirddayofJanuaryinthelunarcalendar,manytouristscomingfromdifferentcountries,togetherwithlocalpeople,linethestreetsofTsimShaTsui,whichistheheartofthecity,fortheparade.WhentheyhearthebeatofthedrumsandthetraditionalNewYearsongsapproaching,theyshoutloudlyandapplaudastheparadebegins.Atabouttwooclock,themainactivitiestheLionDanceandtheDragonDanceleadnearlyahundredfloatswhichrepresentvariousassociations,largecorporationsandcountries.Movingonebyone,someofthemwearnativecostumeanddancetotheirnationalmusic.Sometimes,theygetofftheirfloatsandwalkintothecrowd.Thentheyshakehandswithpeoplewarmly.Afterahalfhour,theparadereachesitsclimax.Somemoviestarswithcheerfulsmilesshowupandthrowflowersandsouvenirstothecrowd.Peopleinthefrontrowgotogetthemquicklyandwavetothefloathappily.Sometouriststakepicturesofthevariouskindsoffloatsandaskthemoviestarstosigntheirteeshirts.Next,cometheclownsandmagicianswhowearcolorfulcostumesandheavymake-up.Theygiveballoonstothechildrenandpracticemagic.Aroundanhourlater,thelastfloatpassesbyandmostofthepeoplebegintoleavethestreets.Aftertheparade,thecitybecomescalmandwellordered.,Theorderoftime:
ByoneoclockAtabouttwooclockAfterahalfhourAroundanhourlaterAndsomecoherentwords:
When,Then,Next,After.,WordsandPhrasesUsedinDescribingChronologicalRelations(p97)hence;before;after;while;during;between;and;in.(year)Since;later;earlier;formerly;etc.attheturnofthecentury(decade)etc.inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.inthe1900s,etc.atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath;simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatterprevious;previously;priortofirst;second;etc.inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplaceinconclusion;finally;lastly;intheendTask2andtask4,2.DevelopmentbyProcessTellingpeoplehowtodothingsincorrectorder(chronologicalorder);rightsequenceofthethingstobedone;usingpresenttense.Sample2inourtextbook,3.DevelopmentbySpaceSometimeswewanttodescribewhataplacelookslike,forinstance,atown,apark,ahouse,aroom,etc.DistantCloseHeadFeetExtraordinaryThingOrdinaryThing,MyGreenRoomMyroomonthesecondfloorofanAmericancouplessemi-detachedhouseislargeand“green.”Itisthelargestroominthehousewithbrightgreenwallsandawhitesquare-patternedceiling.Whenyoustepintomyroom,youwillfeelfreshandcomfortable.Underyourfeetisagrasscarpetthatcoversthewholeroom.Asyouwalkstraightahead,awhitewoodencabinetwithasmallmagazinetrayisonyourleft.Thenyoucanrestonaroundgreenarmchairinfrontofthecabinet.Oppositethearmchairismynicegreensofacoveredinapieceofwhiteflower-patternedcloth.Mybed,whichiscoveredinagrassybedspread,isadjacenttothesofa.Behindtheheadofthebedisabigmirrorwithtwotallwoodencabinets,filledwithmyfavoritebooks,atbothsides.Thewhitewoodendeskandaprettyfloorlampsitagainstthecabinets.Thereisasmallgracefulwhitetablelampandaclockradioatthecornerofmydesk.Iputsomefamilypicturesandpostersofstill-lifepaintingsonthiswall,sotheycanhelpmerelaxandgeneratemorenewideas.Acolorful,cuteandsquarewallclockabovetheposterscompletelymatchesthegreenwall.Itlookslikeabeautifulbutterflyonatree.Ontheright-handsideoftheroomisagreatclosetwithallmyclothes,shoesandsomeextraspaceforfuturewintercoats.Nexttotheclosetaretwowindowswithwhitesilkcurtains.Theyfaceasunnypark.Everymorning,youcanseesomelittlebirdsonthewindowsillandsmellthefreshgrassandlovelyflowers.IfeelthatIliveina“green”roomapartofthecheerfulpark.,4.DevelopmentbyExampleusingexamplesanddetailstoillustrateyourpoint,andmakethemainideabecomespecific,alsomakeyourparagraphunderstandableandpersuadable.,Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.,TransitionalWords,forexample,forinstance,foronething,foranother,toillustrate,oneexampleis,tobeginwith,first,second,furthermore,besides,inaddition,moreover,finally,inconclusion,insummary,also,acaseinpoint,asanillustration,incidentally,UsefulWordsandexpression,举例:
illustrate/illustration引用:
cite/quoteanexample事例:
tociteanexample适用的例子:
acaseinpoint例如:
forexample/forinstance证据:
evidence/proof不容质疑:
itgoeswithoutsaying/undeniable表明:
unfold/expose/index/reveal/exhibit,UsefulWordsandexpression,Wemaycite/quoteasingle/commonexampleofWemaymentionanotherexampleofThefollowingexamplescanprovemystandpoint.IcanthinkofnobetterillustrationofthisideathanthefactthatThereisnowevidencethatThemoststrikinginstanceisThelistofsuchexamplesisnumerous.TheaboveinstancesdriveustoanaturalconclusionthatToillustrate/AsanotherinstanceIfonemoreexampleisneeded,IcouldmentionGiventheexamplesIjustoutlined,Icanonlysaythat,5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastUsecomparisonandcontrasttodevelopatopicbyexaminingitssimilaritiesordissimilaritiestoanotherthing,process,orstate.Comparisonemphasizesthesimilarities,contrastthedifferences.Aparagraphmayusebothcomparisonandcontrast.,在写作实践中,有两种常见的比较和对照的模式:
第一种先A后B式,即在比较过程中,分别论述A与B的特征,采用A1,A2,A3;B1,B2,B3;的方法。
(blockpattern)(Subjecttosubject),A1A2A3B1B2B3见下例:
Notwopeopleareexactlyalike,andmytwoolderbrothers,SamandPeter,arenoexceptions.Eventhoughtheyhavethesameparents,theirdifferencesinlooks,attitude,andpersonalitytowardlifereflectthedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncultures.LikethemajorityofAsianmen,Samisshortandhasafull-moonshapedface.Hissmoothwhiteskinandsmallarmsandfeetmadehimlooksomewhatdelicate.Moreover,helikestowearformalandtraditionalclothes.IncontrasttoSam,Peterwhoishisyoungerbrotherbyeightyears,looksmorelikeanAmericanboxer.Heistallandbig-boned.Hisfaceislongandangularasawesterncharacter.UnlikeSam,Peterhasstrongfeetandarms,andwhereasSamhassmoothskin.Inaddition,Peterlikestowearcausaltee-shirtsandjeansorsportclothes.,第二种是AB交错式(alternativepattern)(Pointtopoint)即以A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3以成对的形式进行逐点比较,该结构能使行文避免单调,对比的效果更鲜明突出。
A1B1A2B2A3B3见下例:
Lifeinthecityisquitedifferentfromlifeinthesuburbs.Peoplelivinginthecityareconstantlyexposedtothehustleandbustleofurbanlife.However,
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