太阳能电池中英文对照外文翻译文献文档格式.docx
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太阳能电池中英文对照外文翻译文献文档格式.docx
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HistoricalReviewofSolarEnergy
Solargenerallyreferstothesunsradiationenergy.CarriedoutinthesolarinteriorfromHtogetherintoaheliumthenuclearreaction,keptahugereleaseofenergy,andcontinuetothespaceradiationenergy,whichissolarenergy.Thissolarnuclearfusionreactioninsidethecantomaintainthehundredsofmillionsoffirsttime.Solarradiationtospacelaunch3.8x10^23kWpoweroftheradiation,ofwhich20billionthoftheEarthsatmospheretoreach.SolarenergyreachingtheEarthsatmosphere,30%oftheatmospherereflectance,23%ofatmosphericabsorption,andtheresttoreachtheEarthssurface.
Itspowerof80trillionkW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoalcombustionheatrelease.Theaveragepersquaremeterintheatmosphereoutsidetheareaofenergyperminutetoreceiveabout1367w.Abroadsenseofthesolarenergyonearthmanysources,suchaswindenergy,chemicalenergy,potentialenergyofwaterandsoon.Thenarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.
Atthisstage,theworldssolarenergyisstillthefocusofthestudyofsolarenergypowerplant,butthediversificationoftheuseofthecondenser,andtheintroductionofflat-platecollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid,thedevicegraduallyexpandeduptomaximumoutputpower73.64kW,ObjectiveTocomparetheclearandpractical,costremainshigh.Theconstructionofatypicaldeviceareasfollows:
1901,Californiabuiltasolar-poweredpumpingdevices,theuseoftruncatedconecondenserpower:
7.36kW;
1902~1908years,builtintheUnitedStatesfivesetsofdouble-cyclesolar-poweredengines,theuseofflat-panelcollectorandalowboilingpointworkingfluid;
in1913,
Humanuseofsolarenergyhasalonghistory.Chinamorethan2000yearsago,backintheWarringStatesperiod,onewillfindthattheuseoffoursteelmirrortofocussunlightignition;
useofsolarenergytodryagriculturalproducts.Thedevelopmentofmodern,solarenergyhasbecomeincreasinglywidespreaduse,itincludestheuseofsolarenergysolarthermal,solarphotovoltaicandsolarenergyuse,suchasthephotochemicaluse.Theuseofsolarphotochemicalreaction,apassiveuse(photo-thermalconversion)andthephotoelectricconversionintwoways.Anewsolarpowerandrenewablesourcesofenergyuse.
SiliconphotovoltaiccellsmainlyintheabsorptionofsolarlightenergyemittedbysiliconphotocellismainlyextractedfromthesandbythedevelopmentofBellLabs.Solarenergyistheinternalorthesurfaceofthesunsunspotcontinuousprocessofnuclearfusionreactionsproduceenergy.Earthsorbitontheaveragesolarradiationintensityforthe1367w/㎡.CircumferenceoftheEarthsequatorto40000km,andthuscalculatedtheEarthsenergycanbeobtained173000TW.Atsealevelstandardforpeakintensity1kw/m2,apointontheEarthssurface24hoftheannualaverageradiationintensity0.20kw/㎡,whichisequivalenttohave102000TWenergy
Humandependenceontheseenergytosurvive,includingallotherformsofrenewableenergy(exceptforgeothermalenergyresources),althoughthetotalamountofsolarenergyresourcesisthehumanequivalentoftheenergyusedbytenthousandtimes,butlowenergydensityofsolarenergy,anditvaryfromplacetoplace,fromtimetotimechange,thedevelopmentandutilizationofsolarenergywhichisfacingamajorproblem.Thesefeatureswillmakesolarenergyintheintegratedenergysystemoftheroleofsubjecttocertainrestrictions.
Theuseofsolarcells,throughthephotoelectricconversiontosolarenergyconversionisincludedinelectricity,theuseofsolarwaterheaters,theuseofsolarheathotwaterandusewaterforpowergeneration,usingsolarenergyfordesalination.Now,theuseofsolarenergyisnotverypopular,theuseofsolarpowercostsarehighthere,theproblemoflowconversionefficiency,butforsatellitesolarcellstoprovideenergyhasbeenapplied.
AlthoughtheEarthsatmospheresolarradiationtothetotalenergyonly22billionthsofaradiationenergy,ithasbeenashighas173,000TW,thatistosayasecondexposuretothesunsenergyonEarthisequivalenttofivemilliontonsofcoal.Earthwindenergy,hydropower,oceanthermalenergy,waveenergyandtidalenergyaswellassomecomesfromthesun;
eveninthefaceoftheearthsfossilfuels(suchascoal,oil,naturalgas,etc.)thatisfundamentallySinceancienttimesthestorageofsolarenergydown,sobyincludingabroadrangeofsolarenergyisverylarge,
henarrowsenseislimitedtosolarradiationofsolarlightthermal,photovoltaicandphotochemicalconversionofthedirectly.
Solarenergyisthefirsttime,butalsorenewableenergy.Itisrichinresources,canusefreeofcharge,andwithouttransportation,withoutanypollutiontotheenvironment.Formankindtocreateanewlife,sothatsocialandhumanenergyintoaeraofreducingpollution.
Solarcellshavetorespondtoalightandconvertsolarenergytopowerthedevice.Photovoltaiceffectcanproducemanykindsofmaterials,suchas:
singlecrystalsilicon,polycrystallinesilicon,amorphoussilicon,galliumarsenide,copperindiumselenium.Theyarebasicallythesameprincipleofpowergenerationisnowcrystalasanexampletodescribetheprocessoflightgeneration.P-typecrystallinesiliconavailableafterphosphorus-dopedN-typesilicon,theformationofP-Njunction.
Whenthesurfaceofsolarlight,thesiliconmaterialtobepartofphotonabsorption;
photonenergytransfertothesiliconatom,electronictransitionshavetakenplace,asafree-electronconcentrationinthePNjunctionformedonbothsidesofthepotentialdifference,whentheexternalcircuitconnectedwhentheeffectsofthevoltage,therewillbeacurrentflowingthroughtheexternalcircuithaveacertainamountofoutputpower.Thesubstanceofthisprocessare:
photonenergyintoelectricalenergyconversionprocess.
Siisourplanetsabundanceofstoragematerials.Sincethe19thcentury,scientistsdiscoveredthepropertiesofcrystallinesiliconsemiconductor,italmostchangedeverything,evenhumanthought,endofthe20thcentury.Ourlivescanbeseeneverywhere,siliconfigureandroleofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsistheformationofthepast15yearsthefastestgrowingindustry.Productionprocesscanbedividedintofivesteps:
a,purificationprocessb,theprocessofpullingrodc,slicingtheprocessofd,theprocessofsystembatterye,thecoursepackage.
Solarphotovoltaic
Isacomponentofphotovoltaicpanelsinthesunexposurewillgeneratedirectcurrentpowergenerationdevices,fromvirtuallyallsemiconductormaterials(egsilicon)aremadeofthinphotovoltaiccellscomposedofsolid.Becausethereisnopartofactivity,andwouldthusbealongtimeoperationwouldnotleadtoanyloss.Simplephotovoltaiccellsforwatchesandcomputerstoprovideenergy,andmorecomplexPVsystemstoprovidelightingforthehousingandpowersupply.Photovoltaicpanelscanbemadeintocomponentsofdifferentshapes,andcomponentscanbeconnectedtogeneratemorepower.Inrecentyears,thesurfaceoftheroofandbuildingwillbetheuseofphotovoltaicpanelscomponents,
Evenbeusedaswindows,skylightsorshelteredpartofdevices,whichareoftencalledphotovoltaicfacilitieswithPVsystemsinbuildings.
Solarthermal
Moderntechnologysolarthermalpolymerizationsunlightanduseitsenergyproducedhotwater,steamandelectricity.Inadditiontotheuseofappropriatetechnologytocollectsolarenergy,thebuildingcanalsomakeuseofthesunslightandheatenergyisaddedinthedesignofappropriateequipment,suchaslargewindowsoruseofthesouthcanabsorbandslowlyreleasethesunheatthebuildingmaterials.
Accordingtorecords,humanuseofsolarenergyhasmorethan3,000yearsofhistory.Tosolarenergyasanenergyandpoweruse,only300yearsofhistory.Therealsolarasthenearfuturetoaddmuch-neededenergy,thebasisofthefutureenergymixisthelatestthing.Sincethe20thcentury,70s,solartechnologyhasmaderapidadvances,solarenergyusewitheachpassingday.SolarenergyutilizationinmodernhistoryfromtheFrenchengineersin1615intheSolomonandGermanyCoxinventedtheworldsfirstsolar-poweredenginesrun.Theinventionisauseofsolarenergyheatingtheairtotheexpansionandpumpingmachinesacting.
In1615~1900,betweenthedevelopedworldandmorethanonesolarpowerplantandanumberofothersolarenergydevices.Almostallofthesepowerplantscollectthesunmeanstheuseofcondenser,enginepowerisnot,theworkingfluidiswatervapor,whichisveryexpensive,notpracticalvalue,themajorityofindividualstudiesformanufacturingsolarenthusiasts.100yearsofthe20thcentury,thehistoryofthedevelopmentofsolarenergytechnologyingeneralcanbedividedintosevenstages.
1.TheFirstStage(1900---1920)
Inthisstage,theresearchfocusofsolarenergyintheworldwerestillon
the
solar-powered
devicewhichvariablephotospotmethodwereappliedandflatplateheatcollectorandlowboilingpointactuatingmediumwerestartedtouse;
thecapacityofthedevicewasgraduallyexpandedwiththemax.outputpowerof73.46kW;
devicewasutilizedwiththedefiniteend-useandinhighercost.
Thetypicalbuiltdeviceincluded:
onesetof
solarenergy
pumpingdeviceconstructedinCaliforniaofU.Sin1901whichemployedtruncationtaperphotospotwiththepowerof7.36kW;
5setsoftwin-circulatedsolar-poweredenginebuiltinU.Sin1902to1908wh
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