英语四级考试真题及答案第2套Word文档下载推荐.docx
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英语四级考试真题及答案第2套Word文档下载推荐.docx
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publishedFeb.1inNature,RobertLustig,LauraSchmidtandClaireBrindisarguethatit'
swrongtoconsidersugarjust"
emptycalories."
Theywrite:
"
Thereisnothingemptyaboutthesecalories.Agrowingbodyofscientificevidenceisshowingthatfructose(果糖)cantriggerprocessesthatleadtolivertoxicityandahostofotherchronicdiseases.Alittleisnotaproblem,butalotkills-slowly."
Almosteveryone'
sheardof-orpersonallyexperienced-thewell-knownsugarhigh,soperhapsthecomparisonbetweensugarandalcoholortobaccoshouldn'
tcomeasasurprise.Butit'
sdoubtfulthatAmericanswilllookfavorablyuponregulatingtheirfavoritevice.We'
reanationthat'
ssweetonsugar:
theaverageUSadultdowns22teaspoonsofsugaraday,accordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociation,andsurveyshavefoundthatteensswallow34teaspoons.
Tocounterourconsumption,theauthorsadvocatetaxingsugaryfoodsandcontrollingsalestokidsunder17.Already,17%ofUSchildrenandteensareobese(肥胖的),andacrosstheworldthesugarintake(摄入)hasincreasedthreetimesinthepast50years.Theincreasehashelpedcreateaglobalobesityplaguethatcontributesto35millionannualdeathsworldwidefromnoninfectiousdiseasesincludingcancer,heartdiseaseanddiabetes.LindaMatzigkeit,aseniorvicepresidentatChildren'
sHealthcare,said"
Wehavetodosomethingaboutthisorourcountryisindanger.It'
snotgoodifyourstatehasthesecond-highestobesityrate.Obesechildrenturnintoobeseadults."
"
Therearegoodcaloriesandbadcalories,justastherearegoodfatsandbadfats,goodaminoacids(氨基酸)andbadaminoacids,"
Lustig,directoroftheWeightAssessmentforTeenandChildHealthprogramatUCSF,saidinastatement."
Butsugaristoxicbeyonditscalories."
Thefoodindustrytriestoimplythat"
acalorieisacalorie,"
saysKellyBrownell,directoroftheRuddCenterforFoodPolicyandObesityatYaleUniversity."
Butthisandotherresearchsuggeststhereissomethingdifferentaboutsugar,"
saysBrownell.
TheUCSFreportemphasizesthemetabolic(新陈代谢的)effectsofsugar.Excesssugarcanaltermetabolism,raisebloodpressure,affectthesignalingofhormonesanddamagetheliver-outcomesthatsoundsuspiciouslysimilartowhatcanhappenafterapersondrinkstoomuchalcohol.Schmidt,co-chairofUCSF'
sCommunityEngagementandHealthPolicyprogram,notedonCNN:
Whenyouthinkaboutit,thisactuallymakesalotofsense.Alcohol,afterall,issimplymadefromsugar.Wheredoesvodkacomefrom?
Sugar."
Buttherearealsootherareasofimpactthatresearchershaveinvestigated:
theeffectofsugaronthebrainandhowliquidcaloriesareinterpreteddifferentlybythebodythansolids.Researchhassuggestedthatsugaractivatesthesamerewardpathwaysinthebrainastraditionaldrugsofabuselikemorphineorheroin.Nooneisclaimingtheeffectofsugarisquitethatstrong,but,saysBrownell,"
ithelpsconfirmwhatpeopletellyousometimes,thattheyhungerforsugarandhavewithdrawalsymptomswhentheystopeatingit."
There'
salsosomethingparticularlytrickyaboutsugarydrinks."
Whencaloriescomeinliquids,thebodydoesn'
tfeelasfull,"
saysBrownell."
Peoplearegettingmoreoftheircaloriesthaneverbeforefromsugareddrinks."
Othercountries,includingFrance,GreeceandDenmark,imposesodataxes,andtheconceptisbeingconsideredinatleast20UScitiesandstates.Lastsummer,Philadelphiacameclosetopassinga2-cents-per-ouncesodatax.TheRuddCenterhasbeenastrongadvocateofamoremodest1-cent-per-ouncetax.Butatleastonestudy,from2010,hasraiseddoubtsthatsodataxeswouldresultinsignificantweightloss:
apparentlypeoplewhoaredeterminedtoeat-anddrink-unhealthilywillfindwaystodoit.Teens-nosurprise-aregoodatfindingwaystogetthethingstheycan'
thave,sostatepoliciesbanningallsugar-sweeteneddrinksfrompublicschoolsandprovidingonlywater,milkor100%fruitjuiceshaven'
thadtheintendedeffectofsteeringkidsawayfromdrinkingsugareddrinks:
theaverageteenconsumesabout300caloriesperday-that'
snearly15%ofhisdailycalories-insweeteneddrinks,andthefoodanddrinkindustryisonlytoohappytofeedthisneed.
Ultimately,regulatingsugarwillproveparticularlytrickybecauseitgoesbeyondhealthconcerns;
sugar,forsomanypeople,islove.Aplateofcut-upvegetablesjustdoesn'
tpackthesameemotionalpunchasatinofhome-madechocolatechipcookies(饼干),whichiswhyItookmydaughteroutforacupcakeandnotanappleasanafter-schooltreattoday.Wedon'
tdothatregularly-it'
sthefirsttimethisschoolyear,actually-andthat'
swhatmadeitspecial.Asasociety,couldweeverreachthepointwherewe'
dthinkapples-notacupcake-aresomethingtogetexcitedover?
SaysBrindis,oneofthereport'
sauthorsanddirectorofUCSF'
sPhilipR.LeeInstituteforHealthPolicyStudies:
Werecognizethatthereareculturalandcelebratoryaspectsofsugar.Changingthesepatternsisverycomplicated."
Forinroads(进展)tobemade,saytheauthorsintheirstatement,peoplehavetobebettereducatedaboutthehazardsofsugarandagreethatsomething'
sgottochange:
Manyoftheinterventions(干预)thathavereducedalcoholandtobaccoconsumptioncanbemodelsforaddressingthesugarproblem,suchasimposingspecialsalestaxes,controllingaccess,andtighteninglicensingrequirementsonvendingmachine(自动售货机)andsnack-barsthatsellhighsugarproductsinschoolsandworkplaces.
We'
renottalkingprohibition,"
Schmidtsaid."
renotadvocatingamajorimpositionofthegovernmentintopeople'
slives.We'
retalkingaboutgentlewaystomakesugarconsumptionslightlylessconvenient,therebymovingpeopleawayfromtheconcentrateddose.Whatwewantistoactuallyincreasepeople'
schoicesbymakingfoodsthataren'
tloadedwithsugarcomparativelyeasierandcheapertoget."
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.Whydosomeresearchersthinksugarshouldbeconsidered"
acontrolledsubstance"
?
A)Itcontainsnothingbutemptycalories.
B)Itisasharmfulasmorphineandheroin.
C)Itworksthesamewayasalcoholandtobaccointhehumanbody.
D)Excessiveintakeofsugarresultsinlivertoxicityandvariousdiseases.
2.WhatmightbeAmericans'
attitudetowardsgovernmentregulationofsugarconsumption?
A)Enthusiastic.B)Indifferent.C)Disapproving.D)Supportive.
3.Whatisaconsequenceofexcessivesugarintakeworldwide?
A)Itcontributesto35millionnoninfectiousdisease-relateddeathsayear.
B)Ithasincreasedthedeathtollnearlythreetimesinthepast50years.
C)Itcontributestotheriseofpricesofsugarandsugaryfoods.
D)Ithasincreasedtheglobalobesityratetosome17percent.
4.Thefoodindustrytriestorelievethepublicworryaboutsugarintakebysuggestingthat_____________.
A)sugarisnomorethanasourceofenergy
B)sugarisnotharmfullikealcoholortobacco
C)thehazardofsugartothebodyisexaggerated
D)theconsumptionofsugariseasilycontrollable
5.AccordingtoBrownell,liquidsugar_____________.
A)isespeciallyattractivetoyoungchildren
B)ismucheasierandquickertoabsorbthansolidsugar
C)effectivelystimulatespeople'
sappetite
D)increasesyourcalorieintakewithoutyourknowingit
6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepracticeofimposingsugartaxes?
A)Itwillharmthefoodanddrinkindustry.
B)Itisunlikelytoyieldtheintendedeffect.
C)Itislikelytoalterpeople'
seatinghabits.
D)Itcansteerkidsawayfromsugaryfoods.
7.Regulatingsugarwillprovetrickybecause_____________.
A)peopleconsumesugarinlargequantities
B)nothinghasbeenfoundtoreplacesugar
C)sugarmayconveyasenseoflove
D)manyfoodswillbecometasteless
8.Inordertoreducesugarconsumption,educationshouldbeconductedtoraisepeople'
sawarenessofits_____________.
9.Toaddressthesugarproblem,theauthorsuggeststhatthelicensingrequirementsonvendingmachineandsnack-barssellinghighsugarproductsbe_____________.
10.Agentlewaytosteerpeopleawayfromsugaristomakeinexpensive,low-sugarfoods_____________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作
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