英语四级试题及评分的标准文档格式.docx
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英语四级试题及评分的标准文档格式.docx
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PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
WhyIntegrityMatters
WhatIsIntegrity?
Thekeytointegrityisconsistency-notonlysettinghighpersonalstandardsforoneself(honesty,responsibility,respectforothers,fairness)butalsolivinguptothosestandardseachandeveryday.Onewhohasintegrityisboundbyandfollowsmoralandethical(道德上的)standardsevenwhenmakinglife'
shardchoices,choiceswhichmaybecloudedbystress,pressuretosucceed,ortemptation.
Whathappensifwelie,cheat,steal,orviolateotherethicalstandards?
Wefeeldisappointedinourselvesandashamed.Butalapse(缺失)ofintegrityalsoaffectsourrelationshipswithothers.Trustisessentialinanyimportantrelationship,whetherpersonalorprofessional.Whocantrustsomeonewhoisdishonestorunfair?
Thusintegritymustbeoneofourmostimportantgoals.
RiskyBusiness
Weareeachresponsibleforourowndecisions,evenifthedecision,makingprocesshasbeenunderminedbystressorpeerpressure.Therealtestofcharacteriswhetherwecanlearnfromourmistake,byunderstandingwhyweactedaswedidandthenexploringwaystoavoidsimilarproblemsinthefuture.
Makingethicaldecisionsisacriticalpartofavoidingfutureproblems.Wemustlearntorecognizerisks,becauseifwecan'
tseetheriskswe'
retaking,wecan'
tmakeresponsiblechoices.Toidentifyrisks,weneedtoknowtherulesandbeawareofthefacts.Forexample,onewhodoesn'
tknowtherulesaaboutplagiarism(剽窃)mayaccidentallyusewordsorideaswithoutgivingpropercreditoronewhofailstokeepcarefulresearchnotesmayunintentionallyfailtoquoteandcitesourcesasrequired.Butthefactthatsuchaviolationis"
unintentional"
doesnotexcusethemisconduct,Ignoranceisnotadefense.
"
ButEverybodyDoesIt"
Mostpeoplewhogetintroubledoknowtherulesandfactsbutmanagetofoolthemselvesabouttherisksthey'
retakingbyusingexcuses:
"
Everyoneelsedoesit."
I'
mnothurtinganyone"
or"
Ireallyneedthisgrade."
Excusescangetveryelaborate:
IknowI'
mlookatanother'
sexam,eventhoughI'
msupposedtokeepmyeyesonmyownpaper,butthat'
snotcheatingbecauseI’mjustcheckingmyanswers,notcopying."
Wemustbehonestaboutouractionsandavoidexcuses,ifwefoolourselvesintobelievingwe'
renotdoinganythingwrong,wecan'
tseetherealchoicewe'
remaking-andthatleadstobaddecisions.
Toavoidfoolingyourself,watchoutforexcusesandtrythistest:
Askhowyouwouldfeelifyouractionswerepublicandanyonecouldbewatchingoveryourshoulder.Ifyou'
dratherhideyouractions,that'
sanindicationthatyou'
retakingariskandrationalizingittoyourself.
EvaluatingRisks
Todecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmolatebenefitsandsimplyhaven'
tconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareseriousandmayincludea"
O"
onatestorassignment,an"
F"
intheclass,suspension(暂令停学)ordismissalfromschoolandaruinedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaroleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlifeandgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishmentthatyouhavenocontrolover.Thisisanextremelyvulnerable(脆弱的)position.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeathorhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearen'
tmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.
GettingAwaywithit-OrNot
Thosewhodon'
tgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesn'
tlearnfromthetest,whichdeprives(剥夺)him/herofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceandindependence:
thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-respectandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guiltyandafraidofgettingcaught.
Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesn'
tgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecauseitseems"
easier."
Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.
CheatingHurtsOther,Too
Cheatersoftenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractions"
don'
tcount"
anddon'
treallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveanintensecumulative(累积的)effect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,cheatinghurtsothers'
grades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheating"
poisons"
theclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin.("
IfIdon'
tcheatIcan'
tcompetewiththosewhodo"
)Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn.Butacheatersays."
mnotinterestedinwhatyou'
retryingtoteach,allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers."
Theendresultisadestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheuniversityandharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.
WhyIntegrityMatters
Ifcheatingbecomesthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofothers,ifnot,wecouldn'
tputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonaplane,gotothedentist--thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloanscandal,thestockmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchincidentstakeatremendoustollonournation'
seconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsavailabletoreducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.
Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.
1.Apersonofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso_______.
A)stickstothemintheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoothers
C)understandstheirtruevaluesD)seesthatothersalsofollowthem
2.Whatroledoesintegrityplayinpersonalandprofessionalrelationships?
A)IthelpstocreateteamspiritB)Itfacilitatescommunication
C)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustD)Itinspiresmutualrespect
3.whymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtotake?
A.Toensurewemakeresponsiblechoices.B.Toavoidbeingoverwhelmedbystress.
C.sothatwedon’tbreakanyrules.D.sothatwedon’trunintotrouble.
4.Violationofaruleismisconductevenif_______?
A.ithascausednoharm.B.itisclaimedtobeunintentional.
C.ithasgoneunnoticed.D.itiscommittedwithgoodintentions.
5.Whatshouldonedoifhedoesn’twishtofoolhimself?
A.Avoidmakingexcuses.B.Listentootherpeople’sadvice.
C.Makehisintensionspublic.D.Haveotherswatchoverhisshoulder.
6.Thosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron_______.
A.willoftenbecomemorecautiousB.areusuallyveryaggressive
C.valueimmediatebenefitsmost.D.mayloseeverythingintheend
7.Accordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesn’tgetcaughtrightawaywill_______.
A)paymoredearlyB)becomemoreconfident
C)bewidelyadmiredD)feelsomewhatlucky
8.Cheatersatexamdon’tcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto_____________________________.
9.Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeople’s_________________________.
10.ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultof________________________________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension
11.A)Readthenoticeonthewindow.C)Getanewbusschedule.
B)GoandaskthestaffD)BoardthebustoCleveland.
12.A)Hewaslookingforwardtoseeingthegiraffes.
B)Heenjoyedwatchingtheanimalperformance.
C)HegothometoolatetoseetheTVspecial.
D)HefellasleepinthemiddleoftheTVprogram.
13.A)shewantstotakethemostdirectway.B)Shemaymelateforthefootballgame.
C)Sheisworriedaboutmissingherflight.D)Sheiscurrentlycaughtinatrafficjam.
14.A)AtarestaurantC)Ataclinic.B)Inafishshop.D)Onafishingboat.
15.A)Heisanexperiencedsalesmanager.B)Heisbeinginterviewedforajob.
C)Heisaclosefriendofthewoman.D)Heisgoodatansweringtrickyquestions.
16.A)Themanshouldconsiderhisprivacyfirst.B)Themanwillchoosealow-rentapartment.
C)Themanisnotcertainifhecanfindaquieterplace.
D)Themanisunlikelytomoveoutofthedormitory.
17.A)Thewomanisgoingtomakehertopicmorefocused.
B)themanandwomanareworkingonajointproject.
C)Oneshouldbechooseabroadtopicforaresearchpaper.
D)Ittookalotoftimetogetthemanontherighttrack.
18.A)Theywentcampingthistimelastyear.B)Theydidn’tquiteenjoytheirlastpicnic.
C)Theylearnedtocooperateu
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