牛津英语模块三课文原文汇编.docx
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牛津英语模块三课文原文汇编.docx
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学习 好资料
Unit1Fog
Fogwarning
WhenPollylefthomethatmorning,thecitywasalreadycoveredinagreymist.Atlunch,theradioforecastthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Atfouro'clock,Pollyleftworkandsteppedoutintothefog.Shewonderedifthebuseswouldstillberunning.
NobusestoKingStreet
Onceoutinthestreet,shewalkedquicklytowardsherusualbusstop.‘Howfarareyougoing?
’thebusconductoraskedherbeforehetookherfare.‘KingStreet.’saidPolly.
‘Sorry,Miss’repliedtheman,‘thetruthisthatitistoofoggyforthebustorunthatfar.Take
theUndergroundtoGreenPark.Theweathermightbebetterthereandyoumightbeabletogetataxi.’
Atallman
AsPollyobservedthepassengersonthetrain,shehadafeelingthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkovercoat.AtlastthetrainarrivedatGreenParkstation.Whiletherestofthepassengersweregettingout,sheglancedatthefacesaroundher.Thetallmanwasnowheretobesoon.
Footsteps
WhenPollygottothestationentrance,itwasempty.Outside,wherevershelookedthefoglaylikeathick,greycloud.Therewasnooneinsight.PollysetofftowardsParkStreet.Asshewalkedalongthenarrowstreet,sheheardthesoundoffootstepsapproaching,butbythetimeshereachedthecornerofthestreet,thefootstepsweregone.SuddenlyPollyfeltaroughhandbrushhercheek,andsheheardaman’svoiceinherearsaying‘Sorry.’Themanmovedaway.Shecouldfeelherheartbeatingwithfear.
Thehelpfulstranger
Thensheheardthesoundagain-softfootstepsbehindher.Aminutebefore,shehadwishedforsomeonetocomealong.Nowshewantedtorun,butfearheldherstill.Thefootstepsseemedclosenow.Thenaman’svoicecameoutofthedarkness.‘Isanybodythere?
’
Pollyhesitated.Atlastsheanswered,‘Hello,IthinkI’mlost.’
Afewsecondslater,ahandreachedoutandgraspedherarm.Pollyfoundherselfstaringupatthefaceofanoldmanwithabeard.
‘MaybeIcanhelpyou.Whichroaddoyouwant?
’heasked.
‘Iliveat86KingStreet.’Pollyreplied.
‘Justtakemyhand.’saidtheman.‘Comewithme.You’llbeallright.’HetookPolly’shand.‘Watchoutforthestephere.’
Inhisotherhandthemancarriedastick.Pollyheardithitthestep.‘Icanremembersometerriblefogs,butmaybethatwasbeforeyourtime.Ican’tseeyourface,butyousoundyoung.Howoldareyou?
’
‘Justtwenty.’answeredPolly.
‘Ah,twenty!
Aniceagetobe.Iwasyoungonce.Nowwe’reatthecrossroads.Turnlefthere.’‘I’mquitelostnow.Areyousureyouknowtheway?
’Pollywasbeginningtofeelfrightenedagain.’
‘Ofcourse.Youreallyshouldn’tfeelanxious,’Heheldherhandmorefirmly.
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Thegratefulhelper
‘Hereweare.KingStreet.’Hestopped.
‘Thankyousomuchforcomingtomyaid.’saidPollyinrelief.‘Wouldyouliketocomeinandrestforawhile?
’
‘It’sveryniceofyou.’saidtheman,‘butI’llbeoff.Theremaybemorepeoplelosttoday,andI’dliketohelpthem.Yousee,afogthisbadisrare.Itgivesmethechancetopaybackthehelpthatpeoplegivemewhenit’ssunny.Ablindpersonlikemecan’tgetacrosstheroadwithouthelp,exceptinafoglikethis.’
Project (P18)Sharkattacks
Therearenearly400differenttypesofsharks,butonlyabout30typesareknowntohaveattackedhumanbeings.Manypeopleknowthatthemostdangeroussharkisthegreatwhiteshark,probablybecausetheyhaveseenthefilmJaws.However,twoothersharksarealsoratherdangerous:
thetigersharkandthebullshark.Contrarytowhatmanypeoplemightassume,evidenceshowsthatsharksseldomattackhumans.Therearethreetypesofshark
attacks.Inthemaintype,thesharkattacksyoubecauseitmistakesyouforafish,butwhenittasteshumanfleshitdecidestogiveupandswimsaway.Inthesecondtype,thesharkpushesyouwithitsnosetofindoutifyouarefittobeeaten,andthenbitesyouifitthinksyouare.Inthe
thirdtype,thesharkwaitsforyoutoswimby,andthenattacksyousuddenly.Thelasttwotypesofattackmoreoftenresultinthedeathofhumans.
Toreducetheriskofasharkattack,youshouldfollowthesesuggestions.Donotswiminthedark.Sharkscanstillseeyoubutyoucannotseethem.
Donotgoswimmingintheoceanifyouhaveafreshwound.Sharkscansmellbloodoveralongdistance.
Donotwearbrightclothingorjewellery,becausesharksareattractedtotheflashof,coloursand
brightobjects.Stayingroups,assharksusuallyavoidlargenumbersofpeople.
Recently,sharkattackshavebeenincreasingaswatersportsarebecomingmorepopular.Ifasharkattacksyou,followtheadvicebelow.
Keepcalm.Donotpanic.
Hitthesharkonthenosewithyourfist.Stickyourfingerintheshark'seye.
Don'tbefrightenedbysharks:
youare3otimesmorelikelytobehitbylightningthanbeattacked
byashark.
Thewonderfulworldofpigeons
Itisnight.Allisquiet.Thesoldiersareasleepwhileaguardwatchesfortheenemy.Thereisaflash,andthesoundofguns!
Theyarebeingattacked!
Hundredsofenemysoldiersrushtowardsthem.Theyareallgoingtobekilledunlesstheygethelp.Whatshouldtheydo?
Anofficerwritesashortmessagequicklyonasmallpieceofpaper:
'Beingattacked!
Hurry!
'Herollsupthepaperandputsitintoasmallcase,andthenreachesintoacageandgetsabird.
Attachingthemessagetoitsleg,hesetsthebirdloose.Itimmediatelyfliesintotheairanddisappearsinthedark.
Willthebirdarriveintime?
Willtheybesaved?
Thoughitmayseemhardtobelieve,thebirdtheofficerusesisthesamebirdoftenseeninpublic
parks--thepigeon.Pigeonshaveawonderfulsenseofdirectionandcanfindtheirwayhomeoverlongdistances.Indeed,pigeonshavebeenknowntoflyhomefromasfarawayas1,800kilometres.Thatiswhypigeonshavebeenusedsinceancienttimestocarrythenewsoreventhemail.However,itwasinwarthattheyfoundtheirgreatestuse.DuringbothWorldWarIandII,pigeonswereemployedbyarmiestocarrymessagestoandfromthefrontlines,savingthelivesofmanysoldiersandevenhelpingwinsomeimportantvictories.
Howdopigeonsfindtheirway?
Pigeonsappeartohaveacompassinsidethemthattellsthemwhichwayisnorth.Howthiscompassworksremainsamystery.Ofcourse,sinceacompassaloneisnotenoughtofindone'sway,theyalsoappeartousetheirsightandeventheirsenseofsmelltotellthemwhichwaytheyshouldgo.Unlikehumans,theynevergetlostandcanalwaysfindtheirwayhome.
Unit2
Englishanditshistory
Allthroughhistory,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupofthegrammarandvocabularythesepeoplebroughttoBritain.ThatiswhyEnglishhassomanydifficultrulesthatconfusepeople.
OldEnglish
OldEnglishisverydifferentfromtheEnglishwespeaknowadays.Infact,wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethemiddleofthe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic.ThentwoGermanicgroupsfromtheEuropeanmainland—theAnglesandtheSaxons—occupiedBritain.OldEnglishconsistedofamixtureoftheirlanguages.(BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedaftertheAngles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinOldEnglish.)AsidefromplacenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofOldEnglish.Attheendofthe9thcentury,theVikings,peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway,begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficiallanguageofEngland.
WhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrasestouse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages,butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample,thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons,whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians.
MiddleEnglish
MiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies.ManythingsplayedapartinthedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.ThemostimportantcontributionwasfromtheNormans,aFrench-speakingpeoplewhodefeatedEnglandandtookcontrolofthecountryin1066.However,theNormanConquestdidnotaffectEnglishasmushastheAnglesandtheSaxons’victoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledtoOldEnglishreplacingCeltic.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchfortheentire250yearstheyruledEngland,FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand,theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedinevenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchasanswer(fromOldEnglish)andreply(fromOldFrench).Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsforanimalsandmeatdeveloped.AftertheNormanConquest,manyEnglish
peopleworkedasservantswhoraisedanimals.Therefore,thewordsformostanimalsraisedforfood,suchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans,camefromOldFrench:
beef,mutton,porkandbacon.
OldFrenchmadeothercontributionstoMiddleEnglishaswell.InOldEnglish,theGermanicwayofmakingwordspluralwasused.Forexample,theysaidhouseninsteadofhouses,andshoeninsteadofshoes.AftertheNormanstookcontrol,theybeganusingtheFrenchwayofmakingplurals,addingan-stohouseandshoe.OnlyafewwordskepttheirGermanicpluralforms,suchasman/menandchild/children.
AftertheNormanConquest,high-classpeoplespokeFrenchwhi
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