语言学家Word文档下载推荐.doc
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语言学家Word文档下载推荐.doc
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2.ZelligHarris(October23,1909-May22,1992)wasarenownedAmericanlinguist,mathematicalsyntactician,andmethodologistofscience.OriginallyaSemiticist,heisbestknownforhisworkinstructurallinguisticsanddiscourseanalysisandforthediscoveryoftransformationalstructureinlanguage.Thesedevelopmentsfromthefirst10yearsofhiscareerwerepublishedwithinthefirst25.Hiscontributionsinthesubsequent35yearsofhiscareerincludesublanguagegrammar,operatorgrammar,andatheoryoflinguisticinformation.ItiswidelybelievedthatHarriscarriedBloomfieldianideasoflinguisticdescriptiontotheirextremedevelopment:
theinvestigationofdiscoveryproceduresforphonemesandmorphemes,basedonthedistributionalpropertiesoftheseunits.HisMethodsinStructuralLinguistics(1951)isthedefinitiveformulationofdescriptivestructuralworkashehaddevelopedituptoabout1945.Thisbookmadehimfamous,butissometimesmisinterpreted,fromagenerativistpointofview,asasynthesisofa"
neo-Bloomfieldianschool"
ofstructuralism.(P133)
3.B.F.Skinner(March20,1904-August18,1990)wasanAmericanpsychologist,author,inventor,socialphilosopher,andpoet.HewastheEdgarPierceProfessorofPsychologyatHarvardUniversityfrom1958untilhisretirementin1974.Rejectingtheparole-languedistinction,heinachallengingbookonverbalbehavioradoptedastrictlybehavioristicpointofviewandarguedthatonlyobservableobjectofscientificstudyidtheverbalbehavior,thespeechutterancesandtexts(i.e.parole).LangueaccordingtoSkinner,isamentalisticandunscientificabstraction.Hisworkonverbalbehaviorisanattempttoaccountforalllinguisticactivitiesentirelywithintermsofovertandobservableeventswithoutanyappealtoan“underlyingsystem”.(P129)
4.FerdinandvonHumboldt(22June1767–8April1835)wasaGermanphilosopher,governmentfunctionary,diplomat,andfounderofHumboldtUniversitä
t.Heisespeciallyrememberedasalinguistwhomadeimportantcontributionstothephilosophyoflanguageandtothetheoryandpracticeofeducation.Inparticular,heiswidelyrecognizedashavingbeenthearchitectofthePrussianeducationsystemwhichwasusedasamodelforeducationsystemsincountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapan.(P142)
5.CharlesF.Hockett(January17,1916–November3,2000)wasanAmericanlinguistwhodevelopedmanyinfluentialideasinAmericanstructuralistlinguistics.Herepresentsthepost-Bloomfieldianphaseofstructuralismoftenreferredtoas"
distributionalism"
or"
taxonomicstructuralism"
.HisacademiccareerspannedoverhalfacenturyatCornellandRiceuniversities.(P143)
6.LarrySelinkerproposedthetheoryofinterlanguage(1972),notingthatinagivensituationtheutterancesproducedbythelearneraredifferentfromthosenativespeakerswouldproducehadtheyattemptedtoconveythesamemeaning.Thiscomparisonrevealsaseparatelinguisticsystem.(P125)
7.Malinowski(7April1884–16May1942)wasaPolishanthropologist,widelyconsideredoneofthemostimportant20th-centuryanthropologists,andalsoinfluentialinstructuralfunctionalistsociology.HispioneeringethnographicfieldworkmadeamajorcontributiontothestudyofMelanesiaandofphenomenarelatingtoreciprocity.Andhisstudydohavesomecontributiontothelinguistics.(P138)
8.LouisHjelmslev(October3,1899
–May30,1965)wasaDanishlinguistwhoseideasformedthebasisoftheCopenhagenSchooloflinguistics.Bornintoanacademicfamily,HjelmslevstudiedcomparativelinguisticsinCopenhagen,PragueandParis(witha.o.AntoineMeilletandJosephVendryes).In1931,hehelpedtofoundtheCercleLinguistiquedeCopenhague.TogetherwithHansJø
rgenUldallhedevelopedanewtheoryonlanguage,coiningthewordGlossematik(inEnglish,glossematics;
thewordwaspartiallyderivedfromtheGreek"
glossa"
whichmeans"
tongue"
language"
).Hjelmslev'
ssignmodelisadevelopmentofSaussure'
sbilateralsignmodel.Saussureconsideredasignashavingtwosides,signifierandsignified,andalsodistinguishedbetweenformandsubstance.Hjelmslev'
sfamouslyrenamedsignifierandsignifiedasrespectivelyexpressionplaneandcontentplane.Thecombinationsofthefourwoulddistinguishbetweenformofcontent,formofexpression,substanceofcontent,andsubstanceofexpression.InHjelmslev'
sanalysis,asignisafunctionbetweentwoforms,acontentformandanexpressionform,andthisisthestartingpointoflinguisticanalysis.However,everysignfunctionisalsomanifestedbytwosubstances:
thecontentsubstanceandtheexpressionsubstance.Thecontentsubstanceisthepsychologicalandconceptualmanifestationofthesign.Theexpressionsubstanceisthematerialsubstancewhereinasignismanifested.Thissubstancecanbesound,asisthecaseformostknownlanguages,butitcanbeanymaterialsupportwhatsoever,forinstance,handmovements,asisthecaseforsignlanguages,ordistinctivemarksonasuitablemediumasinthemanydifferentwritingsystemsoftheworld.(P134)
9.KennethLeePike(June9,1912–December31,2000),alsoknownduringhislifeasKenPike,wasanAmericanlinguistandanthropologist.Hewastheoriginatorofthetheoryoftagmemicsandcoineroftheterms"
emic"
and"
etic"
.Pikeisbestknownforhisdistinctionbetweentheemicandtheetic."
Emic"
(asin"
phonemics"
)referstothesubjectiveunderstandingandaccountofmeaninginthesoundsoflanguages,while"
(asinphonetics"
)referstotheobjectivestudyofthosesounds.Pikearguedthatonlynativespeakersarecompetentjudgesofemicdescriptions,andarethuscrucialinprovidingdataforlinguisticresearch,whileinvestigatorsfromoutsidethelinguisticgroupapplyscientificmethodsintheanalysisoflanguage,producingeticdescriptionswhichareverifiableandreproducible.PikehimselfcarriedoutstudiesofindigenouslanguagesinAustralia,Bolivia,Ecuador,Ghana,Java,Mexico,Nepal,NewGuinea,Nigeria,thePhilippines,andPeru.(P134)
10.JohnRupertFirth(1890–1960),commonlyknownasJ.R.Firth,wasanEnglishlinguist.HewasProfessorofEnglishattheUniversityofthePunjabfrom1919-1928.HethenworkedinthephoneticsdepartmentofUniversityCollegeLondonbeforemovingtotheSchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,wherehebecameProfessorofGeneralLinguistics,apositionhehelduntilhisretirementin1956.Hisworkonprosody,whichheemphasizedattheexpenseofthephonemicprinciple,prefiguredlaterworkinautosegmentalphonology.Firthisnotedfordrawingattentiontothecontext-dependentnatureofmeaningwithhisnotionof'
contextofsituation'
.Andastothe'
LondonSchool’,asateacherwhoworksintheUniversityofLondonformorethan20years,FirthinfluencedagenerationofBritishlinguists.Thepopularityofhisideasamongcontemporariesgaverisetowhatwasknownasthe'
LondonSchool'
oflinguistics.AmongFirth'
sstudents,theso-calledneo-FirthianswereexemplifiedbyMichaelHalliday,whowasProfessorofGeneralLinguisticsintheUniversityofLondonfrom1965until1970.(P134)
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