Research ProjectWord格式文档下载.docx
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Research ProjectWord格式文档下载.docx
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DrillingandtheImportance4
HowtoPredictanAccuratePenetrationRate5
TwoMaincategories5
Literaturereview6
DrillingMethod7
Where8
PRisthepenetrationrate(cm/min)8
RQDistherockqualitydesignation(%)8
BListhebitload(kg)8
BRisthebitrotation(rpm).8
RotaryDrilling8
PercussiveDrilling9
PercussiveDrillingError!
Bookmarknotdefined.
RotaryBlastholeDrills:
9
DrillabilityModel9
FactorsAffecting12
OperationalVariable(ControllableParameters)12
DrillingPenetrationRate16
SpecificEnergy:
16
ResistancetoDrilling17
IndirectMethodtoMeasurePenetrationRateIndex17
Pressureloss17
Drillingmachinetype18
PowerTransfer20
Impactstrengthindex22
MathematicalmodelofANN30
ReviewofLiterature:
32
ProblemStatement:
33
Conclusion34
Appendix:
34
Appendix1:
RelationbetweenUCSandPR:
Appendix2:
RelationbetweenBTSandPR:
Appendix3:
YoungModuleandPR:
35
Appendix4:
SaturatedandDryDensity35
References36
Notableoffiguresentriesfound.
Introduction
DrillingandtheImportance
Duringthepastyears,thevitalsubjectininvestigationofpreliminaryminesitewasdrillingandblasting.Drillinganddrillabilityarecategorizedbetweenthesignificantactivitiesinminingsitethatlessaccuracyormistaketodotheseactivitiescanbearanextensivecostandriskforminingcompanies(Thuro,1997a;
Yaşar,Ranjith,&
Viete,2011).Therefore,itisimportanttodeeplyunderstandthedrillabilityandthemainfactorsthataffectit,andlookingforthosewaysandmethodstoenhanceandimproveitsefficiency.
Improvementofdrillingprocessispossibleintwodifferentways,whichareincreasetherateofdrillingvelocity(Penetrationrate)andreducethebitwear.Studytheliteraturerelatetodrillingefficiencyshowtheconsensusbetweenscholarsabouttheimportanceofthesetwofactorsonthedrillingprocess.Forexample,ArabjamaloeiandDehkordi(2012)arguedthatthemostimportantfactorsindrillingactivityarepenetrationrate.Theyshowedthatunderstandingofhowdrillingparametersincorporatetomakeaspecificrateofpenetration,resulttodesignanoptimizedmethodthatusedalltheseparameterstohavethehighestefficiencyandlowestcostfordrillingcompany(Aalizad&
Rashidinejad,2012;
Arabjamaloei&
KarimiDehkordi,2012;
Basarir,Tutluoglu,&
Karpuz,2014a;
Yaşaretal.,2011).Inothercase,Bruland(1998)arguedthatoneoftheimportantfactorsinrockblastingandtunnellingispenetrationrate,hementionedthatPRIhasagreatinfluenceonbothtimeandcostandalsothemethodandequipmentwhichhavetouseduringminingactivity(Basarir,Tutluoglu,&
Karpuz,2014b;
Bruland,2000).
Therefore,itcanconcludethatpenetrationrateordrillingvelocityisoneofthemostimportantfactorsindeterminingtheefficiencyofdrillingprocess;
however,itisnottheonlyone.
Theotherfactorwhichcaneffectonefficiencyofdrillingactivityisreductionofbitwear(Basariretal.,2014b;
Somerton,1959;
Yarali&
Soyer,2011).ForinstanceThuro(1997)showedthattoachievethedesirableresultforadrilling,itisnecessarytoreducethebitwear.Moreover,hementionedthatquartescontentinthehostrockispositivelycorrelatedwithincreaseofbitwear(Thuro,1997a,1997b).Furthermore,Kahramanetal(2003)aftertheirinvestigationshowedthatbitwearisasignificantfactortoincreaseefficiencyofdrillingprocessandparticularlyfordrillingpercussivedrilling(Aalizad&
S.Kahramanetal.,2003).Therefore,itisrequiredtodesignthetoolsandmethodstoreducethebitwearduringdrillingactivitytoincreasetheefficiencyofdrillingprocess.
Altogether,itcanconcludethatthetwomainfactorswhichcaneffectontheproficiencyofdrillingprocessarepenetrationrateandbitwear.Inthisstudy,itisaimedtofocusonpenetrationrateandhowtoachieveaformulawhichcanpredictitmoreaccuratelybasedonthetwovitalcategories(ControllableVariablesandUncontrollableVariables)whichtheywillexplainindetailinliteraturereview.
HowtoPredictanAccuratePenetrationRate
Theimportanceofrockdrillingindifferentminingandpetroleumengineeringproject,becauseofitshighreliabilityandsafetytodetermineandidentifythedeepnaturalresources,causesthatitisstillusedbymanyengineeringproject(Basariretal.,2014b).Moreover,theexpensiveoperationalcostsinbothpetroleumandminingprojectwhichcanbesolvedbyaccurateandproperdrillingprocessleadseveralscholarstoconsideronbothfactorsandparameterswhichinvolvedindrillingandcaninfluenceonpenetrationrate.Therefore,todaythereisahighdemandtounderstandthedrillingfactorsandhowtoestimateandincreasetheefficiencyofdrillingprocess(Estes,1971;
Lummus,1970;
Moein,Shaabani,&
Rezaeian,2014;
Singh,Jain,&
Sarkar,2009).
Asitmentionedintheintroduction,drillingperformanceincreaseandoptimisewithtwosignificantfactorswhicharePenetrationrateandbitwear(Basariretal.,2014b).Betweenthesetwofactors,themostimportantoneispenetrationrateandthatiswhymanyresearcherstriedtofindthemostrelatedfactorswhichcaninfluenceonefficiencyofpenetrationrate.Predictanaccuratepenetrationratewhichisclosetorealoractualpenetrationrate,preventanydramaticproblemsandspecificallyfinancialproblemsduringtheminingactivity;
therefore,itisimportanttofullyunderstandallthefactorswhichcaneffectonpenetrationrateofdrillingprocessanddeterminehowtheyeffectonit(Yarali&
Soyer,2011).
TwoMaincategories
Oneofthemostimportantfactorstopredictthepenetrationrateisphysical,mechanicalandpetrographicpropertiesoftherockwhicharealltogetherhasvitaleffectondeterminingofdrillingcost.Inthiscasetherearemanyscholarswhoconsiderondifferentrockpropertiesfactorwhichcanbeeffectonpenetrationrate.Forexample,Paoneetal(1966)arguedthatthereissignificantcorrelationbetweenthepenetrationrateandrockpropertiesandparticularlyuniaxialcompressiveandtensilestrengthoftherock(Paone,Bruce,&
Virciglio,1966).Inaddition,Howarthetal(1986)reportedthestrongcorrelationbetweenthepenetrationrateandrockpropertiessuchasDryandsaturateddensity,Saturatedp-wavevelocity,saturateduniaxialcompressivestrengthandapparentporosity(D.Howarth,W.Adamson,&
J.Berndt,1986).Therefore,fromalltheseacademicstudies,itcanconcludethatoneoftheimportantcategoriestoestimatethepenetrationrateisrockmassproperties.
Ontheotherhand,thereareseveralresearcherswhoconsideredtheoperationalproperties(Drillingequipmentandfacilities)astheotherimportantcategoriesthatcaninfluenceonpenetrationrate(Karpuz,Paşamehmetogˇlu,Dinç
er,&
Mü
ftü
oglu,1990).Forexample,Paoneetal(1966)arguethatthrustandrotationalspeedarethemostimportantequipmentfactorsthatcaninfluenceonpenetrationrate(Paoneetal.,1966).Moreover,ErsoyandWaller(1995)aftertheirinvestigation,showedthatrateofpenetrationissignificantlycorrelatedwithoperationalpropertiessuchasweightonthebitandrotationalspeed(Ersoy&
Waller,1995).Therefore,thesecondimportantcategorywhichcaneffectonrateofpenetrationisequipmentproperties.
Basedonthereviewofalltheseacademicstudies,itcanconcludethatthemostrelevantcategorieswhicheffectonpenetrationratearerockmassproperties(forinstanceUniaxialCompressiveStrengthandRockqualityDesignation)andmachineoroperationalproperties(BitLoadandBitRotation)(AlvarezGrima&
Babuška,1999;
Bruines,1988).
Literaturereview
Bytheexplanationofthematerialsinintroductionparts,nowinthispart(Literaturereview),itisaimedtodeeplyexplainabout:
∙Drillingmethod
✓Diamond
✓Percussive
✓Rotary
∙DrillabilityModel
✓SpecificEnergy
✓ResistancetoDrilling
✓BitWearIndex(BWI)
✓CutterLifeIndex(CLI)
✓BrittlenessModel
∙FactorAffecting
✓RockProperties
vApparentPorosity
vUniaxialCompressiveStrength
vRockQualityDesignation
vTensileStrengthoftheRock
vDensity
vYoungModule
vS-WaveVelocity
vP-WaveVelocity
vSchmidtHammer
vShoreHardness
vAbrasiveness
✓MachineProperties
vHoleDiameter
vHoleLength
vPressure
vFeed
vPercussion
vSpeed
vShape
vThrust
vBlowFrequency
∙ReviewofRecentStudies
∙SummaryofallStudies
Foralltheabovecategoriesitistriedtoexplainthembrieflyandexpressinwhatmattertheycaninfluenceonpenetrationrate.Moreover,itistriedtomentionexactlytheresultofpreviousstudy,whethertheysupportorignorethatparticularfactor.
DrillingMethod
Drillingisoneofthesignificantandessentialactivitiesinbothminingandpetroleumactivities.Itisusedinbothexplorationandexcavationstageandplaysprominentroleinboth.Theimportanceofdrillingwillbecomemorewhenitisrealizedthatalmostallactivitiessuchasmachineryselectiondirectlyorindirectlydependenttotheresultofdrilling.Therefore,itisimportanttousethemostaccuratemethodwhichisapplicablewiththecharacteristicsoftheMineregionoramongothercharacteristics.Inthispart,itistriedtoexplainthemostlyuseddrillingmethodandth
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