专业英语翻译Word下载.docx
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专业英语翻译Word下载.docx
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指导教师:
杨大禹
院系:
建筑工程学院
2010年10月
SustainabilityandUrbanRedevelopment:
TheSt.LouisCase
Publication:
JournalofEnvironmentalHealth
Author:
Berg,Rebecca
Datepublished:
May1,2010
DeclineandSprawl
Inarecentinterview,FreemanBosley,Jr.,whowasmayorofSt.Louis,Missouri,from1993to1997,describestheneighborhoodhisfamilymovedintointhemid-1960s,whenhewasachild:
Itwasabeautifulhome,verysolidcommunity,ourblockwasprobably50/50white-black....Wehadtwotheaters....Wehadsportinggoodstores,wehadbakeries,wehadWoolworth'
s,wehadRexallDrugStores,wehadeverythingthatyouwouldneedtohaveacommunity,Imeantotallysolid.AndI'
mtalkingabout,wehadthisin1964.Andbythetime1972comesaround[whenhegraduatedfromhighschool],allthat'
sgone(Archibald,2009).
Hisdescriptionpreciselytracksthekindofwalkable,diverse,mixed-useneighborhoodthatplannersandpublichealthprofessionalsincreasinglyadvocateintheinterestsofeconomichealthandhumanhealth-andthatthegeneralpublicseemsincreasinglytoyearnfor.Onceuponatime,thiscountryhadsuchneighborhoodsinabundance.Orsoitseemed.Thevitalityanddiversitywere,afterall,temporary,aproductofdemographicshifts.Urbanpopulationsweredeclining;
flighttothesuburbswasinfullswing.Butwhenthehistoricalmomentwasover,somethingsignificanthadbeenlost.Perhapsthiscountryhasnotfullymournedthatloss,whichhascrampedlives,foreclosedopportunities,andbeendetrimentaltothehealthandwell-beingbothofthepeoplewhonowliveincentralcitiesamiddecayinginfrastructureandthepeoplewhonowliveinsprawlingauto-dependentsuburbs.
Atanyrate,thelandusetrendsofthepastcenturyorso-therepeatedcyclesofrapidbuildupfollowedbydeclineandabandonmentthathavehollowedouturbancoresandsenthousingdevelopmentsandofficeparksleapfroggingthroughgreenfields-aremanifestlynotsustainable.
Developersarecatchingon.Themovementtore-createwalkablebuiltenvironments-NewUrbanism,asitissometimescalled-hasbeenpickingupsteam.Havetheyfoundawaytomakedevelopmentactivitytrulysustainable?
Toexplorethatquestion,thisarticlewilltakealookatamajorredevelopmentprojectthatisjustgettingunderwayinthecityofSt.Louis,aprojectthathasasitsstatedgoalthecreationofasustainable,walkable,demographicallydiversecommunitycovering1,500acresinsomeofthemostdevastatedneighborhoodsofthecity.
ButFirst:
WhatDoes"
Sustainability"
Mean?
Skepticschargethatthetermhasbecomeameaninglesscatchphrase.Ratherthanthrowitaway,however,thisarticle(followingNEHApolicy)willreassertamorerigoroususage."
Sustainable"
doesnotjustmean"
goodfortheenvironment."
Norcansustainabilitybeassessedsolelyinrelationtoclimate-changeissues,althoughthoseissuesarecertainlypertinent.
Thetermderivesfromareportissuedin1987bytheU.N.WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment.ColloquiallyknownastheBrundtlandReport,OurCommonFuturedefines"
sustainabledevelopment"
as"
developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds"
(U.N.WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment,1987).
Notethecentralityof"
development"
inthedefinition.Infact,theconceptofsustainabilityaroseasawaytoaddressquestionsaboutthelong-termviabilityofeconomicdevelopmentactivities.
AnothertermthattheBrundtlandReportplacesatthecenterofitsdefinitionis"
equity."
Agivenpracticeissustainableonlyifitiseconomicallyandsociallysustainableaswellasenvironmentallyconscious:
"
Eventhenarrownotionofphysicalsustainability,"
statesthereport,"
impliesaconcernforsocialequitybetweengenerations,aconcernthatmustlogicallybeextendedtoequitywithineachgeneration"
"
Equity"
isitselfatermthatcausesconfusion.Inthecontextofsustainabledevelopment,equitymeansthattheimpactsofdevelopmentonvariouspopulationsmatterequally.Thus,justasitisnotacceptabletounloadcostsontofuturegenerations,neitherisitacceptabletounloadthemontosubgroupswithincurrentgenerations(Dresner,2008,p.4).
Theinclusionofintragenerationalequityinthedefinitionappealstobasicnotionsoffairness.Italsoraisesquestions.Whileit'
seasytoseehowexternalizingcoststofuturegenerationsisunsustainable,itmaybehardertodiscernwhyexternalizationofcostswithinageneration,howeverregrettable,wouldinherentlyunderminesustainability.So:
didthecommissionsimplyleverfairnessintothedefinitionformoralorpoliticalreasons?
Ordoesintragenerationalequityhavepracticalimplicationsforlong-termviability?
We'
llrevisitthatquestionbelow.
AndaBitofBackground
St.Louisisthebestlabintheworld,"
saidJackKirkland,associateprofessorattheWashingtonUniversityBrownSchoolofSocialWork."
It'
satowninslowmotion....Whateverisgoingtohappenintheworld,you'
vegottimetostudyitinSt.Louis."
Parteastern,partmidwestern,andpartsoutherninspirit,St.Louiswasoncethefourthlargestcityinthecountry.Abroadindustrialbaseincludedbreweries,shoemaking,petfood,chemicals,andleadandcoalmining.Clayminingandbrickmakingalsowereimportant;
partsofthecityareactuallybuiltatopoldclaymines.St.Louisbrickisknownforitshighquality,andthecityoncehad-andinsomeneighborhoodsstillhas-exemplarybuildingstock.
Thelifestoryofthecityfollowsafamiliartrajectory:
industrializationinthe19thcenturyfollowedbyrapidgrowthfollowedbyovercrowding.Then:
lossofpopulationandcommercetothesuburbs,lossoftheindustrialbase,suburbansprawl,andconcentratedpoverty.Accordingtothe2008U.S.Censusestimate,thepopulationofthecityisnowonly41%ofits1950peak.Toputthatfigureinperspective,thepopulationofDetroitisat49%ofitspeak.Indeed,St.Louishasbeenaheadofthecurvewhenitcomestodecline.Asearlyas1915,thecityplanningcommissionwaswriting:
...greatincreasesinpopulationhaveoccurredoutsidethecitylimitsandnoconcertedefforthasbeenmadetopermitthecitytobenefitbytheincreaseforwhichitisresponsible....Additionalmanufactoriesandindustriesarelocatingoutsidethecitylimits....Severallarge,local,formerlyexclusive,residenceareashavebeendesertedbyoriginalownersandoccupants,onlytorapidlydeteriorate,orinsomeinstances,tobecompletelyabandoned,tothegreatdetrimentofthepropertyanddepreciationofpropertyvalues(Bartholomew,1915,p.xviii).
Sincethen,thenorthsideofthecity,inparticular,hassufferedextremehardship.Residentsoftheseneighborhoodshavethreetimesthenationalrateofcancer,heartdisease,andstroke,accordingtoPamelaRiceWalker,interimdirectorofhealthintheSt.LouisDepartmentofPublicHealth.Someresidentsfacebustripsofuptoanhourandahalfeachwaytotheclosestgrocerystore.Unemploymentrates,crimerates,andinfantmortalityratesareallelevated(CityofSt.LouisDepartmentofHealth,2007).
Oneofthecity'
sgreatstrengths-itsbuildingstock-hasalsobeenaliability.Leadpoisoninghasbeenaparticularscourge.Tenyearsago,RiceWalkersaid,30%ofSt.Louischildrenhadelevatedbloodleadlevels(BLLs),althoughthatnumberhascomedownsignificantlyasaresultofaprogramthatassistslandlordstoreplaceoldwindows.In2007,theratefortheentirecitywas7%.Ratesforsomenorthsideneighborhoods,however,werestillashighas16%(CityofSt.LouisDepartmentofHealth,2007).
Also,residentsofnorthSt.Louisarestillbeingexposedtothepublichealthandsafetyhazardsposedbycollapsingbuildingsanduncontrolleddemolitionsresultingfromvandalism.Thesequenceofphotosaboveshowsthehazardousconditionsthatneighborsandpassers-byfaceastheresultofdepredationsby"
brickthieves."
Thisisasightcommonthroughoutthearea.(UsedbricksfromSt.Louissellformorethannewbricks,andarebeingsoldaroundthecountryforuseinconstructionprojects,accordingtoAldermanFreemanBosleySr.)
Andlargeswathsoflandnowlievacant.Thephotoonpage30illustratestheextentofinfrastructureloss.
TheProject
LastOctober,theSt.LouisBoardofAldermenpassedanordinancegrantingdevelopmentrightsfora1500-acreareainnorthSt.LouistoNorthsideRegenerationLLC,anentityheadedbylocaldeveloperPaulMcKee.Theboardalsoapprovedtaxincrementfinancing(TIF)fortheproject.ATIFagreementallowsthedevelopertousenewtaxesgeneratedbydevelopmentofa"
blighted"
areatopayoffloansincurredforthedevelopment.Withoutit,theprojectwouldnotbepossible,accordingtoAldermanBosley,whocosponsoredtheordinance.
McKeetoldJEHthatsustainabilityisattheheartofwhatmotivatesNorthsideRegeneration.
I'
m64yearsold,"
hesaid,"
andIwantmykidsandgrandkidstoworkhereandlivehereandprosperhere.AndtheonlywayIknowtodothatistoattacksomeofthesevery,verydifficultproblems."
AnotherDefinitionofSustainability
Theplancallsformixed-usedevelopmentofthearea,includingdifferenttypesofhousingatavarietyofpricepoints,employment"
hubs,"
community/retailhubs,an"
openspacesystem"
ofgreenspacesconnectedbywalkingandbikingtrails,andgreeninfrastructure.NorthsideRegenerationintendstodeveloptheenormousfootprintoftheproject,almosttwosquaremiles,instages.Thisistobea20-yearprocess,ofwhichalm
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