写作技巧Word文档格式.docx
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写作技巧Word文档格式.docx
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Next,youshoulddecideonhowyouwouldclassifyyourspeech.Mostpublicspeakingcoursesdivideinformativespeechesintofourcategories:
(1)speechesaboutevents,
(2)speechesaboutobjects,(3)speechesaboutconcepts,and(4)speechesaboutprocesses.
3
Whatisyourgoal?
Onceyoudecideonthecategory,youmustthendevelopyourspecificpurpose.Dependingonyourcoursestructureandtheoreticalperspective,yourspecificpurposewilleitherbe"
speaker-centered"
or"
audience-centered."
Ifitisspeaker-centered,thenyourspecificpurposewillusuallybeginas,"
Toinformmyaudienceabout..."
incontrasttoanaudience-centeredspeechwhichtypicallybegins,"
Attheendofmyspeech,Iwantmyaudienceto..."
Determiningyourspecificpurposeisimportantsinceitwillguideyouduringthespeechwritingprocesssothatyoustayfocusedonwhatyouhopetoaccomplishwiththespeech.Itwillensurethatyoudonotstraytoofaroffthetopicanddiscussirrelevantmaterialthatwillmakeyourcommunicationmessagelessclear.
4
Howwillyouorderyourspeech?
Itisnowtimetobeginyouroutline.Howyouorganizeyouroutlinewilldependonyourspeech'
sclassification.
Ifitisaspeechonanevent,youcouldusea"
chronological"
orderinwhichyoutalkaboutincidentsintheorderthattheyactuallyoccurred.Ifyourspecificpurposepertainstoshowinghowsomeeventledtosomething,thenyoucouldusea"
causal"
order.Themostcommonformatofcausalorderistogofromspeakingaboutthecausefirst,andthenmovingtotheeffect.Athirdoptionischoosinga"
topical"
orderinwhichyoucantalkabouteventaspectsinanylogicalorder.
Anexampleofwhenyouwouldusetopicalwouldbeifyouchosetoinformyouraudienceaboutthemanyeventsinahighschooltrackmeet(polevault,100meterdash,etc.).
Ifyouspeechisaboutanobject,thenyoucanadapta"
chronological."
Anotherwaytoarrangeaninformativespeechaboutanobjectistousea"
spatial"
order.Thisismostcommonifyouaredescribingaregiononamap.Here,youmightdiscussthenorthpartfirst,thenmovetothesouth,andfinallytalkabouttheeastandwestportionsofageographicregion.
Ifyouchoosetogiveaninformativespeechovera"
concept,"
thenyourorderchoiceisratherlimited.Mostspeakerswillchoosethe"
ordersinceyouwanttopreciselyspelloutthemainaspectsandcharacteristicsofyourconcept.
Finally,ifyouchooseaninformativespeechona"
process,"
thenyourchoicesaregenerallylimitedtotheordersofeither"
topical."
5
Sources,sources,sources.
Afteryouhavedecidedonyourappropriateorder,youshouldalwaysutilizeexternalsourcesinordertoback-upyourcentralideaandmainpoints.MakesureyoueitherverballycitethesesourcesorincludethesourcesinyourPowerPointslides,whileyouarepresenting.Rememberthatitisimportanttohavecredibilityinwhateversettingyouaregivinganinformativespeech.
6
Don'
tforgetbasicspeechelements.
Remembertoincludeallofthefollowingpartsinyouroutline:
Attention-getter,establishmentofethos,previewofwhatyouwilltalkabout,mainpointsandtheirsubpoints,summaryinconclusion,memorableendingaswellasthetransitionsyouwillusetomovefromtopictotopic.
Tips&
Warnings
∙Akeytopublicspeakingistoalwaysrelateyourmaterialtotheaudience.Whatisinterestingforyour,maynotbeinterestingforsomebodyelse.Onceyouchooseatopic,findouthowitrelatestothetargetpeopleinyouraudience.
∙Getsomebackgroundinformationonyouraudiencebeforeyoudecideonaspeechtopic.Youraudiencemayalreadyknowalotaboutyoursubject.Youraudiencemaygetoffendedifyoudonotprepareforsuchapossibility.Ifyouarespeakingtoanorganization,findoutwhattheirinterests/goalsare.Alwayscateryourtopictoyouraudience.
∙Makesureyourspeechisnottooabstract.Personalizeyourspeechbyrelatingittoyourownexperiencesorusingotherexamplesfromeverydayindividuals.Youcangetaroundabstractionbyusingdescriptionthatappealstoourfivesenses.
∙Avoidexpertlanguage.Donotuselanguagethatistootechnicalorjargonthatonlyexpertsinthatfieldwouldunderstand.Agoodideasistohavesomebody,whodoesnotknowanythingaboutyoursubject,readyouroutlineandseeifanythingisunclear.Seeifthatpersonunderstandsyourmessage.
TechniquesofPersuasiveCommunication:
OldWisdominaNewPackage
Http:
//N2008-9-25
01:
50 浏览:
38次 来源:
作者:
Philip
Yaffe
关键字:
OldWisdominaNewPackage
ec
Te
ge眼镜
热点直击:
Top
10
Affiliate
Marketing
Strategies
Whatyouareabouttoreadwillprobablysoundfamiliar.Indeed,ithasbeensaidmanytimesbefore.However,Ibelievethisformulationisoriginalandmayhelpyoubetterapplyitinyourmarketingcommunication.IimmodestlycallitYaffe%26rsquo;
sLaw.
Yaffe%26rsquo;
sLaw
Ifyougivepeoplewhattheywantfirst,thentheyarelikelytoacceptanythingelseyouwantthemtohave.Ifyougivethemwhatyouwantfirst,chancesaretheywon%26rsquo;
tacceptanythingatall.
Thisissimplytheclassicprinciplethatyoushouldwritefromthereader%26rsquo;
spointofview.Andofcoursewealldothis.Ordowe?
Howoftendoweinterpretwritingfromthereader%26rsquo;
spointofviewastellingpeople:
%26ldquo;
WhatIhavetosaywillbeofbenefittoyou,soyoushouldpaycloseattention%26rdquo;
?
Whenwedothis,weareinfactwritingfromourpointofview,nottheirs.Wemaysincerelybelievethatourmessageisimportantandbeneficialtoourpotentialreaders.Butunlesstheyagree%26mdash;
andagreealmostimmediately%26mdash;
theargumentislost.
Wehaveallbeenguiltyofsuchself-servinglogic,andsomeofusdoitmoreoftenthanwewouldliketoimagine.Thisiswhythisnewformulationoftheclassicprincipleispotentiallysouseful.Itforcefullyremindsusthatthereadersareking.Andlikeroyaltytheymustbeservedfirst.Onlyafterreadershavesampledwhatwehaveonofferandfinditpalatablewilltheybetrulyinclinedtolistentowhatwewanttosay.Assimilateit.Andhopefullyactonit.
ThepowerofYaffe%26rsquo;
sLawliesinthefactthatitismorethanjustareminder.Itisinfactaformulaforensuringthatyouwillalwayswritefromthereader%26rsquo;
spointofview.Thetrickisfirsttoapplytheformula,thencheckhowwellyouhaveappliedit%26mdash;
and,ifnecessary,reapplyit.
Theformulaconsistsofthreesteps:
1.Determinewhatyourreadersreallywanttoknow,ratherthanwhatyouwanttosay.
2.Givethistothem--first.
3.Linkwhatyouwanttosaytowhattheyreallywanttoknow.
HereareafewexamplesofhowYaffe%26rsquo;
sLawworksinpractice.
CorporateImageBrochure
Iwasoncecommissionedtowriteacorporateimagebrochure.Twothingsarecertainabouttheseexpensive,glossybooklets:
%26bull;
Almostallcompaniesofanysizefeelcompelledtoproducethem.
Virtuallynooneeverreadsthem.
Byapplyingtheformula,Icreatedabrochurethatpeoplenotonlyread.Theycalledthecompanytorequestadditionalcopiestogivetofriends,clientsandprofessionalcolleagues!
How?
Istartedfromtheassumptionthatnoonewouldwanttoreadanythingaboutthecompanyitself.SoIaskedmyself:
Whatthingsdoesthecompanydothatpeoplemightreallywanttoreadabout?
Thecompany%26rsquo;
sbasicactivitywasproducingvaccines.Weareallnaturallyinterestedinhealthandvirtuallyeveryoneknowstheimportanceofvaccination.Herewerealreadytwothingspeoplemightwanttoreadabout.
Iwasabletodefinesevenareasofthecompany%26rsquo;
sactivitiesthatcouldbenaturallyattractivetopotentialreaders.However,itdidn%26rsquo;
tstopthere.Ifallthisinterestinginformationweremixedupwithcompanypublicity,peop
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