外国文化对中国文化冲击的利与弊英文Word文件下载.docx
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外国文化对中国文化冲击的利与弊英文Word文件下载.docx
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"电大英语B网考—英汉译@#@第五部分英译汉@#@1.InForeignLanguageDepartment,acheckingmachineisusedtocorrectthestudent’stestpapers.@#@外语教研部用阅卷机给学生批卷。
@#@@#@2.Theysoldtheoldhouseyesterday.@#@他们昨天把老房子卖了。
@#@@#@3.Hi.WhatcanIgetforyourdinner,sir?
@#@@#@您好,先生,请问您晚餐点什么吃?
@#@@#@4.Withoutwater,thereisnolifeontheearth.@#@没有水,地球上就没有生命。
@#@@#@5.WhenIwasyoung,I’dlistentotheradio,waitingformyfavoritesongs.@#@在我年轻的时候,我总是听收音机,等候我最喜欢的歌曲。
@#@@#@6.Icamehereatleastonceamonth.@#@我至少每月来这里一次。
@#@@#@7.Shelookslovelywhensheishappy.@#@当她快乐的时候她看上去很可爱。
@#@@#@8.Ourlibraryisasbigastheirs.@#@我们的图书馆和他们的一样大。
@#@@#@9.Tomlikesplayingbasket-ballbuthecan’tplaywell.@#@汤姆喜欢打篮球,但他打得不好。
@#@@#@10.Yeah,I’manxioustohearallthesongsfromhernewalbum.@#@是啊,我急切地想要听她新专辑的所有歌曲。
@#@@#@11.Sheisusedtolivinginthecountryside.@#@她习惯于住在农村。
@#@@#@12.Howlonghaveyoucollectedyourstamps?
@#@@#@你集邮有多久了?
@#@@#@13.Iexpectshewillhavechangedhermindbytomorrow.@#@我估计她明天会改变主意。
@#@@#@14.Aslongasthereiswater,plantswon’tdiequickly.@#@只要有水,植物就不会很快死去。
@#@@#@15.Why,doyouwantmetochangethechannel?
@#@@#@你为什么要我换频道?
@#@@#@16.Whenareyougoingtogetyourhaircut?
@#@@#@你什么时候去剪头发?
@#@@#@17.Hehadtoleaveearlyyesterday.@#@他昨天必须早点离开。
@#@@#@18.Godownthisstreetuntilyoureachthesecondtrafficlights.@#@沿着这条马路走,直到你到达第二个红绿灯。
@#@@#@19.Ineedtobuysome50-centstamps.@#@我需要买一些50美分的邮票。
@#@@#@20.Ineedyoutofilloutthetopportionoftheformfirst.@#@我需要你先把表格的最上面部分填写好。
@#@@#@21.Excuseme.Where’sthenearestpolicestation?
@#@@#@对不起,请问最近的警察局在哪里?
@#@@#@22.Pleaseringmeuptomorrowmorning.@#@请在明天上午给我打电话。
@#@@#@23.Heisthinkingaboutmovingtoanewplace.@#@他在考虑搬到一个新的地方去。
@#@@#@24.Ateachershouldhavepatienceinhiswork.@#@教师应该对他的工作有耐心。
@#@@#@25.Nomatterwhathappens,I’llbeyourbestfriend.@#@无论发生什么事,我都是你的好朋友。
@#@@#@26.I’lltrynottotakeuptoomuchofyourtime.@#@我会试着不占用你太多的时间。
@#@@#@27.Heisalwaysmakingexcusesforbeinglate.@#@他总是为迟到找借口。
@#@@#@28.Travelbroadensthemind.@#@旅游增长见识。
@#@@#@29.Ridingbicyclescansaveenergy.@#@骑自行车可以节能。
@#@@#@30.Weusedtolivenearabigpark.@#@我们以前住在一个大公园旁边。
@#@@#@31.Howdoyouspellyourlastname?
@#@@#@您的姓怎么拼写?
@#@@#@32.Adogisalwayswell-knownasacleverandfriendlyanimal.@#@众所周知,狗一直是聪明而友好的动物。
@#@@#@33.MR.Linassignedtoomuchhomeworktoday.@#@林老师今天布置了太多的家庭作业。
@#@@#@34.Idon’tknowwhobrokethewindow.@#@我不知道谁打碎了窗户。
@#@@#@35.Iwaswonderingwhobrokethewindow.@#@我想知道是谁打碎了窗户。
@#@@#@36.Tryhardoryou’llfailthetest.@#@努力学习,不然考试就通不过。
@#@@#@37.Peopleusescienceknowledgetounderstandandchangenature.@#@人们用科学知识去理解和改变自然。
@#@@#@38.Itiscertainthatweshallproducethiskindofengine.@#@我们应生产这种引擎,这点很明确。
@#@@#@39.StayherebeforeIgetback.@#@呆在这里,直到我回来。
@#@@#@40.ThemoremoneyImake,thehappierIwillbe.@#@我钱挣得越多,我越高兴。
@#@@#@41.Hekeepslookingathimselfinthemirror.@#@他不停地照镜子。
@#@@#@42.Themaniseasytodealwith.@#@这个男人容易对付。
@#@@#@43.Idowanttoknowwhatreallyhappened.@#@我真的想知道到底发生了什么。
@#@@#@44.I’mthinkingaboutavisittoParis.@#@我在考虑去巴黎。
@#@@#@45.MyproblemisthatIdon’thavemuchtimetodothework.@#@我的问题是,我没有太多时间做这项工作。
@#@@#@46.Youarecleverenoughtopasstheexam.@#@你够聪明,能够通过这次考试。
@#@@#@47.Pleasecallmebackwhenyouarefree.@#@等你有空的时候给我回电话。
@#@@#@48.Oncealltheinformationiscompleted,yousignhere.@#@一旦所有的信息都完成了,你在这里签字。
@#@@#@49.Theplanetookoffsmoothly.@#@飞机平稳地起飞。
@#@@#@50.Okay,andIneedapentofillouttheaddress.@#@好的,我需要一支钢笔填写地址。
@#@@#@51.It’salwaysapleasuretoseemanyfriendshereinLondon.@#@很高兴能在伦敦这里见到这么多朋友。
@#@@#@52.Thepollutedairbecomespoisonousanddangeroustohealth.@#@受污染的空气是有毒的,对健康有害。
@#@@#@53.I’mgoingtovisitafriendofminethisSunday.@#@这个周日我计划去看我的一个朋友。
@#@@#@54.ButitlookslikesomethingthatIwouldneverbuy.@#@但是这看上去是我从来都不会买的东西。
@#@@#@55.CanyouexpressyourselfclearlyinEnglish?
@#@@#@你能用英语清楚地表达你自己吗?
@#@@#@56.Shebeginscookingassoonasshegetshome@#@她一到家就开始做饭。
@#@@#@57.Weshouldmakebestuseoftime.@#@我们应该充分利用时间。
@#@@#@58.I’mgoingtorunforthebusassoonasthebellrings.@#@铃一响,我就跑出去赶公交车。
@#@@#@59.Thewholeprocessrequiredagreatdealofeffort,skillandaluck.@#@整个过程需要很大的努力、技巧和运气。
@#@@#@60.Excuseme.Couldyoutellmehowtogettothecinema?
@#@@#@对不起,请问去电影院怎么走?
@#@@#@61.IntheUnitedStatesalotofcollegestudentsdonotliveathome.@#@在美国,许多大学生不住在家里。
@#@@#@62.Yeah,buttheyplaythesamesongsoverandoveragain.@#@是啊,但是他们一遍遍重放同样的歌曲。
@#@@#@63.Weenjoyedourselvesverymuchattheparty.@#@我们在聚会上玩得很尽兴。
@#@@#@64WhenweretheOlympicGamesfounded?
@#@@#@奥运会什么时候成立的?
@#@@#@65Helivesinasmallroomwithonlyonesmallwindow.@#@他住在一个只有一扇小窗户的小房间里。
@#@@#@66Agoodmemoryisagreathelpinlearningalanguage.@#@好的记忆对学习语言很有帮助。
@#@@#@67Idon’twanttospendfivedollarsonacupofwater.@#@我不想花五美元买一杯水。
@#@@#@68Letmetypeinyouraddressandthenopentheaccount.@#@让我录入你的地址,然后给你开个账户。
@#@@#@69Chinawillbuildupaspacestationintenyears.@#@中国将来十年后建造一个空间站。
@#@@#@70.Shealwayslaughsatagoodjoke.@#@听到一个好的笑话,她总是会大笑。
@#@@#@71You’dbettergoquicklybeforeIchangemymind.@#@在我改变主意之前,你最好快点走。
@#@@#@72ShelikesMikealot,butshedoesn’twanttogetmarriedsoearly.@#@她很喜欢迈克,但是她不想这么早结婚。
@#@@#@73Promisemenevertobelateagain.@#@答应我下次不能再迟到。
@#@@#@74.I’mfinishingmysecondyearofstudies.@#@我即将完成第二年的学习。
@#@@#@75.Wouldyoumindturningdowntheradio?
@#@@#@你是否介意把收音机调低?
@#@@#@76.It’snevertoolatetolearn.@#@活到老,学到老。
@#@@#@77Thinkitoverbeforeyouspeak.@#@说话前要考虑仔细。
@#@@#@78I’vebeensobusylately,Ihaven’thadtimetocallanybody.@#@最近我很忙,我都没时间打电话给任何人。
@#@@#@79.Shewastheonlydaughterandtheyoungestchildoffive.@#@她是家里的独生女,也是五个孩子中最小的。
@#@@#@80.Ithinkourdreamwillbecometrue.@#@我想我们的梦想会成真。
@#@@#@考试时共有4题@#@重点掌握前27题(必考2题)(如果要拿满分,可看后面的翻译题):
@#@@#@1.WangLi’s(人名有可能变化,4月为:
@#@Tom’s)fatherhastaughtEnglishheresincehegraduatedfromPekingUniversity.@#@王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。
@#@@#@2.Pleasegivethisbooktowhoevercomesfirst.请把这本书给最先来的人。
@#@@#@3.Thoughitwaslate,theykeptonworking.尽管已经很晚了,他们还在继续工作。
@#@@#@4.Applesherelikewaterandsunshine.这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。
@#@ @#@5.Tom(人名有可能变化或Fred)wassuchahardworkingstudentthathesooncameoutfirstintheclass.@#@汤姆是一个学习十分用功的学生,以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生。
@#@@#@6.TedandWilliamhavelivedunderthesameroofforfiveyears.泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。
@#@@#@7.Alotofnaturalresourcesinthemountainareaaretobeexploitedandused.那个山区有许多自然资源有待于开发利用。
@#@@#@8.InForeignLanguagesDepartment,acheckingmachineisusedtocorrectthestudents’testpapers.@#@外语系用阅卷机给学生批卷。
@#@@#@9.Thestudentsareencouragedbytheirteachertodomorelistening,readingandwriting.老师鼓励学生多听,多读,多写。
@#@@#@10.Thereisalargeamountofenergywastedduetofriction.由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。
@#@@#@11.Thisplacehasplentifulmaterialresources.这个地方有丰富的物质资源。
@#@@#@12.Varioussubstancesdifferwidelyintheirmagneticcharacteristics.各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。
@#@@#@13.Themorepassionswehave,themorehappinesswearelikelytoexperience.@#@我们的激情越多,我们有可能体验到的快乐就越多。
@#@@#@14.Eachtimehistoryrepeatsitself,thepricegoesup.历史每重演一次,代价就增加(一分)。
@#@@#@15.Inanageofplenty,wefeelspiritualhunger.在这个物质财富充裕的时代,我们感到精神上的饥渴。
@#@@#@16.Innoothercountryintheworldcanyoufindsuchplantsasthisone.@#@像这种植物在世界上的其他任何一个国家中都找不到。
@#@@#@17.Iwashavinganapwhensuddenlythetelephonerang.我在睡觉时,电话铃突然响了。
@#@@#@18.Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的东西,未必都是金子。
@#@@#@19.Billhithiscarintoawalllastnight.昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。
@#@@#@20.Wouldyoupleasehelpmewiththisheavybox?
@#@你能帮我拾一下这个很沉的箱子吗?
@#@@#@21.HehastaughtEnglishinthisuniversityeversincehemovedtothiscity.@#@自从移居到这座城市以来,他就一直在这所大学教英语。
@#@@#@22.Transistorsaresmallinsizeandlightinweight.晶体管的体积小,重量轻。
@#@@#@23.Johnandhisbrotherdifferinpersonalityeveniftheirdifferencesinagearenotsignificant.@#@尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大,但他们的个性却不相同。
@#@@#@24.Ifyoudecidedtolearnanewlanguage,youwouldhavetodedicateyourselfwholeheartedlytothecause.@#@如果你决定学一门新的语言,你必须全身心地投入。
@#@@#@25.Youneedn’tgothereanymore.Healreadyknowsaboutit.你不必去了,他已经知道那件事@#@26.Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。
@#@@#@27.Themostcommonsamplesofinorganicmaterialsarethegasesoftheatmosphere,water,rocks,etc.@#@大气中的气体、水、岩石等都是无机物中最普通的实例。
@#@@#@Youmustalwaysremembernottocheatinexams.你必须始终记住考试不要作弊。
@#@@#@Itisknowntoallthatexercisesaregoodforhealth.众所周知,运动对身体有利。
@#@@#@I’mnowadistanceeducationstudent.我现在是远程教育的学生。
@#@@#@Ithinkshewillchangehermindtomorrow.我想她明天将会改变主意的。
@#@@#@Ifeellonelywithoutyou.没有你,我感到孤单。
@#@@#@I’mverymucheagertoimprovemyoralEnglish.我非常渴望改善我的英语口语。
@#@@#@Asisknowntoall,BeijingisthecapitalofChina.众所周知,北京是中国的首都。
@#@@#@Aswasexpected,hepassedtheexameasily.果然不出所料,他轻而易举的通过了考试。
@#@@#@ManyvaluableresourcesinChina’swestareaaretobeexploitedandused.@#@中国西部地区有许多珍贵的资源有待开发和利用。
@#@@#@ThegreateramountoftimeyouspentlearningEnglish,thegreaterprogressyouarelikelytomake.@#@你投入英语学习的时间越多,可能取得的进步就越大。
@#@@#@Iambusystudyingformyexams.我忙于备考。
@#@@#@I’vejustcomebackfromBritain.我刚从英国回来。
@#@@#@Isleptsoundlyallnight.我整夜睡的很熟。
@#@@#@HeshowsagreatinterestinlearningEnglish.他对英语表现出浓厚的兴趣。
@#@@#@Thedoctorisverypatientwithhispatients.这位医生对病人十分耐心。
@#@@#@Ienjoyedthismealthoroughly我很喜欢这顿饭@#@Idon'@#@tthinkhecanoperatethenewtypeofcomputer我不认为他能操作新型电脑的。
@#@@#@Yeah,I'@#@manxioustohearallthesongsfromhernewalbum是的,我渴望听到所有她的新专辑中的歌曲@#@Fewofthembelieveyou他们中几乎没人相信你@#@Tryhardoryou'@#@llfailthetest.努力地,否则你考试及不了格@#@Thispairofshoescostme260yuan.这双鞋子花了我260元@#@Whatkindoflifedomostpeopleenjoy?
@#@大部分人都喜欢什么样的生活?
@#@@#@Thelittleboywantedtoexchangehistoycarformycake.这个小男孩想用它的玩具车换我的蛋糕。
@#@@#@OurteacheralwaysencouragesustospeakEnglishbravely.我们老师总是鼓励我们要敢说英语。
@#@@#@Heisalwaysveryactiveinstudentactivities.他总是积极参与学生活动。
@#@@#@Theschoolmanagementmustbeimproved.必须要改进学校的管理制度。
@#@@#@I'@#@mgoingtobuyamonthlytickettomorrow.我打算明天去买一张月票。
@#@@#@Idon’tknowwhobrokethewindow.我不知道是谁打破窗户的。
@#@@#@DidyougetthatE-mailfromme?
@#@你收到我发的那份电子邮件了吗?
@#@@#@Studentscanstudybythemselvesthroughschoolnetwork.学生可以通过学校网络自学。
@#@@#@Heofferedtohelpuswithourwork.他主动提出帮助我们的工作。
@#@@#@Heisaworldwidefamousscientist.他是一位世界著名的科学家@#@Onecanneversucceedwithoutenoughconfidenceinhimself.一个人若是对自己没有足够的信心是永远不会成功。
@#@@#@Thereissomethingurgentforyoutodori";i:
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"经典高频口语@#@1、Iwon’tlethergowithoutafight!
@#@我不会轻易放过她的@#@2、Itcouldhappentoanyone./Ithappenstoanybody./Thathappens.谁都可能会遇到这种情况@#@3、I’malaundryvirgin.(注意virgin的用法,体会老美说话之鲜活)@#@4、Ihearyou.我知道你要说什么。
@#@/我懂你的意思了@#@5、Nothingtoseehere!
@#@这里没什么好看的/看什么看!
@#@@#@6、Hello?
@#@Wereweatthesametable?
@#@有没有搞错?
@#@(注意hello的用法,用疑问语气表示“有没有搞错?
@#@”)@#@7、Youaresosweet/that’ssosweet.你真好。
@#@@#@8、Ithinkitworksforme.(work为口语中极其重要的小词)@#@9、Rachel,youareoutofmyleague(等级,范畴).你跟我不是同一类人@#@10、Youaresocute.你真好/真可爱@#@11、Givenyoursituation,theoptionswiththegreatestchancesfor@#@successwouldbesurrogacy.(given表示考虑到的意思;@#@非常简洁好用)@#@12、Let’sgettheexamrolling.现在开始考试了(get……rolling的用法)@#@13、Whydon’twegivethisatry?
@#@我们为何不试一下呢@#@14、Bravoonthehotnanny!
@#@为那个性感的保姆喝彩!
@#@/赞一下那个性感的保姆!
@#@(重点是braveonsth/sb这个句型,表示为……喝彩/赞叹的意思)@#@15、Mywayorthehighway.不听我的就滚蛋!
@#@(很漂亮的习语,压后韵)@#@16、Iplanedtogotherebutsomethingjustcameup.我本想去那的,但突然有点事情(注意somethingjustcameup这个搭配)@#@17、That’snotthepoint.这不是关键/问题所在@#@18、(If)heshowsup,westickwithhim.他一出现,我们就跟着他走(着重比较书面英语和标准的口语,表条件的if可以省略)@#@19、Mylifeflashesbeforemyeyes.我的过往在我眼前浮现。
@#@@#@20、Ihavenoideawhatyouhavesaid不知道你在说什么(Idon’thavetheslightestidea……)“我不知道”不要总说Idon’tknow,太土了,可以说Ihavenoidea或者Idon’thaveaclue……@#@21、Justfollowmylead.听我指挥好了。
@#@@#@22、Goodforyou!
@#@你真不错/好!
@#@(老友记中极其常见的赞扬、表扬句型)@#@23、Letmeputitthisway,we’rehavingsexwhetheryou’rehereornot.(主要是前半句中put的用法,这里put等于say;@#@极其标准的口语说法)@#@24、ThemoreIworriedaboutit,themoreIcouldn’tsleep.(themore……themore……越什么……就什么……;@#@多学点这样的句型举一反三不论对口语还是写作都有帮助)@#@25、We’remorethanhappytogiveyourecommendations.(morehanhappy等于非常高兴)@#@26、Rachel,CanyoupassmetheTVguide?
@#@能把电视报递给我吗?
@#@(非常实用的口语句型,叫别人递东西可以引用)@#@27、Notthatit’syourbusiness,butwedidgoout.(倒不是……不过……典型的绕弯子式美国思维模式)@#@28、Wehavetocutourtripshort!
@#@我们不得不中断旅行.(cutsthshort打断话语;@#@中断某事;@#@)@#@29、Thispartystinks/sucks!
@#@(sthsucks意思是什么事情很糟糕)@#@30、Youdothemath.你自己来算一下@#@31、I’mwithyou我同意你的观点@#@32、Iwas/willbethereforyou.我支持(过)你!
@#@(还记得老友记主题曲最后一句吗)@#@33、I’mallyours!
@#@我全听你的@#@34、I’lltakecareofit.我会搞定的@#@35、Iwouldliketoproposeatoast.(英美电影宴会婚礼场景经典句型;@#@提议为什么事情举杯祝福时用:
@#@)@#@36、Luckyme!
@#@我真走运/幸运!
@#@(诺丁山里面出现)@#@37、Storageroomsgivemecreeps.储藏室让我全身冒鸡皮疙瘩。
@#@@#@38、Whatiswiththatguy?
@#@那个家伙到底怎么了?
@#@@#@39、Plus,I’mgonnatakeyououtalotforfreedinner.(plus除此之外)@#@40、we’vetalkedabouttherelationshipandstuff.(Andstuff诸如此类)@#@41、Toobadwemustreturnthem.很不幸,我们必须退还它们。
@#@(toobad开头来描述一件糟糕的事情)@#@42、Takemywordforit.相信我@#@43、Here’stoalousyChristmas!
@#@(here’sto……为……而干杯)@#@44、Imadeafoolofmyself.@#@45、Tohellwiththatbitch!
@#@让那婊子见鬼去吧!
@#@(咒骂别人的时候,tohellwith)@#@46、Theworstpartis……最糟糕的是@#@47、IthinkIshouldgiveitashot/go!
@#@我觉得应该尝试一下!
@#@@#@48、Nowyoutellmeshe’snotaknock-out!
@#@你该不会说她不是个美人儿吧!
@#@@#@49、Begood!
@#@/beaman/becool!
@#@要听话/像个男人的样子/冷静点@#@50、Nicesave!
@#@好扑救!
@#@/打圆场避免失态(来源于足球)@#@51、Man,youscaredtheshoot/crapoutofme!
@#@你把我吓坏了!
@#@Beatthecrapoutofsb(crap等于shoot,不过要稍微文雅一些;@#@)@#@52、Youdidit!
@#@你做到了!
@#@(或者还可以说Imadeit!
@#@口语中要注意make,do等小词的运用)@#@53、Let’smakeadeal!
@#@我们做笔交易吧。
@#@@#@54、Thatwasclose!
@#@/closeone好险@#@55、WhatifIhadthegutstoquitmyjob.(havetheguts有种,有勇气)@#@56、HowdiditgowithCeria?
@#@和Ceria怎么样了?
@#@@#@57、How’sitgoing?
@#@/howareyoudoing?
@#@你好@#@58、It’snotlike(Ididthisonpurpose).并不是……(又是典型的绕弯子式美国思维了!
@#@这句话还可以换成NotthatIdidthisonpurpose)@#@59、Howcomeyouareworkinghere?
@#@你怎么在这里工作?
@#@(howcome=why)@#@60、I’llfixit!
@#@我去搞定!
@#@@#@61、Hatsofftophoebe.I’dsaythatyou’reaverygoodcompetitor.(hatsoffto向谁脱帽致敬)@#@62、Howlonghasitbeensince(youhadsexwithyourgf)?
@#@&@#@nbsp;@#@有多久没做……@#@63、Forgetit!
@#@/skipit!
@#@/Idon’twannatalkaboutthisanymore.别提了@#@64、Imeanit!
@#@我是认真的!
@#@@#@65、I’mtotallyoverher!
@#@我早就忘了她了!
@#@@#@66、I’mgonnapayforittonight.今晚我要付出代价。
@#@@#@67、Wherewerewe?
@#@刚才我们谈/做到哪里了?
@#@@#@68、Leavemealone!
@#@别管我/别惹我@#@69、Youhavetopickyourmoments/timing.你说话得选时机。
@#@@#@70、Youstartedit!
@#@你先挑衅的(选自TheIncredibles)@#@71、Willheknowwhatthisisinreferenceto?
@#@他知道是谁打来的吗?
@#@@#@72、Makeitthree/two.再来一杯/份(和老外一起到酒吧,餐厅点同样东西时的经典用语,言简意赅)@#@73、Thatmakestwoofus.所见略同@#@74、Twocoffeetogo.两杯咖啡打包。
@#@@#@75、Iwastryingtoreachyouallnight.我找了你一晚上。
@#@@#@76、Iwaswondering/thinkingifafterworkwecouldgrabacupofcoffee?
@#@我在想……@#@77、Youbet!
@#@当然@#@78、I’vebeenthroughthis!
@#@我有经验/我也经历过@#@79、DiditeveroccurtoyouthatImightbethatstupid!
@#@@#@80、YoureallyneedtohateJulie’sguts.(hatesb'@#@'@#@sguts恨透……)@#@81、WhatdoyousayIbuyyouacupofcoffee/wegotakeawalk?
@#@我请你喝杯咖啡怎么样?
@#@(whatdoyousay加从句,可用与征求别人意见)@#@82、Holdit!
@#@打住!
@#@@#@83、Upyours!
@#@去你的@#@84、Idon’thaveaclue!
@#@我不知道@#@85、Comeon,cutitout!
@#@别闹了~@#@86、Youarenothinglikeus.你一点都不象我们。
@#@It’snothinglike@#@Hobbit/Youguys,thiscatisnothinglikemygrandma’scat.(nothinglikesth表示一点都不像)@#@87、Ifyouwantkids,thenkidsitis!
@#@如果你想要孩子,那就要吧Artitis/twoitis!
@#@!
@#@/ahundreditis(名词加itis表示一种不耐烦语气)@#@88、MindifIseesomeidentification?
@#@介意我看看证件吗?
@#@MindifIcomedownstairswithyou?
@#@@#@89、It’sbetweenRossandme.是我和ross之间的事情@#@90、I'@#@'@#@llgiveyouacallifanythingcomesup.@#@91、Idon'@#@'@#@tgivea/andamn/f*k/shoot/ass...表示不在乎.@#@92、Thejudgingstuffhastakenalotoutofme.(takealotoutofsb=makingsbtired)@#@93、Iaskedaround.Wordis,hedealsprimarilyinarms.(OceanEleven)@#@94、Ibetyou20bucksIcangethertohavebreakfastwithme?
@#@@#@95、Donotrush/pushme.别催我@#@96、Calliteven.扯平了@#@97、NotthatIknowof.据我所知没有@#@98、Partofmethinksthekid’sright.一方面我觉得这孩子没错butanotherpartofmethinks……(选自拯救大兵瑞恩)@#@99、Youfallforiteverytime.你每次都要上当@#@100、Thanks,man!
@#@I’mnotreallyintosports.!
@#@/I’mreallynotintoguys.我不太喜欢体育@#@";i:
2;s:
10740:
"商务翻译基础之句子处理@#@第二讲商务英语语篇中从句的翻译@#@2.1定语从句的翻译@#@英语定于绝大部分是后置@#@汉语中定语都要前置@#@汉语定于不能过长@#@•Businessisacombinationofalltheseactivities:
@#@production,distributionandsale,throughwhichprofitoreconomicsurpluswillbecreated.@#@•商务是指生产,配送,销售等一切活动的组合,通过这些活动,创造利润和经济盈余。
@#@@#@•inaturnkeyproject,thesellerplans,constructs,andplacesinoperationaforeignfacilitythatisthentransferredtoalocalowner.@#@•在由承包商完全承包的工程中,卖主计划、建造并将一套国外设施投入运作,然后将其转让给地方雇主。
@#@@#@•Anditallowsmethevarietyofworkthatworkingatalargemulti-billionbankdoesnothavetoofferasyou’llbeworkinginnarrowjobdescriptionhandlingonetypeoflending.@#@•这使我的工作变化多样,而这在拥有亿万资金的大银行里是不大可能的,因为在那种大银行里,你的工作范围很窄,只处理一种贷款。
@#@@#@•Buttheimportantthingtorememberisthatinthemodernworldwemustgivepeopleskillswhichwillpreparethemforthechangingworldofmanufacturingandproductionwhichisnowuponus.@#@•但需要记住的重要事情是,在现代世界里,我们必须向人们传授技术本领,掌握这些技术本领就可以使他们为应对我们眼下所面临的不断变化着的生产制造领域做好准备。
@#@@#@•Itwasfoundthatacountrybenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatlowercoststhanbyproducingeverythingitneedswithinitsownborder.@#@•人们发现,一个国家只生产成本消耗最低的产品,而从其他国家购买他们用较低成本生产的产品,这比在国内生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算的多。
@#@@#@•Inadditiontovisibletrade,whichinvolvestheimportingandexportingoftangiblegoods,thereisalsoinvisibletrade,whichinvolvestheexchangeofservicesbetweennations.@#@•除了这种进出口商品的有形贸易以外,还有一种国与国之间进行交换服务的无形贸易。
@#@@#@•Internationaltradetransactionsrefertotheexportationofgoodsorservicesfromonecountrytoanother,whichistheimportingcountry.@#@•国际贸易是指商品或服务从一个国家出口到另一个国家,即进口的国家。
@#@@#@•Asimportsarefinancedbyexports,whichhelptogainforeigncurrencytoimportthebadlyneededrawmaterials,technologyandequipment,thecapacityofanationtoimportobviouslydependsonitsexportperformance.@#@•由于进口依靠出口来融资,出口获得的外汇可用来进口急需的原材料、技术及设备,因此一个国家的进口能力显然取决于出口业绩的好坏@#@•Traditionally,businesssimplymeantexchangeortradeforthingspeoplewantedorneeded,buttodayithasamoretechnicaldefinition,whichistheproduction,distribution,andsalesofgoodsandserviceforaprofit.@#@•传统上,商务仅指人们所需要的物品交换或贸易。
@#@但是,今天商务有更为科学的定义,它是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、配送和销售的一种活动。
@#@@#@•Internationalbusinesshasemergedasaseparatebranchofmanagementtraining,becausethegrowingscaleandcomplexityofbusinesstransactionacrossnationalboundariesgivesrisetonewanduniqueproblemsofmanagementandgovernmentalpolicythathavereceivedinadequateattentionintraditionalareasofbusinessandeconomics.@#@•Internationalbusinesshasemergedasaseparatebranchofmanagementtraining,becausethegrowingscaleandcomplexityofbusinesstransactionacrossnationalboundariesgivesrisetonewanduniqueproblemsofmanagementandgovernmentalpolicythathavereceivedinadequateattentionintraditionalareasofbusinessandeconomics.@#@•国际商务作为管理训练的一个分支出现,是由于跨国界的商业交易日益增长的范围和复杂性产生了新的、特殊的管理问题和政府政策问题。
@#@这些问题没有在传统的商业和经济领域里受到足够的注意。
@#@@#@•Internationalbusinessactivitiesalsoincludeanextensiverangeofoptionalmethodsavailabletofirmsfordongbusinessinternationallythatinvolvedifferentdegreesofforeigndirectinvestmentcommitments.@#@•国际商务活动包括一系列可供公司选择的进行国际贸易的方法。
@#@这些方法包括外国直接投资的不同程度的承诺。
@#@@#@•TheMultilateralAgreementonInvestment(MAI)aimstoachieveasituationwhereforeigninvestorsarenotdiscriminatedagainst,buttheyarestillsubjecttothesamesubstantivelawsandregulationsthatapplytodomesticinvestors.@#@•多边投资协定的目标是要达到这样一种境界——外国投资者不受歧视,但他们仍和国内投资者一样要接受同样的基本法规的管制。
@#@@#@•Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichofthequantity,qualityanddescriptionsrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.@#@•卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格一致,并按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。
@#@@#@2.2状语从句的处理@#@•英文状语从句的处理:
@#@@#@•将状语置于汉语的谓语之前充当汉语句子中的状语;@#@@#@•将状语置于汉语句子中主句前充当状语。
@#@@#@•Buyersortheircharteringagent(租船代理人)shalladvisethesellersbyfax10dayspriortothearrivalofthecarryingvessel(装货船只)attheportofshipmentofthecontractnumber,nameofthecarryingvessel,approximateloadingcapacity(载荷能力),laydays(装卸货日数)andportofloading.@#@•买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装货港10天前以传真方式通知卖方合同号、船名、大约受载总量、预计抵达日期及装运港名。
@#@@#@•Within30daysafterthesigningandcomingintoeffectofthiscontract,theBuyershallproceedtopaythepricefortheneedstotheSellerbyopeninganirrevocableL/CforthefullamountofUSD30000infavoroftheSellerthroughabankatexportpointsothattheSellermaydrawthesuminduetime.@#@•买方须于本合同签字并生效后30天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为受益人的不可撤消信用证支付全部货款计30,000美元,以便卖方及时提取款项。
@#@@#@•Ifthetechnicaldocumentsarefoundlost,damagedormutilated(毁伤)duringairtransportation,PartyBshallsupplyPartyAfreeofchargewithasecondsetofthedocumentswithintheshortestpossibletimebutnotlaterthanthirtydaysafterithasreceivedfromPartyAthewrittennotice.@#@•若技术资料在空运中丢失、损坏、缺损、或短缺,乙方须于收到甲方的书面通知后30天内尽快免费向甲方重新邮寄该技术资料一套。
@#@@#@•Ifanychangeisrequiredregardingthetermsandconditionsofthisagreement,thenbothpartiesshallnegotiateinordertofindasuitablesolution,provided,however,thatanychangeofthisagreementshallbesubjecttotheapprovalbythegovernmentofbothparties.@#@•若须对本协议的条款进行任何修改,双方须经协商妥善解决,但本协议的任何修改须经协议双方政府的批准。
@#@@#@•ShouldforcertainreasonstheBuyernotbeabletoinformtheSelleroftheforegoingdetails10dayspriortothearrivalofthevesselattheportofloadingorshouldthecarryingvesselbeadvancedordelayed,theBuyerortheircharteringagentshalladvicetheSellersimmediatelyandmakenecessaryarrangement.@#@•若买方由于某种原因不能于装运轮抵达装运港10日前将上述详细情况通知卖方,或装运轮提前或推迟抵达,买方或其运输代理人须立即通知卖方并作出必要的安排。
@#@@#@•TheBuyershallpaytheSellerUS$350000within20daysaftertheBankofChinahasreceivedthefollowingdocumentsfromtheSellerandfoundtheminorder,butnotearlierthan12(twelve)monthsafterthedatetheContractPlantforthefirsttimereached95%ofguaranteedcapacityofthewholeContractPlantaccordingtotheguaranteedqualityindicesasperAnnexVItotheContractor65monthsafterthedateofsigningthecontract,whicheverisearlier.@#@•买方须于中国银行收到卖方下列单据,并经审核证实无误后的20天内向卖方支付350000美元,但此款项的支付不得早于合同工厂第一次达到附件VI所规定之质量保证指标的95%以后的12个月,或本合同签字后的65个月,以早到的日期为准。
@#@@#@@#@•Ifunderthecontractthebuyeristospecifytheform,measurementorotherfeaturesofthegoodsandhefailstomakesuchspecificationeitheronthedateagreeduponorwithinareasonabletimeafterreceiptofarequestfromtheseller,thesellermaywithoutprejudicetoanyotherrightshemayhave,makethespecificationhimselfinaccordancewiththerequirementsofthebuyerthatmaybeknowntohim.@#@•若按本合同之规定应由买方决定货物的形状、尺寸或其他特征,但买方在双方议定的时间内,或在收到卖方的要求后的合理期限内未能作出上述规定,则卖方有权根据买方的已知要求自行规定。
@#@此情况不损害买方享有的任何其他权利。
@#@@#@•TheBuyershallhavetherighttoclaimagainsttheSellerforcompensationoflosseswithin60daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,shouldthequalityofthegoodsbefoundnotinconformitywiththespecificationsstipulatedintheContractafterre-inspectionbytheChinaCommodityInspectionBureau.TheBuyersshallhavetherighttoclaimagainsttheSellersforcompensationofshortweightwithin60daysafterarrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination,shouldtheweightbefoundnotinconformitywiththatstipulatedintheBillofLadingafterre-inspectionbytheCCIB.@#@•若货物经中国商品检验局复验后发现质量与本合同之规定不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港的60天内向卖方提出索赔。
@#@若经中国商品检验局复验后发现货物与提单所示质量不符,买方有权于货物抵达目的港后的60天内向卖方提出短重索赔。
@#@@#@@#@";i:
3;s:
10536:
"20个经典英语口语句式@#@20个经典英语口语句式@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Let'@#@s...的句型@#@Let'@#@sgo.@#@我们去吧。
@#@@#@Letmetry.@#@让我试试。
@#@@#@Let'@#@sbegin.@#@我们开始吧。
@#@@#@Let'@#@splay @#@tennis.@#@我们打网球吧。
@#@@#@Let'@#@splay @#@video @#@games.@#@我们去玩视频游戏吧。
@#@@#@Let'@#@stakeawalk.@#@我们去散步吧。
@#@@#@Let'@#@slistentothemusic.@#@我们听听音乐吧。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】I'@#@dlike...的句型@#@I'@#@dlikesomemilk.@#@我想喝点牛奶。
@#@@#@I'@#@dlikea @#@beer.@#@我想喝啤酒。
@#@@#@I'@#@dliketoseeit.@#@我想看看它。
@#@@#@I'@#@dliketotakeabath.@#@我想洗个澡。
@#@@#@I'@#@dliketoknow.@#@我很想知道。
@#@@#@I'@#@dlikeyoutogotoHongKong.@#@我希望你去香港。
@#@@#@I'@#@dliketobuythe @#@teenager @#@magazine.@#@我想买青少年杂志。
@#@@#@I'@#@dlike @#@plenty @#@ofmoney.@#@我想有很多钱。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】You'@#@dbetter...的句型@#@Youhadbetter @#@giveup @#@sweets.@#@你最好把糖戒掉。
@#@@#@Youhadbetterthinkitover.@#@你最好再考虑考虑。
@#@@#@Youhadbetternotgojustnow.@#@你现在最好不要去。
@#@@#@Youhadbetternotstayhereverylong.@#@你最好不要在这里待太久。
@#@@#@Youhadbetterkeepit @#@secret.@#@你最好要把这件事保密。
@#@@#@Youhadbetterwaitalittlewhile.@#@你最好多等一会儿。
@#@@#@Youhadbettercallhimnow.@#@你最好现在就打电话给他。
@#@@#@Youhadbetternoteatsomuchatnight.@#@在晚上你最好不要吃得太多。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】I'@#@mgoingto...的句型@#@I'@#@mgoingtoKoreanextyear.@#@明年我准备去韩国。
@#@@#@I'@#@mgoingtoseemyoldfriendtomorrow.@#@我明天要去见老友。
@#@@#@I'@#@mgoingtohaveadate.@#@我准备去约会。
@#@@#@I'@#@mgoingtotakea @#@shower.@#@我准备去冲个凉。
@#@@#@I'@#@mgoingtotakepartinthe @#@Olympics.@#@我计划参加奥林匹克运动会。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】It'@#@s...的句型@#@It'@#@s @#@splendid!
@#@@#@妙极了!
@#@@#@It'@#@sfinetoday.@#@今天天气很好。
@#@@#@It'@#@sraining.@#@正在下雨。
@#@@#@It'@#@sspringnow.@#@现在是春天了。
@#@@#@Whattimeisitnow?
@#@@#@现在是什么时间?
@#@@#@It'@#@sfivethirty.@#@五点半了。
@#@@#@Howlongdoesittake?
@#@@#@要花多少时间?
@#@@#@Ittakesaboutanhour.@#@大概花一个小时。
@#@@#@Howfarisit?
@#@@#@多远呢?
@#@@#@Itisabout3 @#@kilometers @#@toHongKong.@#@这儿离香港有3公里。
@#@@#@Oh,it'@#@syou!
@#@@#@啊,是你!
@#@@#@It'@#@sforyou.@#@给你的。
@#@@#@It'@#@sdiffifcultforme.@#@对我来讲很困难。
@#@@#@It'@#@snotoften.@#@不是经常的。
@#@@#@Comein,please.@#@请进来。
@#@@#@Sitdown,please.@#@请坐。
@#@@#@Pleasetakeoffyourshoes.@#@请脱鞋。
@#@@#@Pleaseputonthe @#@slippers.@#@请把拖鞋穿上。
@#@@#@Pleasewaitformeamoment.@#@请等我一会儿。
@#@@#@Pleasecometoseemeagain.@#@请再来看我。
@#@@#@Please @#@sign @#@here.@#@请签在这儿。
@#@@#@Pleasedon'@#@twaitforme.@#@请不要等我。
@#@@#@Pleasedon'@#@tstandthere.@#@请不要站在那边。
@#@@#@Pleasedon'@#@t @#@smoke @#@here.@#@请不要在此吸烟。
@#@@#@Pleasedon'@#@tdrinktoomuch.@#@请不要喝得太多。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】When...的句型@#@Whenwillyoube @#@free?
@#@@#@你什么时候有空呢?
@#@@#@Whendidyoubuyit?
@#@@#@你什么时候买的呀?
@#@@#@Whenareyou @#@graduating?
@#@@#@你什么什么时间毕业?
@#@@#@Whenisit?
@#@@#@现在是什么时间?
@#@@#@Whenareyouleaving?
@#@@#@你什么时候离开?
@#@@#@Whenitrains,wewillnotgo.@#@下雨,我们就不走了。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Howmany...(多少)句型(可数)@#@Howmanybooksdoyouhave?
@#@@#@你有几本书?
@#@@#@Howmanyhoursdoyousleep?
@#@@#@你睡几个小时?
@#@@#@Howmany @#@cigarettes @#@doyou @#@smoke @#@perday?
@#@@#@你一天抽几支香烟?
@#@@#@Howmanyeggsdoyoueatforbreakfast?
@#@@#@早餐你吃几个鸡蛋?
@#@@#@Howmanypeoplearethereintheoffice?
@#@@#@办公室里有多少人?
@#@@#@Howmanydoyouwant?
@#@@#@你要几个?
@#@@#@Howmanyofthemwere @#@absent?
@#@@#@他们有几个人缺席?
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Howmuch...(多少)句型(不可数)@#@Howmuchmilkdoyoudrinkperday?
@#@@#@你每天要喝多少牛奶?
@#@@#@Howmuchdoyou @#@weigh?
@#@@#@你有多重?
@#@@#@Howmuch @#@sugar @#@doyouwant?
@#@@#@你要多少糖?
@#@@#@Howmuchisthispen?
@#@@#@这支钢笔多少钱?
@#@@#@Howmuchisthispairofshoes?
@#@@#@这双鞋子多少钱?
@#@@#@Howmuchisit?
@#@@#@这件东西多少钱?
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Thankyoufor...的句型@#@Thankyouforyourhelp.@#@谢谢你的帮助。
@#@@#@Thankyouforcomingtoseemeoff.@#@谢谢你来送行。
@#@@#@Thankyouforsayingso.@#@谢谢你这么说。
@#@@#@Thankyouforyour @#@advice.@#@谢谢你的劝告。
@#@@#@Thankyouverymuchforyourhelp.@#@非常感谢您的帮忙。
@#@@#@Thankyouforcoming.@#@谢谢您的光临。
@#@@#@ThankyouverymuchforallyouhavedoneformeduringmystayinShenzhen.@#@我在深圳期间,承蒙照顾一切,非常感谢。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Don'@#@t...的句型@#@Don'@#@ttakephotoshere.@#@不要在这里拍照。
@#@@#@Don'@#@tmakea @#@noise.@#@不要吵。
@#@@#@Don'@#@t @#@disturb @#@me.@#@不要打扰我。
@#@@#@Don'@#@twakemeup.@#@不要叫醒我。
@#@@#@Don'@#@tstandinfrontofme.@#@不要站在我前面。
@#@@#@Don'@#@tbe @#@shy.@#@不要那么怕羞。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Haveyoueverbeen...的句型@#@HaveyoueverbeentotheUnitedStates?
@#@@#@你去过美国吗?
@#@@#@Haveyoueverbeen @#@abroad?
@#@@#@你出过国吗?
@#@@#@Haveyouevertraveledbyair?
@#@@#@你坐过飞机旅行吗?
@#@@#@HaveyoubeentoHongKong?
@#@@#@你到香港来过吗?
@#@@#@HowlonghaveyoubeeninShenzhen?
@#@@#@你在深圳住了多久?
@#@@#@Howlonghaveyoubeenwaiting?
@#@@#@你等了多久?
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】How...的句型@#@Howareyou?
@#@@#@你好吗?
@#@@#@Howdoyoudo?
@#@@#@你好?
@#@@#@Howoldareyou?
@#@@#@你多大了?
@#@@#@Howmuchisit?
@#@@#@多少钱?
@#@@#@Howmanypeoplearethereinyour @#@factory?
@#@@#@你们工厂有多少人?
@#@@#@Howfartothe @#@bookshop?
@#@@#@到书店有多远?
@#@@#@Howaboutacupoficewater?
@#@@#@来一杯冰水怎么样?
@#@@#@HowshallIdoit?
@#@@#@我该怎么做?
@#@@#@Tellmehowtodoit.@#@告诉我怎样做。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Which...的句型@#@Whichoneisyours?
@#@@#@哪一个是你的?
@#@@#@Whichisyour @#@choice?
@#@@#@你选择哪一个?
@#@@#@Idon'@#@tknowwhichoneishis.@#@我不知道哪一个是他的。
@#@@#@Ididn'@#@tseethepopstar,whichisa @#@pity!
@#@@#@我没有看到那个大明星,真可惜!
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】What...的句型@#@Whatisthis?
@#@@#@这是什么?
@#@@#@Whattimeisit?
@#@@#@现在几点了?
@#@@#@Whatdoyouwanttodo?
@#@@#@你想要做什么?
@#@@#@Whatisyourname?
@#@@#@你叫什么名字?
@#@@#@What'@#@s @#@wrong @#@withyou?
@#@@#@你怎么了?
@#@@#@Whatisthe @#@matter?
@#@@#@什么事?
@#@@#@ThatiswhatIwanttotellyou.@#@那就是我想要告诉你的。
@#@@#@Couldyoutellmewhatthis @#@means?
@#@@#@你可以告诉我那是什么意思吗?
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Where...的句型@#@Whereareyoufrom?
@#@@#@你来自哪里?
@#@@#@Wheredoyoucomefrom?
@#@@#@你来自哪里?
@#@@#@Whereisthe @#@railway @#@station?
@#@@#@火车站在哪里?
@#@@#@Gowhereyoulike.@#@你想去哪儿就去哪儿。
@#@@#@Whereareyougoing?
@#@@#@你要去哪里?
@#@@#@Wheredidyougo @#@yesterday @#@evening?
@#@@#@你昨天晚上去哪了?
@#@@#@Pleasetellmewherethe @#@drugstore @#@is.@#@请告诉我药店在哪里。
@#@@#@Wheredoyoulive?
@#@@#@你住在哪里?
@#@@#@WhereshallIputit?
@#@@#@我要把它放在哪里?
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Neither...nor...的句型@#@Ihave @#@neither @#@bagnor @#@wallet.@#@我既没有包也没有钱夹。
@#@@#@NeitherJacknorIareinterestedin @#@stocks.@#@杰克和我对股票都不感兴趣。
@#@@#@Neithershenorherboyfriendknowsanythingaboutdriving.@#@她和她男朋友都不会开车。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Must...的句型@#@Youmust @#@copy @#@itnow.@#@你必须现在就去复印。
@#@@#@Imustfinishmyhomeworktonight.@#@我今天晚上必须完成我的家庭作业。
@#@@#@I'@#@mafraidImuststophim.@#@恐怕我必须要阻止他了。
@#@@#@Youmustgiveitbacktometomorrow.@#@你明天必须把它还给我。
@#@@#@Youmustn'@#@tstaywithhim.@#@你不能跟他呆在一起。
@#@@#@Youmustbetired.@#@你一定是累了。
@#@@#@Itmustbeveryinterestingtogoto @#@Disney @#@World.@#@到迪斯尼去一定很有趣。
@#@@#@Imustsay,itisagoodidea.@#@我不得不说这是一个好主意。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Shall...的句型@#@Ishallbewaitingforyouinfrontofthehospital.@#@我会在医院门前等你的。
@#@@#@Ishallhavetogo.@#@无论如何我一定要走。
@#@@#@ShallIopenthewindow?
@#@@#@我可以打开窗户吗?
@#@@#@ShallIgiveyouahand?
@#@@#@我可以帮你什么忙吗?
@#@@#@Ishall @#@graduate @#@nextspring.@#@我明年春天就毕业了。
@#@@#@【20个经典英语口语句式】Won'@#@tyou...的句型@#@Won'@#@tyouhaveabreak?
@#@@#@你不休息一会吗?
@#@@#@Won'@#@tyouhavesomeorangejuice?
@#@@#@不再来杯橙汁吗?
@#@@#@Won'@#@tyouhavesomemore @#@chicken @#@soup?
@#@@#@你不再多喝点鸡汤了吗?
@#@@#@Won'@#@tyougowithus?
@#@@#@不和我们一起去吗?
@#@@#@13@#@";i:
4;s:
10189:
"常用设备名称中英文对照@#@一、工作台些列@#@中文名称@#@工作台@#@木面案@#@工作柜@#@拼台@#@五格热汤池@#@英文名称@#@Workingtable@#@Woodtopworkingcabinet@#@Workingcabinet@#@Filler@#@5compartmentbain-marie@#@图片@#@工作台柜(内置垃圾桶)@#@工作台连下一层板@#@活动工作台连下一层板@#@木板面粉台@#@出菜台@#@Worktopcabinetwithgarbagebin@#@Worktablewithoneshelfunder@#@Mobileworktablewithoneshelfunder@#@Woodtopworktable@#@Dishouttable@#@工作台@#@补台@#@打荷台热柜@#@电热汤池(5格)@#@Workcabinet/worktopcabinet@#@Worktable@#@Spreadertable@#@Heatedchefcabinet/heatedcheftable@#@Bainmariecabinet(5XGN)@#@工作柜@#@补柜@#@砧板台@#@烧腊热柜@#@尼龙砧板@#@Spreadercabinet@#@Chopboard@#@BBQheatedcabinet@#@Nilonchopping@#@二、水池系列@#@中文名称@#@单星水池@#@三星水池@#@污碟台@#@花洒@#@洗碗机@#@英文名称@#@Singlesinks@#@Triplesinks@#@Dirttable@#@Sprayfaucet@#@Dishwashingmachine@#@图片@#@洁碟台@#@双星盆台@#@混合水龙头@#@三星盆台@#@滤水器@#@Cleanworkingtable@#@Doublesinktable@#@Unitmixingfaucet@#@Threesinktable@#@Waterfilter@#@洗手星盆柜@#@感应龙头@#@活动垃圾筒@#@洗锅大三星盆台@#@花洒龙头@#@Handwashsinkcabinet/singlesinkcabinet@#@Senserfaucet@#@Mobiletrashreceptacle@#@Threesinktablepre-rinse@#@Pre-rinsefaucet@#@洗地龙头@#@单星盆台@#@大单星盆台@#@拖把池@#@单冷龙头@#@Reelkleenunit@#@Singlesinktable@#@Bigsinglesinktable@#@Mopsinktable@#@Mopsinkfaucet@#@理鱼星盆台@#@洗碗机连烘干机@#@洗碗机@#@鱼缸@#@伸缩龙头@#@Sinktableforfish@#@DishwashingmachineW/dryer@#@Dishwashingmachine@#@Fishtank@#@Retractablefaucet@#@三、货架储物柜系列@#@中文名称@#@四层货架@#@坐台层架@#@挂墙架@#@吊柜@#@高身储物柜@#@英文名称@#@4-tiesshelves@#@Overheadshelf@#@Wallmiuntedshelf@#@Wallcabinet@#@s/suprightcabinet@#@图片@#@单层挂墙层架@#@不锈钢货架@#@不锈钢货架@#@污碟台茜架@#@客房服务间三层架@#@Wallshelf@#@S/Swireshelf@#@S/Swireshelving@#@Shelf@#@3-deckshelf@#@高身储物柜@#@烧腊吊架@#@开口柜@#@Uprightcabinet@#@BBQhang@#@Opencabinet@#@四、制冷系列@#@中文名称@#@平台雪柜@#@四门高身高温雪柜@#@三文治雪柜@#@制冰机@#@低温冷库机组@#@英文名称@#@Workingtoprefrigerator@#@4-dooruprightrefrigerator@#@Sandiwichrefrigerator@#@Icemaker@#@Coolingunitforwalking-freezer@#@图片@#@三门平台雪柜@#@冰淇淋冻柜6抽屉@#@高温冷库机组@#@冷库板及冷库门@#@大理石面平台雪柜(两门)@#@3-doorcounterrefrigerator@#@Icecreamfreezer6drawers@#@Coolingunitforwalking-chiller@#@Coldroompanel&@#@doors@#@2-doorworktoprefrigeratorw/marbletop@#@制冰机连冰粒箱@#@雪花机连冰粒箱@#@两门玻璃展示柜@#@双门玻璃门冰箱@#@双门高身高温雪柜@#@IcecubemachineW/Bin@#@IceflakerW/Bin@#@2-doorglassdisplay@#@2-glassdooruprightrefrigerator@#@2-dooruprightrefrigerator@#@平台雪柜(两门)@#@三门三文治雪柜@#@单门推入式高温雪柜@#@匹萨雪柜@#@寿司展柜(分体式)@#@2-doorcounterrefrigerator@#@3-doorsandwichunit@#@1doorrollinchiller@#@3-doorpizzarefrigerator@#@Shushidisplay(removedcompressor)@#@五、机械系列@#@中文名称@#@灭蝇灯@#@切片机@#@绞肉机@#@和面机@#@搅拌机@#@英文名称@#@Insectkiller@#@Slicer@#@Rncatmincer@#@Spiralmix@#@Mixer@#@图片@#@中文名称@#@电饼铛@#@烤箱@#@紫外线消毒灯@#@台式搅拌机@#@紫外线灭菌灯@#@英文名称@#@Electricsconemachine@#@Bakingovrn@#@UVlamp@#@Tablemixer@#@Germicidalunit@#@图片@#@中文名称@#@开水器@#@落地式面团延展机@#@搅拌机@#@和面机@#@搓圆机(半自动)@#@英文名称@#@Waterheater@#@Doughsheeter@#@Planetarymixer@#@Spiralmixer@#@Doughdividerrounder(semi-automatic)@#@图片@#@冰淇淋搅拌机@#@真空包装机@#@绞肉机@#@锯骨机@#@榨汁机@#@Pacojet@#@Vacuumpackingmachine@#@Meatgrinder@#@Meatsaw@#@Fruitjuicer@#@切蔬菜机@#@切薯皮机连底座@#@开水器@#@双缸果汁机@#@全自动咖啡机(双磨豆机,意式浓缩咖啡300杯、现磨咖啡200杯,卡布基诺:
@#@180杯,热水24升,接水管,产品键8个,双头泡奶,冷牛奶冰箱容量4升)、牛奶分配器@#@Vegetablecutter@#@Potatopeeler@#@Waterboiler@#@Juicedispenser@#@Fullyauto-coffee(2Grinders,300cupsEspresso,200cupsCafé@#@Crè@#@me,180cupsCappuccino,24LitersHotWater,Directwaterconnection,8productkeys,Doublemilkfoamer,milkcooler4L)、milkdispenser@#@地秤@#@台式搅拌机@#@保温灯@#@客房服务间保温箱@#@搅拌机@#@Floorscale@#@Tablemixer@#@Heatinglamp@#@Warmcabinet@#@Barblender@#@奶昔机@#@Milkshaker@#@六、排烟系列@#@中文名称@#@烟罩@#@排气罩@#@油网烟罩连灯带新风系统@#@烟罩灭火系统@#@紫外线油烟净化设备@#@英文名称@#@Exhaustinghood@#@Hood@#@Oilfilterhood@#@Fireprotection@#@Aircleanunitforoilfilter@#@图片@#@七、炉灶系列@#@中文名称@#@可倾锅@#@双头低汤炉@#@双头炒炉@#@双头双尾炒炉@#@六头煲仔炉@#@英文名称@#@Tiltingkettle@#@2-headstockpotstove@#@Chinesewokrange@#@2-headChinesewokrange@#@6-headclaypotstove@#@图片@#@中文名称@#@煮面炉连下柜@#@座台式六头炉@#@扒炉@#@电磁炉@#@双头炒炉连尾撑@#@英文名称@#@Pastacookerwithcabinet@#@Gountertop6-platecooker@#@Griddle@#@Inductioncooker@#@2-headchinesecookingrange@#@图片@#@单头炒炉连尾撑@#@座地双缸电力炸炉@#@煤气明火烧烤炉@#@六头煤气炉连下焗炉及柜座@#@电力面火炉@#@1-headchinesecookingrange@#@Electricfryer–2tank@#@Gascharbroiler@#@6openburnergasrangewithoven@#@Electricsalamander@#@电力可倾式不锈钢炒锅@#@四头煤气炉连下焗炉@#@电饭煲@#@电力可倾式汤锅@#@微波炉@#@Electrictiltingbratpan@#@4openburnergasrangewithoven@#@Ricecooker@#@Electrictiltingboilingpan@#@Microwaveoven@#@电力可倾式汤锅@#@座台式电力暖汤池@#@6平头炉@#@单头蒸炉@#@比萨烤炉带煤气支持@#@Electrictiltingbratpan@#@Electricbainmarie@#@6burnerrange@#@Oneheadsteamer@#@PizzaovenW/gasbackup@#@日式铁板烧柜@#@电力意粉炉@#@嵌入式电磁炉@#@华夫炉@#@班戟炉@#@Tepanyakicabinet@#@Electricpastacooker@#@Built-ininductionhotplate@#@Walffoven@#@Crepemaker@#@巧克力喷泉@#@Chocolatfountain@#@八、醒发箱消毒柜蒸饭柜@#@中文名称@#@醒发箱@#@蒸柜@#@推入式醒发箱@#@(电)烤箱@#@刀具消毒柜@#@英文名称@#@Proofer@#@Steamcabinet@#@Rollinfinalproofer@#@(electric)Bakeoven@#@Knifesterilizer@#@图片@#@单门蒸柜@#@万能蒸烤箱@#@三门蒸柜@#@毛巾柜@#@迷你万能蒸烤箱@#@1-doorsteamcabinet@#@Combi-steamer@#@3-decksteamcabinet@#@Towelcabinet@#@Minicombi-steamer@#@冷毛巾柜@#@Coldtowelcabinet@#@九、厨房用车系列@#@中文名称@#@面粉车@#@直立保温车@#@糖粉车@#@GN盆车@#@推车@#@英文名称@#@Flourbin@#@Holdingcabinet@#@Mobileflourbin@#@GNtrolly@#@Trolly@#@图片@#@升降式餐盘车@#@活动暖汤车@#@活动暖饭车@#@暖宴会车@#@冷宴会车@#@Dishtrolly@#@Mobilesoupwarmer@#@Mobilericewarmer@#@Banquetcart@#@Coldholdingcabinet@#@台下车@#@Undertabletrolley@#@十、其它@#@中文名称@#@收银机@#@电磁炒锅@#@冰槽@#@英文名称@#@Posmachine@#@Inductionchafingdish@#@Icebin@#@图片@#@十一、@#@中文名称@#@滑筐架@#@出餐口@#@滑盘轨@#@木柜@#@单星盆柜内置垃圾桶@#@英文名称@#@Rackshelf@#@Deliverywindow@#@Slidingtrayrack@#@Woodencounter@#@SinglesinkcabinetW@#@/Garbagerbin@#@中文名称@#@冰淇淋搅拌机钢杯@#@冰淇淋搅拌机刀具@#@冰淇淋搅拌机4组杯@#@模具架@#@单层坐台架@#@英文名称@#@Cupforpacojet@#@Knivesforpacojet@#@4-cupforpacojet@#@Mouldshelf@#@Tableaboveshelf@#@中文名称@#@垃圾分拣台@#@洗罐头机@#@备号@#@工作台柜连一抽屉@#@厂制品@#@英文名称@#@Sortingtable@#@Canwasher@#@Spare.NO@#@WorkcabinetW/1drawer@#@Custom@#@编号@#@产品名称@#@厂牌@#@型号@#@产地@#@Item@#@Description@#@Brand@#@Modle@#@Origin@#@尺寸@#@替代品牌1@#@GN盆柜@#@工作台连一抽屉连一层板@#@砧板桌连坐架@#@Dim@#@Alternative1@#@GNcabinet@#@WorktablewithoneshelfunderW/1drawer@#@Choppingtable@#@U型双星污碟台@#@四头平炉@#@滑盘轨@#@防护罩@#@洁碟台连杯筐架@#@“U”twosinkdirtydishtable@#@4openburnergasrange@#@Trayslide@#@Sneezeguard@#@CleandishlandingtableW/basketshelf@#@冷盆柜连压缩机@#@冰淇淋冻柜2抽屉@#@岛型油网烟罩连灯带新风系统@#@零下40度冰箱@#@四抽屉三文治雪柜@#@ColdbincabinetW/compressor@#@Icecreamfreezer2drawers@#@Islandoilfilterhood@#@-40℃refrigerator@#@SandwichunitW/4drawers@#@单头煮面炉单头蒸炉@#@U型三星污碟台@#@U型双星污碟台@#@开水器连毛巾箱座@#@调酒台柜带酒瓶架@#@1headsteamerwith1headnoodlecooker@#@“U”3–sinkdirtydishtable@#@“U”twosinkdirtydishtable@#@Waterboilerw/towelwarmer@#@CocktailstationW/winebottlerack@#@四抽屉平台雪柜@#@煤气烧烤炉连下柜@#@热灯@#@六抽屉炉台雪柜@#@侵勺缸连下柜@#@CounterrefrigeratorW/4drawers@#@Gascharbroilerw/cabinet@#@Warmerlamp@#@6-drawerrefrigerator@#@Dipperwellw/faucet&@#@cabinet@#@联合制点心机@#@Combinationmachines@#@十二、@#@中文名称@#@英文名称@#@图片@#@十三、西餐系列@#@中文名称@#@巧克力融化器@#@四头电力炉连下焗炉@#@六片多士炉@#@电力平扒炉连柜座@#@双缸咖啡炉@#@英文名称@#@Chocolatewarmer@#@4burnerelectricrangewithoven@#@Toaster@#@Electricfrytopw/cabinet@#@2-tankcoffeebrewer@#@图片@#@十四、@#@中文名称@#@蛋糕展柜@#@冰淇淋展柜@#@英文名称@#@Cakedisplay@#@Icecreamfreezer@#@图片@#@";i:
5;s:
8525:
"4@#@Specialvocabulary@#@社会学专业词汇@#@中英文对照@#@(按中文拼音首字母排序)@#@4@#@Deptofsociology,ECNU@#@B@#@暴民:
@#@mob@#@比拟法:
@#@analogicalmethod@#@比例抽样:
@#@proportionatesample@#@不可知论:
@#@agnosticism@#@变态心理学:
@#@abnormalpsychology@#@不完全归纳:
@#@incompleteinduction@#@边际效用递减:
@#@lawofdiminishingmarginalutility@#@柏拉图式爱情:
@#@Platoniclove@#@C@#@丛众:
@#@conformity@#@残疾人:
@#@thehandicapped@#@参考书目:
@#@bibliography@#@参考群体:
@#@referencegroup@#@成人教育:
@#@adulteducation@#@初婚年龄:
@#@ageatfirstmarriage@#@垂直流动:
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@#@participantobservation@#@D@#@代沟:
@#@generationgap@#@对照分析:
@#@contrastiveanalysis@#@定性分析:
@#@qualititiveanalysis@#@定量分析:
@#@quantitativeanalysis@#@定额抽样:
@#@quotasample@#@多重人格:
@#@multiplepersonality@#@地位流动:
@#@statusmobility@#@第一手资料:
@#@primarydata@#@第二手资料:
@#@rawdata@#@单因素实验:
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@#@geographicalmobility@#@F@#@法人:
@#@fictitionsperson@#@反隔离:
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@#@criminology@#@父居家庭:
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@#@stratifiedrandomsample@#@G@#@规范:
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@#@needtobelong@#@个人崇拜:
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@#@functionalism@#@H@#@行话,黑话:
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@#@rationaltrend@#@霍桑效应:
@#@Hawthorneeffect@#@婚姻调适:
@#@marriageadjustment@#@宏观分析:
@#@macroscopicanalysis@#@黄金分割:
@#@goldensection@#@互补角色:
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@#@rolestrain@#@金钱崇拜:
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@#@disharmonyoffamily@#@家庭制度:
@#@familyinstitution@#@近亲繁殖:
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@#@brainstormingmethod@#@经验我、客体我:
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@#@fittesttosurvive@#@深入访问:
@#@depth/intensiveinterview@#@树型分析:
@#@treeanalysis@#@双重态度:
@#@dualattitudes@#@适当样本:
@#@fairsample@#@失常行为:
@#@aberrantbehavior@#@社会适应:
@#@socialadaptation@#@社会惯性:
@#@socialinertia@#@受控试验:
@#@controlledexperiment@#@试点调查:
@#@pilotinvestigation@#@睡眠者效应:
@#@sleepereffect@#@适应性反应:
@#@adaptationreaction@#@社会决定论:
@#@agelicism@#@社会改善论:
@#@meliorism@#@生物决定论:
@#@biologicaldeterminism@#@双职工家庭:
@#@dual-careerfamily@#@随机化设计:
@#@randomizeddesign@#@实验室实验:
@#@laboratoryexperiment@#@说明性分析:
@#@explanatorystudy@#@T@#@他杀:
@#@homicide@#@胎儿:
@#@fetus@#@推论:
@#@deduction@#@同化:
@#@assimilation@#@特殊性:
@#@particularism@#@退伍军人:
@#@veteran@#@统计假象:
@#@statisticalartifact@#@态度量表:
@#@attitudescale@#@通俗文化:
@#@popularculture@#@逃避现实:
@#@retreatfromreality@#@探索性研究:
@#@exploratorystudy@#@W@#@问卷:
@#@questionnaire@#@伪科学:
@#@pseudo-science@#@文化促进:
@#@culturalacceleration@#@微观分析:
@#@microscopic@#@外来援助:
@#@extrinsicaid@#@外显行为:
@#@manifestbehavior@#@文献研究:
@#@libraryresearch@#@外向性格的人:
@#@extrovert@#@X@#@酗酒:
@#@alcoholism@#@信度:
@#@credibility@#@刑法:
@#@criminallaw@#@谢金:
@#@acknowledgementmoney@#@享乐主义:
@#@hedonism@#@雪球效应:
@#@snowballeffect@#@信息过滤:
@#@informationfiltering@#@文化偏见:
@#@biasofculture@#@性别歧视:
@#@sexism@#@心理年龄:
@#@mentalage@#@心理满足:
@#@psychicgratification@#@心理治疗:
@#@mentalhealing@#@下向流动:
@#@downwardmobility@#@现实主义:
@#@actualism@#@学术自由:
@#@academicfreedom@#@行动方案:
@#@actionscheme@#@系统抽样:
@#@systematicsample@#@线性趋势:
@#@linertrend@#@习得性无助:
@#@learnedhelplessness@#@小群体研究:
@#@smallgroupresearch@#@选择性记忆:
@#@selectiveretention@#@先天后天之争:
@#@nature-nurturedebate@#@需要不足失业:
@#@demand-deficiencyunemployment@#@Y@#@抑郁:
@#@dysthymia@#@因变量:
@#@dependentvariable@#@邮寄问卷:
@#@mailquestionnaire@#@异常曲线:
@#@abnormalcurve@#@意外受孕:
@#@accidentalpregnancy@#@因果联系:
@#@causalnexus@#@原始资料:
@#@rawdata@#@应用逻辑:
@#@logic-in-use@#@移情作用:
@#@empathy@#@样本统计:
@#@samplestatistics@#@有限总体:
@#@finitepopulation@#@已分组资料:
@#@groupeddata@#@一夫一妻家庭:
@#@monogamousfamily@#@Z@#@自恋:
@#@autophilia@#@周岁:
@#@exactage@#@择偶:
@#@mateselection@#@资料库:
@#@databank@#@自变量:
@#@independentvariable@#@总体法:
@#@aggregatemethod@#@专业词汇:
@#@specialvocabulary@#@罪感情结:
@#@guiltcomplex@#@增长曲线:
@#@growthcurve@#@长老统治:
@#@genocracy@#@自我暗示:
@#@autosuggestion@#@自然选择:
@#@naturalselection@#@自我知觉:
@#@self-awareness@#@自我概念:
@#@self-concept@#@自我表露:
@#@self-disclosure@#@自我展示:
@#@self-presentation@#@自我监控:
@#@self-monitoring@#@祖先崇拜:
@#@ancestorcult@#@自答问卷:
@#@self-administeredquestionnaire@#@重点访问:
@#@focusedinterview@#@自卫性敏感:
@#@defensivesensitivity@#@";i:
6;s:
2690:
"国内银行:
@#@@#@中国工商银行:
@#@IndustrialandCommercialBankofChinaLimited(ICBC)@#@中国银行:
@#@BankofChina@#@中国建设银行:
@#@ChinaConstructionBank@#@中国农业银行:
@#@AgriculturalBankofChina@#@招商银行:
@#@ChinaMerchantsBank@#@中国邮政储蓄银行:
@#@PostalSavingsBankofChina@#@交通银行:
@#@BankofCommunications@#@@#@中国光大银行:
@#@ChinaEverbrightBank@#@浦发银行:
@#@ShanghaiPudongDevelopmentBank@#@中信银行:
@#@ChinaCiticBank@#@兴业银行:
@#@IndustrialBankCo.,Ltd@#@华夏银行:
@#@HuaxiaBank@#@深圳发展银行:
@#@ShenzhenDevelopmentBank@#@中国民生银行:
@#@ChinaMinshengBankingCorp.,Ltd@#@广东发展银行:
@#@GuangdongDevelopmentBank@#@哈尔滨银行:
@#@HarbinBank@#@外资银行:
@#@@#@花旗银行:
@#@CitiBank@#@汇丰银行(香港上海汇丰银行):
@#@TheHongKongandShanghaiBankingCorporationLimited@#@渣打银行:
@#@StandardCharteredBank@#@CA中国国际航空公司AirChina@#@MU中国东方航空公司ChinaEasternAirlines@#@CZ中国南方航空(集团)公司ChinaSouthernAirlines@#@SZ中国西南航空公司ChinaSouthwestAirlines@#@WH中国西北航空公司ChinaNorthwestAirlines@#@CJ中国北方航空公司ChinaNorthernAirlines@#@F6中国航空股份有限公司ChinaNationalAviationCorporation@#@美国佬爱用firm,不是非常正式,corporation稍正式.英国人爱用company.enterprise通常翻为企业,不直接译为公司.company是有限责任公司corporation是股份有限公司@#@firm是任何的一个企业,可以是独资、合资或是股份有限公司。
@#@firm和company相比之下概念更广泛,一般来说,对一般企业的总称用firms多于companies。
@#@@#@company是商界的任何一个从事商业的企业,可以是独资、合资或是股份有限公司。
@#@一般用company是针对的是某一个特定的公司。
@#@例如说“我们公司”这句话英文就该说“Ourcompany”而不说“Ourfirm”,更不说“Ourenterprise”。
@#@@#@group多指集团公司或者总公司@#@enterprise是商业企业,一般来说enterprise这个单词很少用来称呼企业,虽然有商业企业的意思,enterprise多用与描写公司的经济活动。
@#@@#@corporation是合伙的公司、企业,股东较少的@#@其实公司还有很多说法,比如house,business,concern,combine,Partnership,complex,consortium,establishment,venture,conglomerate,multinational,transnational,assembles,line,agency,store,associates,system,service,视公司的类型不同翻译的不同@#@";i:
7;s:
9217:
"一、交际英语@#@1.-Howisyourheadache?
@#@@#@-_________@#@A.Notatall.@#@B.Betternow.@#@C.Thankyou.@#@D.Nothingspecial.@#@答案:
@#@B@#@2.-Wearegoingtohaveasingingpartytonight.Wouldyouliketojoinus?
@#@@#@-________@#@A.I'@#@mafraidnot,becauseIhavetogotoanimportantmeeting.@#@B.Ofcoursenot.Ihavenoidea.@#@C.No,Ican'@#@t.@#@D.That'@#@sallset.@#@答案:
@#@A@#@3.-Doyoumindmysmokinghere?
@#@@#@-_______@#@A.No,thanks.@#@B.Yes,Ido.@#@C.Yes.I'@#@drathernot.@#@D.Goodidea.@#@答案:
@#@B@#@4.-Howareyou,Bob?
@#@@#@-________@#@A.Howareyou?
@#@@#@B.I'@#@mfine.Thankyou.@#@C.Howdoyoudo?
@#@@#@D.Nicetomeetyou.@#@答案:
@#@B@#@5.-Excuseme,couldyoushowmethewaytothenearestpostoffice?
@#@@#@-______Ohyes!
@#@TwoblocksawayfromhereattheGreenAvenue.Youcan'@#@tmissit.@#@A.Ibegyourpardon?
@#@@#@B.Whatdoyoumean?
@#@@#@C.You'@#@rewelcome.@#@D.Mm,letmethink.@#@答案:
@#@D@#@电大、各类远程网络教育统考大学英语B、计算机应用基础统考辅导@#@全套题库,精心整理并归类完毕,全中文翻译,视频教程讲解,零基础一次性通过,索取请加QQ:
@#@ @#@153499368@#@二、阅读理解@#@Thisstoryisaboutayoungman.(这个故事是关于一个年轻人。
@#@)Heworkedveryhardathislessons.Hewastoobusytohavearest.Atlast,hecouldn'@#@tgotosleep.Everynight,whenhewenttobed,heclosedhiseyesandtriedtosleep.Butthemorehetried,themorehestayedawake.@#@Afterawhilehedecidedtovisitthedoctor.“Ijustcan'@#@tgotosleepatnight.WhatshouldIdo?
@#@”“Ihaveasuggestion,”timeyoureachonethousand,you'@#@llbeasleep.Iamsureofit.”@#@Thenextdaythemanreachedthedoctor'@#@soffice.“Well,”saidthedoctor,“howareyoutoday?
@#@Didyoutrymysuggestion?
@#@”@#@Themanstilllookedtired.“Yes,”hesaid,“Itriedcountingone,two,three...uptoonethousand.ButwhenIreachedfivehundredandsixty-nine,Ibegantofeelsleepy.IhadtogetupanddrinksometeasothatIcouldgooncountinguptoonethousand,butthenIstillcouldn'@#@tfallasleep.”@#@6.Theyoungmancouldn’tgotosleepbecausehehadworkedtoohardandbecameill.@#@A.T@#@B.F@#@答案:
@#@A@#@7.Thedoctoraskedtheyoungmantocountnumberswhilehewaslyinginbed.@#@A.T@#@B.F@#@答案:
@#@A@#@8.Theyoungmanreturnedtothedoctor’sofficethenextdaybecausehewantedtothankthedoctor.@#@A.T@#@B.F@#@答案:
@#@B@#@9.Theyoungmancountedfrom1to569andgotuptodrinksometea.@#@A.T@#@B.F@#@答案:
@#@A@#@10.Theyoungmaninfactwasnotabletocountnumbers.@#@A.T@#@B.F@#@答案:
@#@B@#@WhenJohnandVictoriaFallsarrivedinNewYorkCityforone-yearstay,(约翰和维多利亚-福斯到达纽约市准备暂住一年,)theydidnotbringverymanythingswiththem.Theyhadplannedeithertoliveinafurnishedapartmentortobuyusedfurniture.Buttheysoonlearnedaboutanewsystemthatmoreandmorepeopleareusing.Therentingofhomefurnishings(bed,tables,dishes,andsoon)hasbecomeoneofAmerica’sfastestgrowingbusinesses.@#@Whatkindsofpeoplerenttheirhomefurnishingsinsteadofbuyingthem?
@#@Peoplewhoareinternationalbusinessorgovernmentfrequentlyfromonecitytoanother.Theysavealotoftroubleandthecostofmovingtheirfurnitureeachtime.Theysimplyrentnewfurniturewhentheyreachtheirnewhomes.Youngpeoplewithlittlemoneydonotwanttobuycheapfurniturethattheymaysoondislike.Theyprefertowaituntiltheyreallylike.Meanwhile,theyfindtheycanrentbetterqualityfurniturethantheycouldaffordtobuy.@#@Onefamily,whonowhavealarge,beautifulhomeoftheirown,likedtheirrentedfurnituresomuchthattheydecidedtokeeprentingitinsteadofbuyingnewthings.Butusuallypeopledon’tliketotellothersaboutit.Theideaofrentinghomefurnishingsisstillquitenew,andtheyarenotsurewhattheirneighborsmightthink.@#@11.WhichofthefollowinghasbecomeoneofAmerica’sfastestgrowingbusinesses?
@#@@#@A.Sellinghomefurnishings.@#@B.Rentingfurnishedapartments.@#@C.Sellingusedfurniture.@#@D.Rentinghomefurnishings.@#@答案:
@#@D@#@12.Whydosomepeopleprefertorentfurniture?
@#@@#@A.Becausethefurnituretheygetinthiswayisnew.@#@B.Becauseitsavesthemalotofmoney.@#@C.Becauseitsavesthemmuchtroubleandmoney.@#@D.Becausetheycanalwaysgetbetterqualityfurnitureinthisway.@#@答案:
@#@C@#@13.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?
@#@@#@A.Theideaofrentingfurnitureisnotacceptable.@#@B.Rentingfurnitureisnotpopularinthecouple’shometown.@#@C.Onlythosewhodon’thaveenoughmoneytorentfurniture.@#@D.Peopleusuallygrowtolikethefurnituretheyhaverented.@#@答案:
@#@B@#@14.Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?
@#@@#@A.RentorBuy?
@#@@#@B.ANewWayofGettingHomeFurnishings.@#@C.FurnishedApartments.@#@D.ANewIdea.@#@答案:
@#@B@#@15.Youngpeoplelikedrentinghomefurniturebecause_________@#@A.theyhavelessmoney.@#@B.theydon’twanttobuyoldfurniture.@#@C.thenewfurnitureisofgoodquality.@#@D.theydon’thavemuchmoneyanddon’twanttobuythecheapfurniture.@#@答案:
@#@D@#@三、词汇与语法@#@16.Thatmanlooksfamiliartome.Hereminds_______Dr.Richards.@#@A.meto@#@B.me@#@C.mefor@#@D.meof@#@答案:
@#@D@#@17.Nancyworksinashopand_______.@#@A.sodoesAlan@#@B.soAlantoodoes@#@C.thatdoesAlantoo@#@D.thatAlantoodoes@#@答案:
@#@A@#@18.Iwon’tmakethe_______mistakenexttime.@#@A.like@#@B.same@#@C.near@#@D.similar@#@答案:
@#@B@#@19.Wecamefinally_________theconclusionthatshehasbeentellingliesallthetime.@#@A.of@#@B.into@#@C.to@#@D.at@#@答案:
@#@C@#@20.Apairofspectacles________whatIneedatthemoment.@#@A.is@#@B.are@#@C.has@#@D.have@#@答案:
@#@A@#@四、完型填空@#@MrCrosswantedtogotohishometownbyair.(克洛斯先生想坐飞机去他的家乡。
@#@)Helikedtositbesideawindowwhenhewasflying.Sohe__21__awindowseatwhenhegotintheplane.Hefoundthatallofthemweretaken__22__one.Therewasasoldiersittingintheseatbesidethisone,andMr.Crosswashappythatthesoldierhadnottakentheonebythewindow.Whenhe__23__it,Mr.Crosssawthattherewasapieceofpaperwithsomewordsontheseat.Itsaid,"@#@Thisseatisbroken.Youcan'@#@ttakeit,Thankyou."@#@@#@"@#@Abrokenseatinaplane?
@#@Isthatpossible?
@#@"@#@Mr.Crosssaid__24__,buthewalkedonandfoundanotheremptyseat,notbesideawindow,tositin.@#@Whentheplanewasquite__25__,averybeautifulgirlgotintotheplane.Assoonashesawher,thesoldierquicklytookthepaperofftheseatbesidehisandletthegirlsitinduringthewholetrip.@#@21.@#@A.lookedfor@#@B.full@#@C.reached@#@D.except@#@E.tohimself@#@答案:
@#@A@#@22.@#@A.lookedfor@#@B.full@#@C.reached@#@D.except@#@E.tohimself@#@答案:
@#@D@#@23.@#@A.lookedfor@#@B.full@#@C.reached@#@D.except@#@E.tohimself@#@答案:
@#@C@#@24.@#@A.lookedfor@#@B.full@#@C.reached@#@D.except@#@E.tohimself@#@答案:
@#@E@#@25.@#@A.lookedfor@#@B.full@#@C.reached@#@D.except@#@E.tohimself@#@答案:
@#@B@#@五、英译汉@#@26.Itisnogoodhopingtoreadallthesebooks.@#@答案:
@#@希望能够读完所有这些书是毫无意义的。
@#@@#@27.Wecannottellwhenanearthquake(地震)iscoming.@#@答案:
@#@我们无法判断地震什么时候发生。
@#@@#@28.Someparentsevendonotlettheirchildrenmeettheirgoodfriends.@#@答案:
@#@有些父母甚至不让自己的孩子去见他们的好朋友。
@#@@#@29.Hepreferscoffeetotea.@#@答案:
@#@与茶相比,他更喜欢咖啡。
@#@@#@30.Whattimedoyougoswimmingeveryday?
@#@@#@答案:
@#@你每天何时去游泳?
@#@@#@31.Howareyoudoingthesedays?
@#@@#@答案:
@#@这些日子你怎么样?
@#@@#@六、写作@#@32.写作@#@Instructions:
@#@根据下面所给的题纲用英语写出一篇不少于80词的短文。
@#@@#@你应邀到一位好友家吃晚饭。
@#@事后给朋友写信表示谢意。
@#@你的信应包括下列内容:
@#@@#@1.表达谢意;@#@@#@2.表达想回请的意愿;@#@@#@3.期待朋友的光临。
@#@@#@电大、各类远程网络教育统考大学英语B、计算机应用基础统考辅导@#@全套题库,精心整理并归类完毕,全中文翻译,视频教程讲解,零基础一次性通过,索取请加QQ:
@#@ @#@153499368@#@DearAmy:
@#@@#@Thanksforyourinvitationtoyourhomelastnight.Ienjoythefoodverymuch.IwillholdasmallpartytocelebratemybirthdayonNovember12th,andIwillinvitealotoffriendstohavedinneratmyhome,wouldyouliketojoinus?
@#@Oh,therewillalsobeabandtoperformlivemusic.Ithinkitwillbeexcitingtodancewiththelivemusic.Pleasebesuretocome.@#@Iamlookingforwardtoyourcoming.@#@Yours@#@Cynthia@#@";i:
8;s:
9467:
"前进类(用来论证advantage好的方面)@#@1@#@Benefitfrom从…当中获益@#@Manychildrensufferfromthisillnesswillbenefitfromthenewtreatment.@#@这个句型刚好与isbenefitto…主语和宾语相反@#@2@#@Investin对…投资@#@Thegovernmentshouldinvestalargeproportionofitsbudgetinhelpingtheneedy,despitetheeconomicrecession.@#@近义词:
@#@subsidise/sponsor/allocatemoneyto@#@反义词:
@#@withdrew/suspendthefundingof@#@3@#@Promotethedevelopmentof促进…的发展@#@例句:
@#@Eventhoughthecityinvestedmillionsofpoundsinmuseumsandartgalleries,ithaddonelittletopromotingthedevelopmentofeducationandmedicalcare.@#@4@#@Boostefficiency/productivity提高效率生产率@#@Themainquestionabouthigh-techeducationiswhetheritactuallybooststheefficiencyandtheeffectivenessoflearning.@#@近义词:
@#@enhanceefficiency/productivity@#@5@#@Playapivotalrolein在...中起关键作用@#@Vitaminsandmineralsplayapivotalroleinkeepingourbodyhealthy;@#@therefore,childrenandadultsalikeshouldeatmorevegetablesthatarerichincariousvitaminsandminerals.@#@近义词:
@#@playacrucial/essentialrolein…@#@6@#@Enrichone’ssocial/academic/professionalexperience丰富社会的/学术的/专业的经验@#@Workingforaperiodbeforegoingtouniversitycangreatlyenrichstudents’socialexperienceandmakethemmorecapableinuniversity.@#@近义句型expendone’soutlook/vision开阔某人的视野@#@反义句型limitone’svision@#@7@#@Keepsocietysafeandstable保持社会的安全和稳定@#@Harmonykeepssocietyandsafeandstablewhileconflictdisturbssocialorder.@#@近义句型:
@#@maintainsocialstability@#@8@#@Haveaduty/obligationtodo…有责任做…@#@InmostEuropeancountries,parentshaveaobligationtoensurethattheirchildrenreceivepropereducation.@#@近义句型:
@#@beobligatedtodosth./beaccountablefor@#@反义句型:
@#@beexemptfromdoingsth.被免除某种责任,比如payingtaxes@#@9@#@Relaxtheirbodiesandeasetheirminds让身心放松@#@Childrennotonlyneedopportunitiestoacquireknowledge,theyneedtimetorelaxtheirbodiesandeasetheirmindswell.@#@近义句型:
@#@affordsb.entertainmentandpressure@#@10@#@Bebasedon…基于…@#@Disciplineshouldbebasedonapositive,lovingparent-childrelationshipinsteadonforceandpunishment.@#@翻译句型:
@#@laythefoundationfor…/laythegroundworkfor…为…打好基础@#@11@#@Generateemploymentopportunities创造就业机会@#@Internationaltourismcangenerateemploymentopportunities.Intheotherhand,itmaydamagetheculturalheritageofanation.@#@近义句型:
@#@stimulatethejobmarket@#@反义句型:
@#@reduceemploymentopportunities@#@12@#@Belesstime-consumingandmoreeconomical省钱又省时间@#@Contrarytopopularbelief,advertisingmakesourshoppingexperienceneitherlesstime-consumingnormoreeconomical.@#@近义句型:
@#@bemoreefficientandcost-effective@#@13@#@Relieveone’sacademic/financial/psychologicalburden减轻某人的学业/经济/心理负担@#@Part-timejobhelpstudentstorelievetheirparents’burdensnevertheless,workingonapart-timebasismaycreatepsychologicalburdensforthestudentsthemselves.@#@类似用法:
@#@relievepoverty/pain/trafficcongestion减轻贫困/痛苦/交通堵塞@#@14@#@Fulfillone’spotential发挥某人的潜力@#@Employeemayfeeltheycannotfulfilltheirprofessionalpotentialwhentheirworkisnotvaluedbytheiremployers.@#@近义句型:
@#@achieveone’spotential@#@翻译句型:
@#@restrictone’spotential@#@15@#@Removethebarrierfor为(发展、交流等)消除障碍@#@Machinetranslationhasremovethebarrierforcommunicationbetweenpeoplewhodonotknowsharesamelanguage.@#@反义句型:
@#@beahindranceto/beahurdleto/beanimpedimentto@#@对…造成阻碍@#@16@#@Promotetheculturalcommunicationandinteractionbetween…and…促进…和…之间的文化交流与互动@#@Auniversallanguageeffectivelypromotestheculturalcommunicationandinteractionsbetweennationsaredifferentculturally.@#@近义句型:
@#@contributetowardsthemutualunderstandingbetween…and…@#@17@#@Curbtheproliferationof控制(犯罪、污染、媒体)的扩散@#@Thegovernmentshouldtakeimmediatemeasuretocurbtheproliferationofpollution,regardlessofthecostsitmayinvolve.@#@近义句型:
@#@ban/prohibit/eliminatesth.@#@18@#@Raisepeople’sawarenessof提高人们的某种意识@#@Themediacanraisepublicawarenessofthealarmingriseinyouthcrime.@#@近义句型:
@#@disseminate/diffuseknowledgeabout…传播某方面的知识@#@19@#@Hasainherentadvantageof在某方面有优势@#@Teachingstudentsingroupshasainherentadvantageofenablingschoolstousetheirequipmentandfacilitiesmoreefficiently.@#@近义句型:
@#@besuperiorto…比…更有优势@#@反义句型:
@#@beinferiorto…不如…的@#@Nevermanagetoreachacomparablelevel(不能相提并论的)@#@倒退类(用来论证disadvantage负面的方面)@#@1@#@Liveinpoverty/misery/frustration/anxiety生活在贫穷/痛苦/沮丧/焦虑中@#@Livinginmisery,thecitizensintheseimpoverishedcountriesclaimthatindustrialnationshavetheobligationtosupplyfinancialaid,whichcanliftthemoutofpoverty.@#@近义句型:
@#@leada…life@#@2@#@Driveupthecrimerate使犯罪率上升@#@Thewidespreadgunscenesandpornographyinfilmsmaymakeyoungviewersmoreviolent.Asaconsequence,thesescenestendtodriveupyoungsters’crimerate.@#@反义句型:
@#@lowerthecrimerate@#@3@#@Thecompetitionisincreasinglystiff竞争越来越激烈@#@Theeconomiccompetitionbetweencountriesisincreasinglystiff,whichhasmadethegovernmentsmoreprotectiveoftheirdomesticmarket.@#@近义句型:
@#@beincreasinglycompetitive@#@4@#@Toavoid…,peopleshould…为了避免…,人们应该…@#@Toavoidtheextinctionofthesespecies,weshouldstopdisturbingtheecologicalbalanceonourplanet.@#@近义句型:
@#@peopleshould…soastoprevent…为了避免…人们应该…@#@5@#@WidenthegapbetweenAandB加大A与B之间的差距@#@Atpresent,thetechnologyavailabletoindividualsisactuallywideningthegapbetweenwealthybetweenneedyratherthannarrowingit.@#@反义句型:
@#@narrow/bridgethegapbetweenAandB@#@6@#@Stemfrom…(某种坏现象)起源于…@#@Generallyspeaking,children’sbadbehaviourstemsfromimitatingtheirparents.@#@近义句型:
@#@AcanbeattributedtoBA的产生可以归结到B这个原因上@#@7@#@Posethreatto对…构成威胁@#@Theweaponsthatacountrypossessesdonotjustposeathreattoothercountries.Theyposeaveryrealthreattotheirowneraswell.@#@近义词组:
@#@jeopardisesth.@#@8@#@Stiflecreativity/imagination扼杀创造力/想象力@#@ThetraditionalapproachtoeducationinsomeAsiancountriesseriouslystiflesstudents’creativityandimagination.@#@反义句型:
@#@foster/simulatecreativity@#@9@#@Find…monotonousandunmotivating发现某事物很单调无法给人动力@#@Youngstudentstendtofindtraditionalschoolingmonotonousandunmotivating.@#@近义句型:
@#@find…unattractivenorproductive@#@反义句型:
@#@find…highlystimulating@#@10@#@Diminishindividualleisuretime减少人们的休闲时间@#@Theacceleratingpaceoflifeseriouslydiminishesindividualleisuretimeandmayevencausementalillnesses.@#@对比:
@#@driveawayindividuals’loneliness@#@11@#@ThereisadefinitelinkbetweenAandB两者之间存在紧密关系@#@Thereisadefinitelinkbetweentherisingrateofobesityandtheincreasingconsumptionoffastfood.@#@反义句型:
@#@thereisnocorrelationbetweenAandB两者不存在关系@#@12@#@Spinoutofcontrol失去控制@#@TheGreekfinancialcrisisisspinningoutofcontrolandspillingovertootherEuropeancountries.@#@反义句型:
@#@keep…undertightcontrol@#@13@#@Causetensionandconflictsbetween…and…在两者之间造成紧张和冲突@#@Culturaldifferencesbetweenthetouristandlocalresidentsmaycausetensionandconflictsbetweenthem.@#@反义句型:
@#@easethetensionbetween…and…@#@14@#@Beoverlydependenton对某事过度依赖@#@Technologyhasmadeindividualoverlydependentonit,whichhasledtomoresedentarylifestyleandlessface-to-facecommunication.@#@反义句型:
@#@beindependentof…对…不依赖@#@15@#@Haveadetrimentalinfluenceupon对…有负面影响@#@Apparently,long-distanceflightshavedetrimentalinfluenceupontheenvironment,eventhoughtheyarebyfarthemostefficientwayoftraveling.@#@16@#@Thepopulationisbooming人口在激增@#@WhereasthepopulationhasbeenboominginmanyAsiancountries,thebirthrateinsomeEuropeancountriesremainsconsistentlylow.@#@反义句型:
@#@curbthepopulationexplosion@#@17@#@Ismarkedlyincompatiblewith…与…明显不协调@#@Thedesignofbuildingsoftenturnsouttobemarkedlyincompatiblewithhistoricalsurroundingsintermsofmaterials,formandcolors.@#@近义词组:
@#@beincongruouswith@#@反义词组:
@#@beconsistentwith@#@";i:
9;s:
13010:
"时事政治词汇@#@国内时事DomesticAffairs@#@中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会17thNationalCongressofCommunistPartyofChina(17thNCCPC)@#@中央政治局PoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCPC@#@中央纪律检查委员会CentralCommissionforDisciplineInspection@#@中共中央委员会CPCCentralCommittee@#@全国人民代表大会(简称全国人大)NationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)@#@九届全国人大四次会议theFourthSessionoftheNinthNationalPeople’sCongress@#@全国人大代表deputytotheNationalPeople’sCongress@#@全国人民代表大会主席团theNPCPresidium@#@全国人民代表大会常务委员会theNPCStandingCommittee@#@全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅thegeneralofficesoftheNPCStandingCommittee@#@中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会(简称全国政协)NationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference(CPPCC)@#@中国政协委员memberoftheNationalCommitteeofCPPCC@#@最高人民法院SupremePeople’sCourt @#@最高人民法院院长PresidentoftheSupremePeople’sCourt@#@最高人民检察院SupremePeople’sProcuratorate @#@最高人民检察院检察长Procurator-General @#@国务院StateCouncil @#@外交部MinistryofForeignAffairs @#@国防部MinistryofNationalDefense @#@国家发展计划委员会StateDevelopmentPlanningCommission @#@国家经济贸易委员会StateEconomicandTradeCommission @#@教育部MinistryofEducation @#@科学技术部MinistryofScienceandTechnology @#@国防科学技术工业委员会CommissionofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense @#@国家民族事务委员会StateEthnicAffairsCommission @#@公安部MinistryofPublicSecurity @#@安全部MinistryofStateSecurity @#@监察部MinistryofSupervision @#@民政部MinistryofCivilAffairs @#@司法部MinistryofJustice @#@财政部MinistryofFinance @#@人事部MinistryofPersonnel @#@劳动和社会保障部MinistryofLaborandSocialSecurity @#@国土资源部MinistryofLandandNaturalResources @#@建设部MinistryofConstruction @#@铁道部MinistryofRailways @#@交通部MinistryofCommunications @#@信息产业部MinistryofInformationTechnologyandTelecommunications @#@水利部MinistryofWaterResources @#@农业部MinistryofAgriculture @#@对外贸易经济合作部MinistryofForeignTradeandEconomicCo-operation @#@文化部MinistryofCulture @#@卫生部MinistryofHealth @#@国家计划生育委员会StateFamilyPlanningCommission @#@中国人民银行People’sBankofChina @#@审计署AuditingAdministration @#@fgA中国英语学习网@#@中共中央总书记GeneralSecretary,theCPCCentralCommittee @#@政治局常委Member,StandingCommitteeofPoliticalBureau,theCPCCentralCommittee @#@政治局委员Member,PoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommittee @#@书记处书记Member,secretariatoftheCPCCentralCommittee @#@中央委员Member,CentralCommittee @#@候补委员AlternateMember @#@省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/MunicipalCommitteeoftheCPC @#@党组书记secretary,PartyLeadershipGroup@#@中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/VicePresident,thePeople’sRepublicofChina @#@全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/ViceChairman,NationalPeople’sCongress @#@秘书长Secretary-General @#@主任委员Chairman @#@委员Member @#@(地方人大)主任Chairman,LocalPeople’sCongress @#@人大代表DeputytothePeople’sCongress @#@国务院总理Premier,StateCouncil @#@副总理VicePremier @#@国务委员StateCouncilor @#@秘书长Secretary-General @#@(国务院各委员会)主任MinisterinChargeofCommissionfor @#@(国务院各部)部长Minister @#@部长助理AssistantMinister @#@司长Director @#@局长Director @#@省长Governor @#@常务副省长ExecutiveViceGovernor @#@自治区人民政府主席Chairman,AutonomousRegionalPeople’sGovernment @#@地区专员Commissioner,prefecture @#@香港特别行政区行政长官ChiefExecutive,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion @#@市长/副市长Mayor/ViceMayor @#@区长ChiefExecutive,DistrictGovernment @#@县长ChiefExecutive,CountyGovernment @#@乡镇长ChiefExecutive,TownshipGovernment @#@秘书长Secretary-General @#@办公厅主任Director,GeneralOffice @#@(部委办)主任Director @#@处长/副处长DivisionChief/DeputyDivisionChief @#@科长/股长SectionChief @#@科员Clerk/Officer @#@有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialistdemocraticpoliticswithChinesecharacteristics@#@邓小平理论DengXiaopingTheory@#@三个代表threerepresentstheory(thePartymustalwaysrepresenttherequirementsofthedevelopmentofChina’sadvancedproductiveforces,theorientationofthedevelopmentofChina’sadvancedculture,andthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepeopleinChina.)@#@高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜,全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想holdhighthebannerofDengXiaopingTheoryandcarryouttheimportantthoughtsof"@#@ThreeRepresents"@#@@#@坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,弘扬与时俱进的精神adheretotheideologicalguidelineofemancipatingthemind,seekingtruthfromfacts,andupholdsthespiritofadvancingwithtime.@#@两大历史性课题(提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力)@#@thetwomajorhistoricsubjectsofenhancingtheabilitiesofadministrationandartofleadershipandresistingcorruption,guardingagainstdegenerationandwardingoffrisks.@#@全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forgeaheadwiththenewgreatprojectofPartybuilding@#@三讲教育:
@#@讲学习,讲政治,讲正气threeemphaseseducation(tostresstheoreticalstudy,politicalawarenessandgoodconduct)@#@新闻发布会newsconference@#@政府工作报告government’sworkreport@#@国有企业state-ownedenterprises(SOE)@#@人均国内生产总值per-capitagrossdomesticproduct(GDP)@#@国民生产总值grossnationalproduct(GNP)@#@经济房low-costhousing@#@西部大开发thestrategyofdevelopingthewesternregion@#@西部大开发战略develop-the-weststrategy@#@扩大住房贷款,助学贷款和大件消费品贷款expandhousingloans,studentloansandmajorcommodityloans@#@弱势群体disadvantagedgroups(对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。
@#@Specialemploymentassistanceshouldbegiventomembersofdisadvantagedgroups.)@#@西电东送transmissionofelectricityfromthewesterntotheeasternregion@#@加快经济结构调整accelerateeconomicrestructuring@#@购买力purchasingpower@#@消费者物价指数ConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)@#@城镇社会保障体系urbansocialsecuritysystem@#@下岗职工基本生活费subsistenceallowancesforlaid-offworkers@#@离退休人员基本养老金basicpensionsforretirees@#@特困行业和企业industriesandenterprisesindirestraits@#@试点项目pilotproject@#@抵抗全球经济衰退tocombattheglobaleconomicslump@#@医疗改革healthcarereform@#@农村剩余劳动力surplusruralworkers@#@扩大内需,刺激消费expanddomesticdemandandconsumption@#@乡镇企业townshipenterprises@#@地方保护主义localprotectionismfgA中国英语学习网@#@不正当竞争unfaircompetitionfgA中国英语学习网@#@与时俱进advancewiththetimes@#@综合国力overallnationalstrength@#@可持续发展sustainabledevelopment@#@三峡工程Three-GorgesProject@#@三峡移民MigrantsfromThreeGorgesarea@#@电视会议televisedmeeting@#@常务委员StandingCommitteemember@#@下岗职工laid-offworkers@#@再就业re-employment@#@再就业下岗人员re-employmentoflaid-offworkers@#@隐形就业hiddenemployment@#@国有企业改革Reformofstate-ownedenterprises@#@医保制度改革Reformofmedicalinsurancesystem@#@政府机构改革Reformofgovernmentinstitutions@#@现代远程教育moderndistanceeducation@#@青藏铁路Qinghai-TibetRailway@#@农村电网改造projectstoupgraderuralpowergrids@#@退耕还林、还草工程GrainforGreenProject@#@增收节支increaserevenueandcutgovernmentexpenditure@#@全面小康社会all-roundwell-offsociety@#@构建和谐社会tobuildaharmonioussociety@#@对某事予以严重关注expressgraveconcernoversth.fgA中国英语学习网@#@对某事表示深切关注bedeeplyconcernedaboutsth.fgA中国英语学习网@#@旨在做某事inabidtodosth.@#@海峡两岸关系cross-Straitrelations@#@国务院台湾事务办公室TaiwanAffairsOfficeoftheStateCouncil@#@三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商,通航和通邮)threedirectlinksoftrade,mail,andairandshippingservicesacrosstheTaiwanStraitsfgA中国英语学习网@#@一国两制onecountry,twosystemsfgA中国英语学习网@#@反对“台独” @#@ @#@opposethe“IndependenceofTaiwan@#@一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础@#@TheOne-ChinaPrincipleisthefoundationandprerequisiteforpeacefulreunification@#@国际时事InternationalAffairs@#@大使,使节ambassador大使馆embassy@#@军火ammunition@#@武装部队armedforces@#@逮捕arrest@#@当局authorities@#@禁止ban@#@炸弹;@#@轰炸bomb@#@人体炸弹bodybomb@#@预算budget@#@内阁cabinet@#@运动,选举campaign@#@候选人,选手candidate@#@投反对票castdissentingvote@#@弃权abstain@#@伤亡casualty@#@停火cease-fire@#@首领,长官chief@#@倒塌collapse@#@谴责condemn@#@腐败corruption@#@撞击,坠毁crash@#@汇市currencymarket@#@僵局deadlock@#@死亡数deathtoll@#@国防部长(美)DefenseSecretary@#@赤字deficit/盈余surplus@#@外交关系diplomatictie@#@经济复苏economicrecovery@#@选举election@#@少数民族ethnicgroups@#@证据evidence@#@驱逐,放逐expel@#@游击队guerrilla@#@世界经济globaleconomy@#@有罪的guilty@#@劫机hijack人质hostage@#@独立independence@#@通货膨胀inflation@#@投资invest@#@共同的joint@#@伊拉克战争IraqWar@#@多数majority@#@军事行动militaryoperation@#@行动,步骤move@#@相互的mutual@#@谈判negotiate@#@核武器nuclearweapon@#@开枪,开火openfire@#@推翻,颠覆overthrow@#@国会parliament(Britain);@#@congress(US)@#@维和部队peace-keepingforce@#@(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)Pentagon@#@方针,政策policy@#@投票,民意测验poll@#@总统,主席president@#@提议,提案proposal@#@抗议protest@#@经济萧条recession@#@难民refugee@#@区域的regional@#@收入revenue@#@暴动和抢劫riotingandlooting@#@国务卿(美)SecretaryState@#@安全security@#@间谍spy@#@战略strategy@#@高峰会议summitmeeting@#@生还者survivor@#@恐怖主义terrorism@#@恐怖分子terrorist@#@被困的trapped@#@台风typhoon@#@协议treaty@#@动荡unrest@#@受害者victim@#@暴力violence@#@安全理事会SecurityCouncil @#@联合国大会UNGeneralAssembly @#@联合国教育科学文化组织UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization,UNESCO @#@世界卫生组织WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)@#@世界贸易组织WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)@#@自由贸易协定FreeTradeAgreement(FTA)fgA中国英语学习网@#@发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系todeveloprelationsofpeaceandfriendship,equalityandmutualbenefit,andprolongedstability @#@发展民族经济todevelopthenationaleconomy @#@贩卖军火topeddlemunitions @#@国家不分大小,应该一律平等Allcountries,bigorsmall,shouldbeequal @#@建立正常的国家关系toestablishnormalstaterelations @#@求得公平合理的解决toseekafairandreasonablesolution @#@取长补短tomakeupforeachother’sdeficiencies @#@通过外交途径进行谈判tonegotiatethroughdiplomaticchannels @#@维护国家独立和主权完整tosafeguardnationalindependenceandtheintegrityofsovereignty @#@用和平手段解决争端tosolvedisputesbypeacefulmeans @#@维护世界和平tosafeguardworldpeace@#@";i:
10;s:
12233:
"浅谈建筑给排水节水技术@#@原文资料:
@#@TheDiscussionofWater-savingTechnologyaboutWaterSupplyandDrainageinBuilding(QiJunfeng,,YangYanyan,HuLinpeng)@#@摘要:
@#@根据建筑给排水的当前形势,分析建筑给排水的节水技术,达到水资源的高效利用。
@#@节水技术主要包括合理限定配水点的水压,防止超压溢流;@#@完善热水供应系统,减少热水系统的无效冷水量;@#@推广应用节水型配水器具和卫生器具;@#@增加质量好的管道和阀门的应用;@#@以及提高当前热水水池的结构同时提高回水和雨水利用技术。
@#@@#@关键词:
@#@建筑给排水,节水,技术@#@引言:
@#@@#@水是关系到人类生存和发展的至关重要的资源。
@#@我们国家水资源总量位居世界第六,但是人均水资源占有量只有世界平均水平的四分之一。
@#@水资源在我国的分布及其不均匀,并且全国范围内三分之二的城市已经呈现不同程度的水资源短缺。
@#@最近几年,城市生活惨遭水资源的匮乏和污染问题,这不仅给人们的生活构成了威胁,也成为了社会可持续发展的限制性因素。
@#@所以,我们要更加关注节约用水。
@#@建筑给水是一个系统工程。
@#@除了与节水相关的法律法规外,我们还要加强管理和教育,利用提升水价来促进节约用水,另外需要采用有效地科学技术来保证整个建筑节水的贯彻实施。
@#@@#@一、合理限定配水点的水压,防止超压出流。
@#@@#@根据《建筑给水排水设计规范》3.3.5条规定:
@#@高层建筑生活给水系统应竖向分区。
@#@住宅配水点的水压<0.35MPa,办公楼<0.45MPa。
@#@特殊情况下不宜大于0.55MPa。
@#@虽然规范对给水配件和入户支管的最大压力做出了一定的限制性规定,但这只是从防止给水配件承压过高会导致损坏的角度考虑的,并未从防止超压出流角度考虑。
@#@@#@节水龙头试验结果显示全开时最大流量为0.46L/s。
@#@相对应的动压值为0.22MPa,静压值和0.3MPa。
@#@按水龙头的额定流量q=0.15L/s为标准比较,节水龙头在全开时其流量为额定流量的3倍。
@#@在另一个对67个水龙头的实测中,有47个测点流量超标,超标率达61%。
@#@因此,在给水系统设计中超压出流是个严重的问题,采用以下措施是非常必要的。
@#@@#@A合理限定配水点的水压@#@《建筑给水排水设计规范》限定了给水分区的水压,而卫生器具最佳使用的静水压力宜为0.10MPa和0.2MPa之间,大部分处于超压出流。
@#@近年来,工程中常用支管减压,这也是节水中的重要措施。
@#@在给水分区的地步,减压后的给水静水压力在满足卫生器具的给水配件的流量时尽量取小值。
@#@建议高层分区给水系统最低卫生器具配水电处静水压大于0.15MPa时,采取加压措施。
@#@@#@B采取减压措施@#@在给水系统中合理配置减压装置是将水压控制在限制要求内、减少超压出流的技术保障。
@#@减压阀可以减动压,静压;@#@具有良好的运行参数的减压阀可以起到很好的控制和降噪效果。
@#@减压阀已广泛应用于新的建筑中。
@#@然而,减压阀价格较昂贵,所以要经过经济比较后才适合使用减压阀,建议使用比例阀,它具有简单的结构和合理的价格。
@#@减压孔板相对于减压阀来说,系统比较简单,投资较少,管理方便。
@#@但减压孔板只能减动压,不能减静压,且下游的压力随上游压力和流量而变,不够稳定。
@#@所以减压孔板只适合对给水压力要求较低的情况下采用。
@#@@#@二、完善热水供应系统,减少无效冷水量@#@随着人民生活水平的提高和建筑功能的完善,建筑热水系统已逐渐成为建筑给水不可缺少的组成部分。
@#@据调查,给中热水系统,大多存在着严重的水量浪费现象,主要表现在开启热水配水装置后,往往要放掉不少冷水后才能正常使用。
@#@目前我国现行的《建筑给水排水设计规范》中提出了三种热水循环方式:
@#@于管循环、立管循环、支管循环。
@#@同时,允许热水系统较小、使用要求不高的定时供应系统,如公共浴室等可不设循环管。
@#@@#@我们以北京市某12层公寓为例,分别计算了该建筑采用支管循环、立管循环、干管循环或无循环方式时,每年的理论无效冷水量、节水量和各种循环方式的回水系统的概算工程成本。
@#@从节水角度和满意程度来看,从好到差的顺序为:
@#@支管循环、立管循环、干管循环和无循环。
@#@从投资回收期来看,支管循环方式约为30年,立管循环方式约为12.5年,而干管循环方式约为12.7年。
@#@因此,新建建筑的集中热水供应系统在选择循环方式时需综合考虑节水效果与工程成本,根据建筑性质、建筑标准、地区经济条件等具体情况选用支管循环方式或立管循环方式,尽可能减少乃至消除无效冷水的浪费。
@#@@#@三、采用节水型配水器具和卫生器具@#@A节水型配水器具@#@在水压相同时,陶瓷阀芯节水龙头和充气水龙头等的节水量可达20%-30%,陶瓷阀芯节水龙头不仅具有良好的出水性能:
@#@在关停好几万次后仍然不滴水,而且具有很好的节水效果。
@#@尤其是在静水压比较大,普通水龙头的出水量大时,节水龙头的节水量更大。
@#@与普通淋浴器相比,节水淋浴器每分钟只用9L水,减少了一半的用水量。
@#@在公共建筑中,使用延时自闭冲洗阀或者光电式控制水龙头和冲洗阀可以避免水的浪费。
@#@因为这些卫生器具出水控制在一定的范围内。
@#@另一方面,这些卫生器具在出水一定时间后自动关闭,避免细菌传播。
@#@@#@B节水卫生器具@#@住宅的冲厕水水量占了一整天用水量的30%-40%。
@#@当前住宅的厕所常采用大便和小便共用同一个冲洗水,冲洗水水量更大,约为11L。
@#@耗水量很大,这显然是种浪费。
@#@采用两档水箱比采用6L水箱更节水。
@#@两档水箱在冲洗小便时,冲水量为3L,而冲洗大便时,冲水量为6L。
@#@@#@四、推广使用优质管材和阀门@#@国内建筑已广泛采用镀锌钢管作为给水系统中的给水干管。
@#@但是,镀锌钢管易腐蚀和滋生细菌,这不仅会造成水的二次污染,而且腐蚀物质的泄露会影响构筑物的环境和水资源。
@#@我国建设部等四部委也联合发布文件,要求自2000年6月1日期,在全国城镇新建住宅给水管道中,禁止使用冷镀锌钢管,并根据当地实际情况逐步限时禁止使用热镀锌钢管,推广应用新型管材。
@#@@#@在建筑给水系统中,塑料管主要包括应聚氯乙烯管,聚氯乙烯管,高密度聚乙烯管,复合聚丁烯管,聚丙烯管,聚丁烯管和丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物等。
@#@复合管包括铝塑复合管,镀塑钢管,钢塑复合管等。
@#@塑料管与镀锌钢管相比,在经济上具有一定优势。
@#@铜管和不锈钢管虽然造价较高,但使用年限厂,还可用于热水系统。
@#@应根据建筑和给水性质,选择合适的优质给水管材。
@#@@#@阀门是建筑给排水中最常用的配件之一,它的类型和质量的好坏能影响用水的质量。
@#@一般的,截止阀比闸阀关得严,闸阀比蝶阀关得严。
@#@液压阀能克服浮球阀的大型尺寸,克服溢流和其他由堵塞引起的缺点;@#@液压阀是浮球阀的浓缩产品。
@#@在同等条件时,我们就应当选用更能够节水的阀门。
@#@@#@五、提高消防水池@#@根据我国目前规范,当市政给水或者天然水源不能满足消防要求时,或者市政给水管为枝状或者只有一条进水管时(除了二类住宅)时,需要设置消防水池。
@#@消防水池的容量要满足在火灾持续时间内室内和室外的消防用水量。
@#@这样,经过计算每栋高层建筑的消防水量非常大,从几百立方米到几千立方米不等。
@#@@#@一般消防水池有两种形式,即把消防水池和生活水池合建,另一种是消防水池单独设置。
@#@@#@当消防水池与生活水池合建时,由于大部分建筑的消防水量比其生活水量大得多,所以生活用水在水池中的停留时间长,导致余氯耗尽影响水质。
@#@因此,在新建建筑的生活水池和消防水池应分开设置。
@#@单独设置消防水池不仅投资大,而且容易由于消防水使用频率低使其产生异味。
@#@为了确保消防水质量,我们必须定期更新消防用水,这就带来水资源的浪费。
@#@因此,我大力推荐几种消防水池的建法。
@#@@#@A采用消防水池区域合作方式@#@随着城市建筑的发展,高层建筑越来越多。
@#@政府部门应该协调有关单位和部门,大力推广同一小区的邻近建筑共用一个消防水池,并根据实际情况建立共用控制中心。
@#@消防水池的设计应与最大建筑消防用水量相一致。
@#@如此,我们可以节省投资,减少水的浪费,而且还能保证消防用水。
@#@@#@B开发中水作为消防用水@#@如今,我国有些严重缺水的城市已经要求对中水系统进行探索。
@#@它要求公共建筑应建立中水系统,尤其是大型酒店、宾馆等。
@#@如果我们开发中水作为消防用水,那么可以节约大量生活用水。
@#@如果合理循环使用中水并且和消防用水结合起来形成有效循环,可以解决由消防用水停留时间过长导致的二次污染。
@#@@#@C充分利用市政水资源@#@随着城市给水管网不断的发展和提升,市政的水量和水质有了很大的提高。
@#@当市政管网能满足发生火灾时的消防用水量,建议取消室内消防水池而直接用市政给水管网供水。
@#@@#@六、开发中水和雨水利用技术@#@建筑节水不仅是要减少用水,而且还是要提高有效水量。
@#@在严重缺水的地区,加大中水和雨水的有效利用是节水的重要组成部分。
@#@@#@中水是污水经适当处理后,达到一定的水质指标的非饮用水。
@#@它可以用于冲洗厕所、城市绿化、冲洗汽车、消防等。
@#@据有关数据显示,使用中水系统,住宅用水量可以节省30%-40%;@#@与此同时排放物也能减少35%-50%;@#@商业区可以减少70%;@#@科研机构可以节约30%。
@#@随着城市的发展和生活水平的提高,城市用水量将继续增加。
@#@在缺少可用水资源的区域,可以提高水的价格,这样中水的建设是经济可行的。
@#@这是污水回用和节水的有力措施,也是节水发展中的必然方向。
@#@@#@与中水相似,雨水回用是把雨水收集、储存、处理,再作为不同类型的水资源。
@#@自1980年以来,欧洲、日本和其他国家,一个接一个地投资对雨水的收集和使用。
@#@研究显示,如果建立雨水收集和利用系统,收集、加工和循环雨水,然后用于冲洗厕所、冲洗汽车、造林、浇洒道路,或者作为景观和河流用水,这将节约相当大的水量。
@#@但并不是每个地方都设和设立这种系统。
@#@如果降雨不大或者用水量不大,系统恢复慢。
@#@因此,根据当地降雨特点、水价、建筑投资、经营投资和用水量,在谨慎考虑是否采用此系统。
@#@@#@结语@#@节水是当代人为下一代获益的义务。
@#@节水是一项系统工程。
@#@我们应该坚持把人的节水意识和节水技术相结合,坚持开发与节约并举,把节约放在首位。
@#@在水资源、水环境承载能力范围内,在社会法规的不断完善和给水条件下,宣传节水意识,完善法律法规,广泛采用各种保护措施,并开发新技术。
@#@这不仅能缓解城市给水和区域用水的矛盾,也能减少废水,并取得较好的社会效益和环境效益。
@#@@#@@#@";i:
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"大学英语一教案@#@21stCenturyCollegeEnglish(BookI)@#@Unit1@#@1.教学目的和要求@#@Objectives:
@#@@#@Studentswillbeableto:
@#@@#@1)graspthemainidea(Gettoknowsomeeffectivewaystostudywell.)andstructureofthetext(Developingaparagraphwithageneralstatementsupportedbyexamples).@#@2)learntoreadpassagesforthefirsttimeunderstandingthegeneralideaandforthesecondtimefindingoutthedetailsandtheanswerstothequestions.@#@3)masterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetext;@#@@#@4)conductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.@#@2.教学的主要内容@#@1)Importantwordsandlanguagepointsinthetext@#@performconcentrateignoreassignrecallessentialdueschedulestretchrelevantcontentretainparticipateintellectualeconomicsapproachakethemostofcountforputincutdownonsticktoleadtoputdownputaway@#@2)Writingtechnique@#@Thetypeofthiswritingisanexposition.@#@Thistextisatypical“how-to-do-thingsessay”.Thiskindofarticleisusuallydividedintotwoparts:
@#@Part1,theimportanceofdoingthis;@#@Part2,theconcretemethodsorproceduresofdoingit.Andthesecondpartisthemainbodyofthearticle.@#@Generallyspeaking,there’satopicsentenceatthebeginningofthetexttoexpressthethesisandaconclusivesentenceintheend.@#@Inthistext,aftertheexamplesatthebeginning,theauthortellsusthetopicsentence“Thestudentsatthetopoftheclassgettherebymasteringafewbasictechniquesthatotherscaneasilylearn.”.Tomatchthetopicsentence,theauthorgivesustheconclusionsentence“Afterall,thesecretsofAstudentsarenotsosecret.YoucanlearnandmasterthemandbecomeanAstudent,too.@#@3)Culturalbackground@#@
(1)gradingsystem@#@Gradingisjustameansforteacherstomeasureandassessstudentsstudy.Thereusuallyaretwogradingsystem:
@#@thefive-grade-markingsystemandpercentagescales.(五分制和百分制)Schools,collegesanduniversitiesinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStatescommonlyuselettergradestoindicatethequalityofastudent’sacademicperformance:
@#@A(excellent),B(good),C(average),D(belowaverage),andF(failing).IntheUnitedStates,workratedCoraboveisusuallyrequiredofanundergraduatestudenttocontinuehis/herstudies;@#@workratedBorhigherisusuallyrequiredofagraduatestudenttocontinue.Inpercentagescales,100percentisthehighestmark,and70percent(or65percent)isusuallythelowestpassingmark.@#@
(2)studentsatuniversity@#@Auniversitystudentwhohasnotyettakenhisorherfirstor“bachelor’s”degreeisanundergraduate.IntheUnitedStates,afirst-yearstudentatacollegeoruniversityandinahighschoolaswell,iscalledafreshman,asecond-yearstudentasophomore,andathird-yearstudentajunior,andafourth-yearstudentasenior.Agraduateisapersonwhohascompletedauniversitydegreecoursewhileapostgraduate(orgraduateintheUnitedStates)isapersondoingstudiesthataredoneatauniversityafteronehasreceivedafirstdegree.@#@(3)speed-reading@#@Alsoknownasrapidreading,speed-readingisamethodofreadingrapidlybyskimmingandscanning.Theaimistoincreasethenumberofwordsreadinacertainlengthoftime,aswellasthereader’scomprehensionofthetext.@#@(4)Cambridge@#@CambridgeisacityinEnglandandthehomeofCambridgeUniversity.CambridgeliesontheRiverCam,about50milesnorthofLondon.Ithasrapidlygrowingmanufacturingindustriesonitsoutskirts,manyofthemcloselyassociatedwiththeuniversity’sfamousscientificlaboratories.CambridgeUniversityisnotedforscholarshipinmodernliteratureandscience,especiallynuclearphysicsandastronomy.Theuniversity’sbuildingsarenotedfortheirfinearchitecture.@#@(5)BristolUniversity@#@BristolUniversityisoneofthefinestengineeringandscienceschoolsinGreatBritain.TheUniversityislocatedinBristol,oneofthemostattractivelargecitiesinEngland.Thecitywasfoundedalmost1,000yearsagoandsoonafterbecamethesecondcityinEngland.ItslongandvariedhistoryhasleftBristolalegacyoflovelybuildings,amongwhichisitsmanymedievalchurches.@#@(6)UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley@#@LocatedinnorthernCaliforniaacrosstheBayfromSanFrancisco,theUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyisoneoftheworld’smostrespectedandpremieruniversities.Renownedforitscuttingedgeideasanddiversefaculty,Berkeleyhasover33,000studentsinavarietyofdisciplines.@#@3.重点、难点及解决办法@#@TeachingFocus@#@
(1)Learnhowtheauthorpresentstheideas:
@#@fromgeneraladvicetospecificexamples.@#@
(2)Learntwosentencestructures:
@#@@#@Go+(un)p.p.@#@Getusedto+n/ing&@#@usedto+infinitive@#@TeachingDifficulties@#@
(1)Followthewayhowtheauthorpresentstheideas:
@#@fromgeneraadvicetospecificexamples,towriteashortparagraph.@#@
(2)Specialattentionshouldbepaidtoclassroominteraction.Givestudentstimetoadapttothenewteachingmodeintheuniversitythatarequitedifferentfromtheonetheywereusedtointhemiddleschool.@#@TeachingSuggestions@#@Studentsconductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingpracticetodeepentheirunderstandingofthepointstaughtinclass.@#@Moreencouragementisneededandmoreguidancewillbegiventothemintheirextracurricularstudy.@#@4.时间分布@#@TimeAllotment:
@#@@#@1st-2ndperiod:
@#@Unit1TextANewWords@#@3rd-4thperiod:
@#@Unit1TextA@#@5th-6thperiod:
@#@Unit1Exercises@#@7th-8thperiod:
@#@新视野听说教程Unit1@#@5.教学方法及手段@#@Acombinationoftraditionalteachingmethodswiththecommunicativeapproachwillbeadopted.@#@6.问题与练习@#@《21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册》第一单元TextA后的习题。
@#@@#@1)ComprehensionoftheText@#@2)Vocabulary@#@3)WordBuilding@#@4)Structure@#@6)Cloze@#@7)Translation@#@7.参考书目@#@《21世纪大学英语教师参考书第一册》@#@OtherUsefulEnglishLearningResources:
@#@@#@Magazines:
@#@EnglishLanguageLearning,CollegeEnglish,EnglishSalon,EnglishWeekly,TheworldofEnglish,EnglishDigest,OverseasEnglish@#@Newspaper:
@#@21stCentury,ChinaDaily@#@Websites:
@#@(英语比萨园地);@#@(听力快车);@#@(普特英语听力);@#@(英文写作网);@#@(旺旺英语);@#@(中国日报);@#@http:
@#@//www.guardian.co.uk(英国卫报);@#@(华盛顿邮报)@#@@#@(后面是我们修改过的讲稿)@#@-3-@#@";i:
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"世界各国国名及缩写中英文对照表@#@1.AF-Afghanistan阿富汗@#@2.AL-Albania阿尔巴尼亚@#@3.DZ-Algeria阿尔及利亚@#@4.AS-AmericanSamoa东萨摩亚@#@5.AD-Andorra安道尔@#@6.AO-Angola安哥拉@#@7.Av-Anguilla安圭拉岛@#@8.AQ-Antarctica南极洲@#@9.AG-AntiguaandBarbuda安提瓜和巴布达@#@10.AR-Argentina阿根廷@#@11.AM-Armenia亚美尼亚@#@12.AA-Aruba阿鲁巴@#@13.AU-Australia澳大利亚@#@14.AT-Austria奥地利@#@15.AZ-Azerbaijan阿塞拜疆@#@16.BF-Bahamas巴哈马@#@17.BH-Bahrain巴林@#@18.BB-Barbados巴巴多斯@#@19.BD-Bangladesh孟加拉@#@20.BY-Belarus白俄罗斯@#@21.BE-Belgium比利时@#@22.BZ-Belize伯里兹@#@23.BJ-Benin贝宁@#@24.BM-Bermuda百慕大@#@25.BS-Bahamas巴哈马@#@26.BT-Bhutan不丹@#@27.BW-Botswana博茨瓦纳@#@28.BO-Bolivia玻利维亚@#@29.BA-BosniaandHerzegovina波黑@#@30.BV-BouvetIsland布韦岛@#@31.BR-Brazil巴西@#@32.IO-BritishIndianOceanTerritory英属印度洋领地@#@33.BN-BruneiDarussalam文莱布鲁萨兰@#@34.BG-Bulgaria保加利亚@#@35.BF-BurkinaFaso布基纳法索@#@36.BI-Burundi布隆迪@#@37.KH-Cambodia(Internet)柬埔寨@#@38.CB-Cambodia(CIAWorldFactBook)柬埔寨@#@39.CM-Cameroon喀麦隆@#@40.CA-Canada加拿大@#@41.CV-CapeVerde佛得角@#@42.KY-CaymanIslands开曼群岛@#@43.CF-CentralAfricanRepublic中非@#@44.TD-Chad乍得@#@45.CL-Chile智利@#@46.CN-China中国@#@47.CX-ChristmasIsland圣诞岛@#@48.CC-Cocos(Keeling)Islands可可斯群岛@#@49.CO-Colombia哥伦比亚@#@50.KM-Comoros科摩罗@#@51.CG-Congo刚果@#@52.CD-Congo,DemocraticRepublic刚果@#@53.CK-CookIslands库克群岛@#@54.CR-CostaRica哥斯达黎加@#@55.CI-CoteD'@#@Ivoire(IvoryCoast)象牙海岸@#@56.HR-Croatia(Hrvatska)克罗地亚@#@57.CU-Cuba古巴@#@58.CY-Cyprus塞普路斯@#@59.CZ-CzechRepublic捷克@#@60.CS-Czechoslovakia(former)捷克斯洛伐克@#@61.DK-Denmark丹麦@#@62.DJ-Djibouti吉布提@#@63.DM-Dominica多米尼加共和国@#@64.DO-DominicanRepublic多米尼加联邦@#@65.TP-EastTimor东帝汶@#@66.EC-Ecuador厄瓜多尔@#@67.EG-Egypt埃及@#@68.SV–ElSalvador萨尔瓦多@#@69.GQ-EquatorialGuinea赤道几内亚@#@70.ER-Eritrea @#@厄立特里亚@#@71.EE-Estonia爱沙尼亚@#@72.ET-Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚@#@73.FK-FalklandIslands(Malvinas)福兰克群岛@#@74.FO-FaroeIslands法罗群岛@#@75.FJ-Fiji斐济@#@76.FI-Finland芬兰@#@77.FR-France法国@#@78.FX-France,Metropolitan法属美特罗波利坦 @#@@#@79.GF-FrenchGuiana法属圭亚那@#@80.PF-FrenchPolynesia法属玻里尼西亚@#@81.TF-FrenchSouthernTerritories法国南部领地@#@82.MK-F.Y.R.O.M.(Macedonia) @#@@#@83.GA-Gabon加蓬@#@84.GM-Gambia冈比亚@#@85.GE-Georgia格鲁吉亚@#@86.DE-Germany德国@#@87.GH-Ghana加纳@#@88.GI-Gibraltar直布罗陀@#@89.GB-GreatBritain(UK)英国@#@90.GR-Greece希腊@#@91.GL-Greenland格陵兰岛@#@92.GD-Grenada格林纳达@#@93.GP-Guadeloupe法属德洛普群岛@#@94.GU-Guam关岛@#@95.GT-Guatemala危地马拉@#@96.GN-Guinea几内亚@#@97.GW-Guinea-Bissau几内亚比绍@#@98.GY-Guyana圭亚那@#@99.HT-Haiti海地@#@100.HM-HeardandMcDonaldIslands赫德和麦克唐纳群岛@#@101.HN-Honduras洪都拉斯@#@102.HK-HongKong中国香港特区@#@103.HU-Hungary匈牙利@#@104.IS-Iceland冰岛@#@105.IN-India印度@#@106.ID-Indonesia印度尼西亚@#@107.IR-Iran伊朗@#@108.IQ-Iraq伊拉克@#@109.IE-Ireland爱尔兰@#@110.IL-Israel以色列@#@111.IT-Italy意大利@#@112.JM-Jamaica牙买加@#@113.JP-Japan日本@#@114.JO-Jordan约旦@#@115.KZ-Kazakhstan哈萨克斯坦@#@116.KE-Kenya肯尼亚@#@117.KI-Kiribati基里巴斯@#@118.KP-Korea(North)韩国@#@119.KR-Korea(South)朝鲜@#@120.KW-Kuwait科威特@#@121.KG-Kyrgyzstan吉尔吉斯斯坦@#@122.LA-Laos老挝@#@123.LV-Latvia拉托维亚@#@124.LB-Lebanon黎巴嫩@#@125.LI-Liechtenstein列支顿士登@#@126.LR-Liberia利比里亚@#@127.LY-Libya利比亚@#@128.LS-Lesotho莱索托@#@129.LT-Lithuania立陶宛@#@130.LU-Luxembourg卢森堡@#@131.MO-Macau中国澳门特区@#@132.MG-Madagascar马达加斯加@#@133.MW-Malawi马拉维@#@134.MY-Malaysia马来西亚@#@135.MV-Maldives马尔代夫@#@136.ML-Mali马里@#@137.MT-Malta马耳他@#@138.MH-MarshallIslands马绍尔群岛@#@139.MQ-Martinique法属马提尼克群岛@#@140.MR-Mauritania毛里塔尼亚@#@141.MU-Mauritius毛里求斯@#@142.YT-Mayotte马约特集体领地 @#@@#@143.MX-Mexico墨西哥@#@144.FM-Micronesia米克罗尼西亚@#@145.MC-Monaco摩纳哥@#@146.MD-Moldova摩尔多瓦@#@147.MA-Morocco摩洛哥@#@148.MN-Mongolia蒙古@#@149.MS-Montserrat蒙塞拉特岛@#@150.MZ-Mozambique莫桑比克@#@151.MM-Myanmar缅甸@#@152.NA-Namibia纳米比亚@#@153.NR-Nauru瑙鲁@#@154.NP-Nepal尼泊尔@#@155.NL-Netherlands荷兰@#@156.AN-NetherlandsAntilles荷属安德列斯@#@157.NT-NeutralZone中立区(沙特-伊拉克间)@#@158.NC-NewCaledonia新卡里多尼亚@#@159.NZ-NewZealand(Aotearoa)新西兰@#@160.NI-Nicaragua尼加拉瓜@#@161.NE-Niger尼日尔@#@162.NG-Nigeria尼日利亚@#@163.NU-Niue纽爱@#@164.NF-NorfolkIsland诺福克岛@#@165.MP-NorthernMarianaIslands北马里亚纳群岛@#@166.NO-Norway挪威@#@167.OM-Oman阿曼@#@168.PK-Pakistan巴基斯坦@#@169.PW-Palau帕劳@#@170.PA-Panama巴拿马@#@171.PG-PapuaNewGuinea巴布亚新几内亚@#@172.PY-Paraguay巴拉圭@#@173.PE-Peru秘鲁@#@174.PH-Philippines菲律宾@#@175.PN-Pitcairn皮特克恩岛@#@176.PL-Poland波兰@#@177.PT-Portugal葡萄牙@#@178.PR-PuertoRico波多黎各@#@179.QA-Qatar卡塔尔@#@180.RE-Reunion法属尼留旺岛@#@181.RO-Romania罗马尼亚@#@182.RU-RussianFederation俄罗斯@#@183.RW-Rwanda卢旺达@#@184.GS-S.GeorgiaandS.SandwichIsls. @#@南格鲁吉亚岛与南三明治群岛@#@185.KN-SaintKittsandNevis圣基茨和尼维斯@#@186.LC-SaintLucia圣卢西亚@#@187.VC-SaintVincentandtheGrenadines圣文森特和格陵纳丁斯@#@188.WS-Samoa西萨摩亚@#@189.SM-SanMarino圣马力诺@#@190.ST-SaoTomeandPrincipe圣多美和普林西比@#@191.SA-SaudiArabia沙特阿拉伯@#@192.SN-Senegal塞内加尔@#@193.SC-Seychelles塞舌尔@#@194.SL-SierraLeone塞拉利昂@#@195.SG-Singapore新加坡@#@196.SI-Slovenia斯罗文尼亚@#@197.SK-SlovakRepublic斯洛伐克@#@198.Sb-SolomonIslands所罗门群岛@#@199.SO-Somalia索马里@#@200.ZA-SouthAfrica南非@#@201.ES-Spain西班牙@#@202.LK-SriLanka斯里兰卡@#@203.SH-St.Helena @#@圣海伦娜@#@204.PM-St.PierreandMiquelon圣皮艾尔和密克隆群岛@#@205.SD-Sudan苏丹@#@206.SR-Suriname苏里南@#@207.SJ-SvalbardandJanMayenIslands斯瓦尔巴特和扬马延岛@#@208.SZ-Swaziland斯威士兰@#@209.SE-Sweden瑞典@#@210.CH-Switzerland瑞士@#@211.SY-Syria叙利亚@#@212.TW-Taiwan中国台湾省@#@213.TJ-Tajikistan塔吉克斯坦@#@214.TZ-Tanzania坦桑尼亚@#@215.TH-Thailand泰国@#@216.TG-Togo多哥@#@217.TK-Tokelau托克劳群岛@#@218.TO-Tonga汤加@#@219.TT-TrinidadandTobago特立尼达和多巴哥@#@220.TN-Tunisia突尼斯@#@221.TR-Turkey土尔其@#@222.TM-Turkmenistan土库曼斯坦@#@223.TC-TurksandCaicosIslands特克斯和凯科斯群岛@#@224.TV-Tuvalu图瓦卢@#@225.UG-Uganda乌干达@#@226.UA-Ukraine乌克兰@#@227.AE-UnitedArabEmirates阿联酋@#@228.UK-UnitedKingdom英国@#@229.US-UnitedStates美国@#@230.UM-USMinorOutlyingIslands美国海外领地@#@231.UY-Uruguay乌拉圭@#@232.SU-USSR(former)前苏联@#@233.UZ-Uzbekistan乌兹别克斯坦@#@234.VU-Vanuatu瓦努阿鲁@#@235.VA-VaticanCityState(HolySee)梵蒂岗@#@236.VE-Venezuela委内瑞拉@#@237.VN-VietNam越南@#@238.VG-VirginIslands(British)英属维京群岛@#@239.VI-VirginIslands(U.S.)美属维京群岛@#@240.WF-WallisandFutunaIslands瓦里斯和福图纳群岛@#@241.EH-WesternSahara西撒哈拉@#@242.YE-Yemen也门@#@243.YU-Yugoslavia南斯拉夫@#@244.ZM-Zambia赞比亚@#@245.(ZR-Zaire)-SeeCDCongo,DemocraticRepublic扎伊尔@#@246.ZW-Zimbabwe津巴布韦@#@";i:
13;s:
10262:
"Powersupplysystemofhigh-risebuildingdesign@#@ @#@@#@Abstract:
@#@Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofcitysize,moreandmorehigh-risebuildings,therefore,high-risebuildingelectricaldesigntothedesignershadtoface.Inthispaper,anengineeringexample,describestheelectricaldesignofhigh-risebuildingsandsomeofthemoretypicalissuesofuniversalsignificance,combinedwiththeactualpracticeofanengineeringsolutiontotheproblemdescribed.@#@Keywords:
@#@high-risebuilding;@#@electricaldesign;@#@distribution;@#@loadcalculation@#@1ProjectOverview@#@Thecommercialcomplexproject,withatotalconstructionareaof405570m2,onthegroundfloorareaof272330m2,undergroundconstructionareaof133240m2,themainheightof99m.Projectcomponentsare:
@#@twoofficebuildings,constructionareais70800m2,28layers,thestandardstoryis3.2m.@#@2LoadCalculation@#@1)Loadcharacteristics:
@#@electricload,muchlargerthanthe"@#@nationalcivilengineeringtechnicalmeasures"@#@Large120W/m2indicators,especiallyintheelectricityloadmorefood,anddifferenttypesoffoodandbeveragecateringdifferentculturalbackgroundsalsohigh.@#@2)theuncertaintyofalargeload,becausethecommercialrealestaterentsareoftenbasedonmarketdemand,andconstantlyadjustthenatureoftheshops,makingtheloadinthedynamicchanges.@#@3)Thereisnospecificationandtechnicalmeasuresinthedifferenttypesofcommercialprojectsrefertothedetailedparametersoftheshops,engineeringdesignloadcalculationinthelackofdata,inmostcasestorelyonstaffwithpreviousexperienceinengineeringdesigncalculations.@#@Loadtheselectionofparameters:
@#@fortheaboveproblems,theloadcalculation,thefirstdeveloperofsalesandgoodcommunication,todeterminetheformoflayersoftheformsandnatureoffloorarea,whichiscalculatedonthebasisofelectricalloadbasis;@#@followedtodetermineparameterindexwithintheunitareaofshopsisalsoveryimportantandcomplexbecausethereisnoclearindicatorofthespecificationcanreferto;@#@anddifferentlevelsofeconomicdevelopmentbetweencitiesisnotbalanced,powerindicesarealsodifferent;@#@willbeinthesamecity,differentregionshavedifferentconsumergroups.@#@3)theneedtofactorinthechoice:
@#@parametersdetermined,theneedforloadcalculation.Needtofactorcommonlyusedmethod,thecalculationwillnotrepeatthem.Needtoexploreistheneedforcoefficientselection,whichinthecurrentspecifications,manualsandthe"@#@unifiedtechnicalmeasures"@#@isalsonotclearrequirements,basedonyearsofdesignexperiencethatmostendshopsinthedistributionorlevelwithinthehouseholddistributionboxwithcaseKxgenerallytakeawhile,inthecalculationofthelooproutetotake0.7to0.8,thedistributiontransformersinthesubstationcalculationstake0.4to0.6.@#@3substationsset@#@Loadcalculationbasedontheresultsofthisprojectthetotalinstalledcapacityoftransformer43400Kv.A,afterrepeatedconsultationswiththepowercompany,respectively,intheprojectinnorthern,centralandsouthernthreesectionssetthethreebuildingsintothreepowersubstations,1#set6sets2500Kv.Atransformersubstation,takethenorthernsectionofpowersupply;@#@2#41600Kv.Atransformersubstationslocated,plus6sets2000Kv.Atransformers,takethemiddleofthepowersupply,inadditionto5Taiwan10Kv.Ahigh-pressurewaterchillers(total4000Kv.A);@#@3#substationlocated2unitsplus2units1000Kv.A2000Kv.Atransformers,takethesouthernsectionofA,Btwoofficesupply.10Kvpowerconfigurationofthisprojectintotwopoints,eachatthetwo10Kvlines,thepowercompanyundertheprovisionsof10Kvpowercapacity:
@#@maximumloadperchannelisaboutto11000Kv.A,twoisthe22000Kv.A,design#1,3#combinationofasubstation10Kv,powerline,withatotalcapacityof21000Kv.A;@#@2#substationtransformersand10Kv,10Kvchillerssharingapowerline,withatotalcapacityof22400Kv.A.Thedesignofthesubstationlayout,inadditiontomeetingregulatoryrequirements,italsoneedtoconsiderthehigh-pressurecabinets,transformersandlowvoltagepowersupplycabinetbyorderofarrangement,especiallyinlowvoltagedistributioncabinettofeedthecablesmoothandeasyinspectiondutyproblemsarenotseriouslyconsidertheconstructionofthecablecrossingwillcausemorelongdetour,awasteoffloorspace,andconvenientinspectionsandotherissues.@#@4smallfireloadpowersupply@#@Inthedesignoflargecommercialprojectsoftenencountersmallfireloadofelectricalequipmentandmoredisperseddistribution,iffedbyasubstation,asubstationwillbefedalotoflow-voltagelow-currentcountercircuitbreakingcapacitycircuitbreakerandconductorofthedynamicandthermalstabilityinacertainextent.AccordingtoGB50045-1995"@#@fireprotectiondesignoftallbuildings,"@#@rule"@#@shouldbeusedinFireEquipmentdedicatedpowersupplycircuit,thepowerdistributionequipmentshallbeprovidedwithclearsigns."@#@Interpretationoftheprovisionsofthepowersupplycircuitmeans"@#@fromthelow-voltagemaindistributionroom(includingthedistributionofelectricalroom)tolastadistributionbox,andthegeneraldistributionlinesshouldbestrictlyseparated."@#@Inthisdesign,theuseofmethodstoincreasethelevelofdistribution,thatisdifferentfromthesubstationbussegments,respectively,afirefedaspecialcircuit,setinplacetwodistributioncabinets,distributioncabinetsandthentheresultingradialallocatedtotheendofthedualpowertovoteeachbox,sothatnotonlymeetsthespecificationrequirementsfordedicatedpowersupplycircuit,butalsotoavoidfeedingthesubstationlevelofmanysmallcurrentloop.@#@5,thechoiceofcircuitbreakerandconductor@#@Commercialrealestateprojectsusetheroomastheuncertaintyinthechoiceofcircuitbreakersandconductorsmustbeconsideredinacertainmargintomeettheneedscausedbyadjustmentoftheloadchanges.Accordingtothischaracteristic,increaseduseinthedesignoftheplugbus-powered,notonlymeettherequirementsoflargecarryingcapacity,andalsoallowstheflexibilitytoincreasesupplyanddistribution,arereservedineachshaftintheplug-boxbackupinordertochange,accordingtochangesinupperandlowerload,toadjust.Forexample:
@#@abusisresponsibleforashaft1to3layersofpower,whenalayerduetothechangeincapacityincreases,whilethe3-layercapacityisreduced,youcanuseaspareplugboxlayeroffthe3-layer1layercapacityrationing.Thisleveldistributioninthesubstation,selectthecircuitbreakertochoosethesettingvaluewhenthecircuitbreakertoadjusttochangesattheendtoadjusttheloadsettingvalue;@#@inthebusandthetransformercircuitbreakeraccordingtothechoiceofthegeneralframeworkofvaluestoselect.Forexample:
@#@Routecertainequipmentcapacity530Kv,Kxtake0.7tocalculatecurrentof704A,selecttheframecircuitbreakeris1000A,tuningis800A;@#@currenttransformerforthe1000/50;@#@buscarryingcapacityforthe1000A,thisroadcanmeetthemaximum1000Acurrentloadrequirements,evenifthereisadjustment,powerdistributionswitchesandcircuitcannotmakebigchanges.@#@6layerdistributionboxset@#@Accordingtothedivisionoflayersoffireprotectiondistrict,respectivelynumberedasA~Klayerswithinthesetlevelshaftfortheretaillightingpowerdistributionbox,withoneononepowersupplyshopsinradialpower.Shouldbenotedthattheformsofthecomplexlayersoflayersoffirepartition,doesnotcorrespondtothelower,makingsomeofshaftpowerinchargeofthefiredistrictatthesametime,alsoresponsibleforthepowersupplyadjacenttothefiredistrict.Atdesigntime,usingtheprincipleofproximity,whilealsotakingintoaccounttheburdenofthewholetrunkloadconditions,sothateachshaftasfaraspossibleamorebalancedload.@#@7publicareadistributionboxset@#@Takingintoaccountthefutureneedsofthebusinessre-decorationofpublicareasmustbereservedforpower.Herethedesignneedstoconsiderthefollowingpoints:
@#@①questionofhowmuchreservepower,lightingandelectricity,whichaccordingtoGB50034-2004@#@"@#@ArchitecturalLightingDesignStandards"@#@tableofArticle6.1.3and6.1.8,commercialbuildinglightingpowerdensityvalue,high-endsupermarkets,businessofficesas20W/m2,underthe"@#@decorativelightingincluded50%ofthetotallightingpowerdensitycalculation"@#@requirements,usingthereservedstandard40W/m2.②Inordertofacilitatethedecorationineachpartitionsetfirelightinginpublicareasandemergencylightingdistributionboxdistributionbox,inordertoidentifytheelectricalpowerdistributiondecorationcut-offpoint.@#@③thestaircase,storageroomsandotherpartsofthedecorationdoesnotneedtodo,setthepowerdistributioncircuitoraseparatedistributionbox,trynottobereservedfromthepublicareaofelectricitydistributionboardfedhardcoverout.@#@④controloflightinginpublicareas,themajorityintwoways,namely,C-BUScontrolsystemortheBAsystem,theuseofC-BUShastheadvantageofmoreflexiblecontrol,eachroadcanbefedoutofcontrol,adjustablelightcontrol;@#@shortcomingsisahighercost.BAsystemcontroladvantagesofusinglowcost,simplecontrol;@#@disadvantageisthattheexchangesandcontactsforthethree-phase,three-waycontrolmayberelatedbothtoopen,orboth,inthedecorationofthecontactsrequiredtofeedthepowersupplycircuitdivergetoavoidfailureblackouts.@#@Designofdistributionbox8@#@Inthecommercialrealestatedesign,shopdesignisoftenonlyameterbox,andoutletroutebacktotheneedsoftheuseraccording";i:
14;s:
10240:
"@#@HybridGeneticAlgorithmBasedImageEnhancement@#@Technology@#@Abstract:
@#@Inimageenhancement,TubbsproposedanormalizedincompleteBetafunctiontorepresentseveralkindsofcommonlyusednon-lineartransformfunctionstodotheresearchonimageenhancement.ButhowtodefinethecoefficientsoftheBetafunctionisstillaproblem.WeproposedaHybridGeneticAlgorithmwhichcombinestheDifferentialEvolutiontotheGeneticAlgorithmintheimageenhancementprocessandutilizethequicklysearchingabilityofthealgorithmtocarryouttheadaptivemutationandsearches.FinallyweusetheSimulationexperimenttoprovetheeffectivenessofthemethod.@#@Keywords:
@#@Imageenhancement;@#@HybridGeneticAlgorithm;@#@adaptiveenhancement@#@I.INTRODUCTION@#@Intheimageformation,transferorconversionprocess,duetootherobjectivefactorssuchassystemnoise,inadequateorexcessiveexposure,relativemotionandsotheimpactwillgettheimageoftenadifferencebetweentheoriginalimage(referredtoasdegradedordegraded)Degradedimageisusuallyblurredoraftertheextractionofinformationthroughthemachinetoreduceorevenwrong,itmusttakesomemeasuresforitsimprovement.@#@Imageenhancementtechnologyisproposedinthissense,andthepurposeistoimprovetheimagequality.FuzzyImageEnhancementsituationaccordingtotheimageusingavarietyofspecialtechnicalhighlightssomeoftheinformationintheimage,reduceoreliminatetheirrelevantinformation,toemphasizetheimageofthewholeorthepurposeoflocalfeatures.Imageenhancementmethodisstillnounifiedtheory,imageenhancementtechniquescanbedividedintothreecategories:
@#@pointoperations,andspatialfrequencyenhancementmethodsEnhancementAct.Thispaperpresentsanautomaticadjustmentaccordingtotheimagecharacteristicsofadaptiveimageenhancementmethodthatcalledhybridgeneticalgorithm.Itcombinesthedifferentialevolutionalgorithmofadaptivesearchcapabilities,automaticallydeterminesthetransformationfunctionoftheparametervaluesinordertoachieveadaptiveimageenhancement.@#@II.IMAGEENHANCEMENTTECHNOLOGY@#@Imageenhancementreferstosomefeaturesoftheimage,suchascontour,contrast,emphasisorhighlightedges,etc.,inordertofacilitatedetectionorfurtheranalysisandprocessing.Enhancementswillnotincreasetheinformationintheimagedata,butwillchoosetheappropriatefeaturesoftheexpansionofdynamicrange,makingthesefeaturesmoreeasilydetectedoridentified,forthedetectionandtreatmentfollow-upanalysisandlayagoodfoundation.@#@Imageenhancementmethodconsistsofpointoperations,spatialfiltering,andfrequencydomainfilteringcategories.Pointoperations,includingcontraststretching,histogrammodeling,andlimitingnoiseandimagesubtractiontechniques.Spatialfilterincludinglow-passfiltering,medianfiltering,highpassfilter(imagesharpening).Frequencyfilterincludinghomomorphismfiltering,multi-scalemulti-resolutionimageenhancementapplied[1].@#@III.DIFFERENTIALEVOLUTIONALGORITHM@#@DifferentialEvolution(DE)wasfirstproposedbyPriceandStorn,andwithotherevolutionaryalgorithmsarecompared,DEalgorithmhasastrongspatialsearchcapability,andeasytoimplement,easytounderstand.DEalgorithmisanovelsearchalgorithm,itisfirstinthesearchspacerandomlygeneratestheinitialpopulationandthencalculatethedifferencebetweenanytwomembersofthevector,andthedifferenceisaddedtothethirdmemberofthevector,bywhichMethodtoformanewindividual.Ifyoufindthatthefitnessofnewindividualmembersbetterthantheoriginal,thenreplacetheoriginalwiththeformationofindividualself.@#@TheoperationofDEisthesameasgeneticalgorithm,anditconcludemutation,crossoverandselection,butthemethodsaredifferent.WesupposethatthegroupsizeisP,thevectordimensionisD,andwecanexpresstheobjectvectoras
(1):
@#@@#@xi=[xi1,xi2,…,xiD](i=1,…,P)
(1)@#@Andthemutationvectorcanbeexpressedas
(2):
@#@@#@i=1,...,P
(2)@#@,,arethreerandomlyselectedindividualsfromgroup,andr1r2r3i.Fisarangeof[0,2]betweentheactualtypeconstantfactordifferencevectorisusedtocontroltheinfluence,commonlyreferredtoasscalingfactor.Clearlythedifferencebetweenthevectorandthesmallerthedisturbancealsosmaller,whichmeansthatifgroupsclosetotheoptimumvalue,thedisturbancewillbeautomaticallyreduced.@#@DEalgorithmselectionoperationisa"@#@greedy"@#@selectionmode,ifandonlyifthenewvectoruithefitnessoftheindividualthanthetargetvectorisbetterwhentheindividualxi,uiwillberetainedtothenextgroup.Otherwise,thetargetvectorxiindividualsremainintheoriginalgroup,onceagainasthenextgenerationoftheparentvector.@#@IV.HYBRIDGAFORIMAGEENHANCEMENTIMAGE@#@enhancementisthefoundationtogetthefastobjectdetection,soitisnecessarytofindreal-timeandgoodperformancealgorithm.Forthepracticalrequirementsofdifferentsystems,manyalgorithmsneedtodeterminetheparametersandartificialthresholds.Canuseanon-completeBetafunction,itcancompletelycoverthetypicalimageenhancementtransformtype,buttodeterminetheBetafunctionparametersarestillmanyproblemstobesolved.ThissectionpresentsaBetafunction,sinceaccordingtotheapplicablemethodforimageenhancement,adaptiveHybridgeneticalgorithmsearchcapabilities,automaticallydeterminesthetransformationfunctionoftheparametervaluesinordertoachieveadaptiveimageenhancement.@#@Thepurposeofimageenhancementistoimproveimagequality,whicharemoreprominentfeaturesofthespecifiedrestorethedegradedimagedetailsandsoon.Inthedegradedimageinacommonfeatureisthecontrastlowersideusuallypresentsbright,dimorgrayconcentrated.Low-contrastdegradedimagecanbestretchedtoachieveadynamichistogramenhancement,suchasgraylevelchange.WeuseIxytoillustratethegraylevelofpoint(x,y)whichcanbeexpressedby(3).@#@Ixy=f(x,y)(3)@#@where:
@#@“f”isalinearornonlinearfunction.Ingeneral,grayimagehavefournonlineartranslations[6][7]thatcanbeshownasFigure1.WeuseanormalizedincompleteBetafunctiontoautomaticallyfitthe4categoriesofimageenhancementtransformationcurve.Itdefinesin(4):
@#@@#@(4)where:
@#@@#@(5)@#@Fordifferentvalueofαandβ,wecangetresponsecurvefrom(4)and(5).@#@ThehybridGAcanmakeuseoftheprevioussectionadaptivedifferentialevolutionalgorithmtosearchforthebestfunctiontodetermineavalueofBeta,andtheneachpixelgrayscalevaluesintotheBetafunction,thecorrespondingtransformationofFigure1,resultinginidealimageenhancement.Thedetaildescriptionisfollows:
@#@@#@Assumingtheoriginalimagepixel(x,y)ofthepixelgraylevelbytheformula(4),denotedby,,hereΩistheimagedomain.EnhancedimageisdenotedbyIxy.Firstly,theimagegrayvaluenormalizedinto[0,1]by(6).@#@(6)@#@where:
@#@andexpressthemaximumandminimumofimagegrayrelatively.@#@Definethenonlineartransformationfunctionf(u)(0≤u≤1)totransformsourceimagetoGxy=f(),wherethe0≤Gxy≤1.@#@Finally,weusethehybridgeneticalgorithmtodeterminetheappropriateBetafunctionf(u)theoptimalparametersαandβ.WillenhancetheimageGxytransformedantinormalized.@#@V.EXPERIMENTANDANALYSIS@#@Inthesimulation,weusedtwodifferenttypesofgray-scaleimagesdegraded;@#@theprogramperformed50times,populationsizesof30,evolved600times.Theresultsshowthattheproposedmethodcanveryeffectivelyenhancethedifferenttypesofdegradedimage.@#@Figure2,thesizeoftheoriginalimagea320×@#@320,it'@#@sthecontrasttolow,andsomedetailsofthemoreobscure,inparticular,scarvesandotherdetailsofthetextureisnotobvious,visualeffects,poor,usingthemethodproposedinthissection,toovercometheabovesomeoftheissuesandgetsatisfactoryimageresults,asshowninFigure5(b)shows,thevisualeffectshavebeenwellimproved.Fromthehistogramview,thescopeofthedistributionofimageintensityismoreuniform,andthedistributionoflightanddarkgrayareaismorereasonable.Hybridgeneticalgorithmtoautomaticallyidentifythenonlineartransformationofthefunctioncurve,andthevaluesobtainedbefore9.837,5.7912,fromthecurvecanbedrawn,itisconsistentwithFigure3,c-class,thatstretchacrossthemiddleregioncompressiontransformtheregion,whichwereconsistentwiththehistogram,theoveralloriginalimagelowcontrast,compressionatbothendsofthemiddleregionstretchingregionisconsistentwithhumanvisualsense,enhancedtheeffectofsignificantlyimproved.@#@Figure3,thesizeoftheoriginalimagea320×@#@256,theoverallintensityislow,theuseofthemethodproposedinthissectionaretheimagesb,wecanseetheground,chairsandclothesandotherdetailsoftheresolutionandcontrastthantheoriginalimagehasImprovedsignificantly,theoriginalimagegraydistributionconcentratedinthelowerregion,andtheenhancedimageofthegrayuniform,graybeforeandaftertransformationandnonlineartransformationofbasicgraph3(a)thesameclass,namely,theimageDimregionstretching,andthevalueswere5.9409,9.5704,nonlineartransformationofimagesdegradedtypeinferenceiscorrect,theenhancedvisualeffectandgoodrobustnessenhancement.@#@Difficulttoassessthequalityofimageenhancement,imageisstillnocommonevaluationcriteria,commonpeaksignaltonoiseratio(PSNR)evaluationinte";i:
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10020:
"2017年12月四级英语作文@#@1:
@#@大学恋爱@#@好多人说:
@#@没有谈过恋爱的大学是不完整的。
@#@父母和学校不限制学生谈恋爱,但校园里一对一对的情侣,是真心相爱还是一味地跟风?
@#@你的看法是什么?
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Beinginaromanticrelationshipatcollegeisbecomingincreasinglymorecommon.Becausestudentsnolongerhaveparentsaroundtotellthemwhattodo,manystudentsjumpatthechancetoexpresstheirnew-foundfreedombystartingarelationshipwithsomeoneoftheoppositesex. @#@However,relationshipsarenotalwayseasy.Manystudentsendupspendingmoretimeworryingabouttheirsignificantromanceotherthanontheircoursework.Inaddition,romanticrelationshipcanalsogetinthewayoffriendsandfamily,whichmeansstudentswhochoosetobeinromanticrelationshipscanbecomesomewhatunstable. @#@Therefore,Idon'@#@tbelievethatallstudentsarereadyforarelationshipduringuniversity.Studentsshouldonlyhaverelationshipduringuniversityifitdoesn'@#@taffecttheirstudies. @#@@#@2:
@#@手机直播@#@近几年来,手机直播在年轻人中非常盛行,而这也是在四级考试中非常容易考到的话题。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Inrecentyears,mobilelivevideobroadcastinghasbeenverypopularamongyoungpeople.Peoplecanbroadcasttheirdailylifeanytimeatanyplaceastheylikeaslongastheyhaveasmartphone.Inmyopinion,therearedisadvantagesaswellasadvantagesofmobilelivevideobroadcasting.@#@Ontheonehand,mobilelivevideobroadcastingenablespeopletoshowtheirtalentonline,whichgivethemachancetoearnmoneyonline.Anditisalsoagoodwaytosharetheirlifeexperiencewiththeirfriendsandfamily.Ontheotherhand,ifpeopledon’tusetheirtimeproperly,theymaybecomeaddictedtoit.Particularly,ifstudentsspendtoomuchtimeplayingit,theymayneglecttheirstudies,whichisnotgoodforthem.@#@Inconclusion,mobilelivevideobroadcastingisafashionablewaytoenrichpeople’slife.However,weshouldmakebestuseofourtimeandkeepourselvesfrombeingaddictedtoit.@#@3:
@#@手机用户@#@据统计,2007年上半年手机用户量超过5亿,出现这种情况的原因有哪些呢?
@#@对这一现象你有什么看法呢?
@#@下面是小编整理的关于“手机用户”的四级作文范文。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesarebecomingmoreandmorepopularwithinChina.In1999,thenumberofcellphonesinusewasonly24,480,000,butin2002,thenumberismorethan100million,whichisaturningpoint.Theneweststatisticshowsthatin2007thenumberhasexceeded500million.@#@Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisdevelopment.Firstly,acellphonehasnowiresandcanbecarriedeverywhereeasily.Secondly,acellphoneissomethingwonderfulthatwecanhavefunwithnews,games,musicandchatthroughsendingshortmessages.Thirdly,thedropinpriceandthesimultaneousimprovementinthefunctionshavemadeitpossibleforanaveragepersontomakeuseofacellphone.@#@Thewideuseofcellphoneshasmadethemmoreandmoreindispensableinpeople’sdailylife.Themanyfunctionsofthecellphonehavemadecertainpeoplereluctanttoseparatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.@#@4:
@#@休闲活动@#@现在人们喜欢休闲活动。
@#@根据季节、个性和收入,不同的人喜欢不同的娱乐活动。
@#@有些人喜欢在室内休闲,从事自己的业余爱好。
@#@有些人则在户外寻求娱乐。
@#@让我们一起来看看关于“休闲活动”的四级作文范文。
@#@不同性格的人的休闲活动。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Nowadaysleisureactivitiesareverypopularamongpeople.Differentpeoplepreferdifferenttypesofentertainmentdependingontheseason,theirpersonalityandincome.Somepeopleliketospendtheirleisuretimerelaxingindoors,pursuingtheirhobbies.Otherslookforoutdoorrelaxation.@#@Inthespringwhenitiswarm,naturebecomesmoreandmorebeautifulwithtreesandgrassturninggreenandalltheflowersblossoming.Itisagoodtimeforpeopletogosightseeing,boating,andpicnicking.Insummer,itistoohotoutdoors,sotheyliketostayathome,enjoyingcoldwatermelonoricecream.@#@Peoplewholikereadingwillgotothelibraryinsteadofvisitingscenicspots.Forthem,booksareeverything.They'@#@dliketoburytheirheadsinbooks,ignoringeverythingelse.Contrarytothesepeople,therearealwaysindividualswhorequiremoreexcitingactivitieslikerockc1imbing,bungeejumping,ballooningandsoon.Theseattractionsappealtothesenseofadventurethatistypicalofpeople.@#@5:
@#@知识的力量@#@知识能够丰富人的思想,能够让人更聪明。
@#@我们获得知识,通过思考,就能解决我们以前所不知道的很多问题,这时候,知识就是力量的一种。
@#@让我们一起来看看关于“知识的力量”的四级作文范文。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Praiseofknowledgehasnevercometoanendsinceancienttimes.Apparently,knowledgeisatreasurethateverybodyvolunteerstopossessandmuchofsuccesscouldbeattributedtoitdirectlyorindirectly.@#@AsfarasIamconcerned,thebeautyofknowledgecanbeexplainedinthreeaspects.@#@Firstly,knowledgeisopentoallhumanbeings.Peoplecanlearnwhatevertheywishinonewayoranother.Secondly,knowledgelearntcanbereflectedinone'@#@slaterlife,sothatoneknowshowtosavorthepresentmomentinpeacefultimesandhowtodealwithproblemsindifficulttimes.Lastbutnotleast,oneofthemostprominentfeaturesofknowledgeisthatonecarriesitthroughouthislife.Evenifonelosesalargefortune,hewillneverbeabeggarifhealreadyknowshowtomakemoney.@#@Tosumup,knowledgeisofgreatimportanceinone'@#@slifetime.Itisadvisablethatoneshouldlearnthebeautyofknowledgeandenjoytheprocessoflearning.@#@6:
@#@外国朋友来中国参观@#@很多外国朋友时常来中国游玩,那么,你会带他们去哪里玩呢?
@#@是长城、还是故宫还是……,你为什么要带他们去那里参观或游玩呢?
@#@今天和大家推荐的英语四级作文为:
@#@外国朋友来参观中国。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Guilin–ABeautifulCityinChina@#@InChina,there’sasayingthat"@#@ThelandscapeofGuilintopsthatofanyotherplaceunderheaven."@#@Inlightofthis,IwillrecommendGuilinasthefirstdestinationofmyforeignfriend’striptoChina.@#@OverlookingtheLiJiangRiver,GuilinislocatedinthenortheastofGuangxi.Thenamewasderivedfromthecassiatreesofthelocation.ThetreeslinethestreetsofthetownwithyellowflowersblossomingeverySeptember,fillingtheairwithsweetscent.Guilinisaplaceofbreath-takingscenery.Fromancienttimes,Guilinhasbeennotedforitselegantlandscape.Itfeaturesbeautifulmountains,clearrivers,grotesquerocksandmysticcrags,whichisafeastfortheeyes.Sittingonabambooraftdriftingdowntheriver,visitorscanseethevariedshapesofthepinnaclesreflectedinthewater.@#@TheywillfeelasiftheywereinascrollofChineselandscapepainting.IbelievethatmyforeignfriendwillmarvelattheunparalleledbeautyofGuilin@#@7:
@#@如何提升学习效率@#@作为学生,我们自然以学习为第一要务,然而埋头读书归埋头读书,如何学习的更有效率,这是我们每个人都想知道的问题。
@#@下面,就来看看一篇关于如何提升学习效率的文章吧。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@Asstudents,wehavetostudyalmosteveryday.However,noteverybodyknowshowtostudyefficiently.Doyouwanttoknowbetteraboutit?
@#@@#@Thereissomerelationshipsbetweenthestudyefficiencyandthehoursspentinstudyinginaday.Infact,morehoursofstudydonotnecessarilyresultinbetterorhigherstudyefficiency.Itissaidthattheoptimumofefficiencycomeswhenonestudiesabout5hoursandtheefficiencybeginstodropashestudieslongerthanit.Bythetimewhenonestudies11hoursperday,hisefficiencyofstudybecomesverypoor.@#@Inconclusion,thereisalwaysamaximumofefficiencyandanappropriateamountoftimeforstudyinaday.Moretimespentinstudydoesn’talwaysmeangreaterefficiency.@#@8:
@#@印象最深刻的课程@#@作为一名学生,作为一名上班族,你肯定深深地记得某位老师的课程,今天和大家推荐的英语四级作文为:
@#@印象最深的课程。
@#@@#@参考范文:
@#@@#@TheMostImpressiveCourseinMyCollege@#@Whenitcomestoacoursethatleavesthedeepestimpressioninuniversity,differentpeoplestandondifferentgrounds.Asforme,themostimpressivecourseincollegeis“AppreciationofEnglishMovies”,whichIlikebest.Ipreferthiscurriculumtoothersowingtothefollowingfactors.@#@Ononehand,theprofessorinchargeofthiscoursehasimpressedmemostbecausesheisnotonlyknowledgeablebutalsopatient.Moreimportantly,itisthisrespectableteacherwhospursmyinteresttoEnglishharderandbroadensmyhorizonaswell.Untilnow,whatshesaidintheclassoftenoccurstomymind.Ontheotherhand,therearemanydiscussionsintheclassroomwhenwehavelessons.Weareallowedtotalkfreelyaboutamovie,thetopicrangingfromthethemeofafilmtoitscasting.So,duringthetalk,webecomeincreasinglyopen-minded.Andundoubtedlyabrainopentoeverythingcarriesgreatimportancetostudy,workandlife.@#@Generallyspeaking,thecourseonappreciatingEnglishfilmshasimpressedmemostforitisnotonlyinstructivebutalsoentertaining.Andtherefore,Isuggestthatmoresimilarcoursesshouldbeofferedintheuniversity.@#@";i:
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"Benchmarkingofhumanresourcemanagementinthe@#@Publicsector:
@#@Prospects,problemsandchallenges@#@DavidMAkinnusi@#@Organisational/IndustrialPsychologyandHumanResourcesManagement@#@NorthWestUniversity@#@SouthAfrica@#@Correspondenceto:
@#@DavidMAkinnusi@#@e-mail:
@#@david.akinnusi@nwu.ac.za@#@ABSTRACT@#@Thispaperreviewstheroleofhumanresourcemanagement(HRM)which,today,playsastrategicpartnershiproleinmanagement.ThefocusofthepaperisonHRMinthepublicsector,wheremuchhoperestsonHRMasameansoftransformingthepublicserviceandachievingmuchneededservicedelivery.However,acriticalevaluationofHRMpracticesinthepublicsectorrevealsthattheseservicesleavemuchtobedesired.ThepapersuggeststheadoptionofbenchmarkingasaprocesstorevampHRMinthepublicsectorsothatitisabletodeliveronitspromises.ItdescribesthenatureandprocessofbenchmarkingandhighlightstheinherentdifficultiesinapplyingbenchmarkinginHRM.Itconcludeswithsomesuggestionsforaplanofaction.Theprocessofidentifying“best”practicesinHRMrequiresthebestcollaborativeeffortsofHRMpractitionersandacademicians.Ifusedcreatively,benchmarkinghasthepotentialtobringaboutradicalandpositivechangesinHRMinthepublicsector.Theadoptionofthebenchmarkingprocessis,initself,alitmustestoftheextenttowhichHRMinthepublicsectorhasgrownprofessionally.@#@Keywords:
@#@benchmarking,benchmarkingprocess,humanresourcemanagement,publicsector,publicsectormanagement@#@Inanyorganisedhumanactivity,humanbeingsnaturallytakeprecedenceoverotherresources,asitistheyandtheyalonewhoarecapableofdirectingandutilisingotherresources.Effectivehumanresourcemanagement(HRM)has,therefore,becomecrucialandcriticaltotheachievementofindividual,organisational,community,nationalandinternationalgoalsandobjectives.Ironically,eventhoughhumanbeingsarewidelyconsideredasthemostimportantassetsofanyorganisationornation,theirdevelopment,motivationandutilisationhavenotalwaysoccupiedthecentralplaceinmanagement(Bendix,1996,p.4-10).Inthehistoryofmanagementthought,theneglectofthehumansideofenterprisebroughtthescientificschoolofmanagementtoitskneesandledtotheriseofthehumanrelationsandthebehaviouralschoolsofthoughtwhichfirmlysucceededinputtinghumanbeingsasthecoreofmanagement(Carrell,Elbert&@#@Hartfield,1995).Inthepracticalworld,thecommodificationorde-personalisationofhumanbeingsduringtheindustrialrevolutionwasalsoassociatedwiththeriseoftradeunionmovements,leadingtogovernmentinterventionsandregulationsandtheemergenceoflabourrelationsandpersonneladministrationasfieldsofstudy(Bendix,1995,p.7).Inthe1990s,personnelmanagementmetamorphosedintohumanresourcemanagementinclearrecognitionofitsstrategicroleintheoverallperformanceoforganisations(Authur,1994;@#@Cascio,1995;@#@Huselid,1995;@#@Gerber,Nel&@#@vanDyk,1998).@#@THESTATEOFHRMINSOUTHAFRICA@#@ThehistoryofSouthAfrica,risingfromtheashesoftheapartheidregime,isrepletewithcasesofpoorHRM,tothepointofconstrictingitsdevelopmentmorethanadecadeafteritsindependence(DeputyPresident,PhumzileMlambo-Ngcuka,2006).TheDeputyPresidentwhilelaunchingtheJointInitiativeforPrioritySkillsAcquisition(JIPSA)remarkedthat:
@#@Nothingshortofaskillsrevolutionbyanationunitedwillextricateusfromthecrisesweface.Weareaddressinglogjams,someofwhicharesystemicandthereforeinsomecasesentrenchedeveninpost-apartheidSouthAfrica.Thesystemicnatureofsomeofourchallengesundermineourexcellentnewpolicies,atleastintheshortterm,hencetheneedforinterventionssuchasJIPSAtoenhanceimplementationofourpolicies(http:
@#@//www.info.gov.za/speeches/2006/06032810451001.htm)@#@Historically,SouthAfricahasperformedverypoorlyinpracticallyallthecriteriaontheliabilitysideofhumanresourcesbalancesheetasmeasuredbytheWorldCompetitivenessRatings(1998,1999).Someoftheseincludeequalopportunity,skilledlabour,Aids,workermotivation,braindrain,unemployment,alcoholanddrugabuse,valuesofthesociety,illiteracy,dependencyratio,humandevelopmentindexandcompetentmanagers.Thefieldoflabourrelations(LR),likeitshumanresourcescounterpart,reflectsthecountry’ssocio-politicalhistorywhichwascharacterisedbydeepdivisionsalongracialandpoliticallines,discrimination,unfairlabourpracticesandgrossdistortionsinthelabourmarketsystems,resultinginseriousconfrontationsbetweenthesocialpartnersandperennialindustrialunrest(Bendix,1996,p.71-104).@#@ThesestarkrealitieshavepromptedthedemocraticgovernmenttoenactaseriesoflawsdesignedtobringradicalchangesintheareasofHRMandlabourrelations.Someoftheseinclude:
@#@@#@●OccupationalHealthandSafetyActNo85of1993@#@●LabourRelationsAct66of1995andLabourRelationsAmendmentActNo127of1998@#@●SouthAfricanQualificationsActNo58of1995@#@●BasicConditionsofEmploymentActNo104of1997@#@●EmploymentEquityActNo.55of1998@#@●SkillsDevelopmentActNo97of1998@#@●SkillsDevelopmentLeviesActNo.9of1999@#@●PromotionofEqualityandthePreventionofUnfairDiscriminationAct4of2000@#@●WhitePaperonHumanResourceManagementinthePublicService,2000@#@TheintentionoftheseActswastocreateahealthy,humane,justandequitableworkplaceorsociety,freefromdiscriminationandoppressionandinwhichpeopleandworkersareeducatedandcontinuouslytrainedtomeetthechallengesofnationaldevelopmentandglobalisationinapeacefulindustrialclimate.In2006,thenationlaunchedtheJointInitiativeonPrioritySkillsAcquisition(JIPSA)todevelopskillsthataremosturgentlyneededaspartoftheAcceleratedandSharedGrowthInitiativeforSouthAfrica(AsgiSA),whichwastopropelSouthAfricaatadevelopmenttrajectoryof6%GDPby2010.TheimplementationandtherealisationoftheseActsandinitiativesrequire,amongotherthings,managersand,especially,humanresourceprofessionals,whoseresponsibilityitistoeffectivelymanagethehumanresourcesoftheirorganisations.Foritsownpart,theSouthAfricanBoardofPersonnelPracticehasproposedabill,theHumanResourceProfessionBill(2005),whichintendstoprofessionalisethepracticeofHRMinSouthAfrica.@#@ThefocusofthispaperisonHRMinthepublicsector,wherethechallengesaremostacutelyfelt.TheGovernmentWhitePaperonHumanResourceManagementinthePublicService(2000)notesthatnationaldepartmentsandprovincialadministrationsemployapproximately1,2millionpeople,whoaccountformorethan50%ofallpublicexpenditure.Itdeclaresthat“peoplearethereforethePublicService’smostvaluableasset,andmanaginghumanresourceseffectivelyandstrategicallymustbethecornerstoneofthewidertransformationofthePublicService”.Appropriately,GovernmenthasembracedtheshiftoffocusfrompersonneladministrationtoHRM.Therefore,Government’svisionofHRMinthePublicServiceisthatitwill“resultinadiverse,competentandwell-managedworkforce,capableof,andcommittedto,deliveringhighqualityservicestothepeopleofSouthAfrica”.ItfurtherstressedthatthepracticeofHRMwouldbeunderpinnedbythefollowingvalueswhichderivefromtheConstitution:
@#@fairness,accessibility,transparency,accountability,participationandprofessionalism.@#@However,theWhitePaperonHumanResourceManagementinthePublicService(2000)wasquicktopointouttheinadequaciesandout-datedpracticesofHRMinthepublicsector,describingvariousaspectsofitinthefollowingways:
@#@(Itis)over-centralised,excessivelybureaucraticandrule-bound.Itisfocusedonformratherthansubstanceandresults.Humanresourceplanningisweak;@#@post-fillingandpromotioncriteriaover-emphasizeeducationalqualificationsandseniorityandlittleornoemphasisisplacedontherequirementsofthejobtobedone.Performancemanagementisalsounderdeveloped.@#@AlltheseinadequaciesandtheracialimbalancesimplymeanthatGovernment’savoweddesiretotransformpublicservicedeliverybyputtingpeoplefirst(viathe“BathoPeleprinciples”)wouldbegreatlyfrustratedbyaninefficientandineffectivemanagement,ingeneral,andlacklustrestateofhumanresourcemanagement,inparticular.@#@Morethanadecadeafterindependence,thestateofHRMinSouthAfricahasnotchangedasdrasticallyasexpectedateitherthemacroormicrolevel.Thisisduetoanumberoffactorsincludingthefollowing(Gerber,NelandvanDyk,1998;@#@Bowmaker-Falconer,Horwitz,Jain&@#@Taggar,1998;@#@WhitePaperonHRM,2000;@#@Horwilt,Browning,Jain&@#@Steenkamp,2002;@#@@#@1.Reluctancebycorporationstoembracetransformationandmajorchangesimpliedorrequiredbythevariouslegislations.@#@2.Reluctanceonthepartoftradeunionstobuyintotheperceivedcapitalistagendaofthenewgovernment,leadingtoashakyalliancebetweengovernmentanditsalliancepartners,theCongressofSouthAfricanTradeUnions(Cosatu)andSouthAfricanCommunistParty(SACP).@#@3.Fearofreversediscriminationbywhites,sparkingoffemigrationinlargenumbersandleadingtoonlymodestgainsintheareaofemploymentequityanddiversitymanagement.@#@Inshort,althoughSouthAfricaisarmedwithformidablelegislativearmourytocreateahumanesocietyandorganisationalenvironmentsconducivetoHRM,thefactremainsthatitwilltakemanymoreyearstoundothelegacyofapartheidin“creatingstructuralinequalitiesintheacquisitionofeducation,workskillsandaccess";i:
17;s:
10771:
"同等学力申硕:
@#@@#@同等学力英语特定句式的阅读方法@#@同等学力英语考试中的阅读一直是考生们头疼的难点,对此新阳光教育整理了关于同等学力英语特定句式的阅读方法,希望对广大考生有所帮助。
@#@@#@ 据了解,我们在复习备考中有一个具体的方法:
@#@括号匹配原则:
@#@括号成对出现的,不会茕茕孑立形影相吊,只有一个括号,那是失恋的括号,会自杀的。
@#@所以括号的出现,一定要成双成对。
@#@那么我们如何运用括号呢,就是当我们怀疑这个地方可能出现一个层次的时候,我们就划上一个括号的左半边,当这个层次结束的时候,那我们再划上一个右括号。
@#@那么所谓的括号匹配原则就是说,当我们的句子结束的时候,你看一下你的左右括号是否数量相同。
@#@如果不同,说明错了吧,不会有哪个多出来的括号跟了别人的吧,没有第三者插足的括号,括号原则是专一的原则,是从一而终的原则。
@#@@#@ 我们先读例一,读的时候,我们先把连词划出来。
@#@这个句子先不着急去理解,我们只把该划出来的地方划出来。
@#@开始的几个例子都很简单。
@#@@#@ 例一:
@#@@#@ ItappearedthatCanadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamiliesthathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.@#@ 1.Itappearedthat,属于我们前面所讲的第一种情况,动词后接that,而这里的appear不是实意动词,而相当于系动词,这里是一个表语从句了@#@ 2.判断出是表语从句,那后面的that引导的是完整的还是非完整的,按照完整结构来划分,先划个括号@#@ 3.Canada作主语,后面是一个系动词,系动词后面可以接形容词作表语,介词短语,thebookisonthedesk或者动词的ing形式,或者动词的被动语态,还有副词吧,但是是特定的herethere作表语,Iamhere.而这个地方跟的是oncemore是一个副词,但又不是我们说的herethere所以不是表语,而是作状语吧,拿到一边,falling过去进行时了吧。
@#@而且是fallinginstepwith词组,落入一个步伐,一种趋势。
@#@@#@ 4.到这句子完整了没,完整了吧,我们是不是要划上另一个右括号呢,不着急,因为我们后面还有一个that,如果这个that引导了一个定语从句,那就是要修饰它前面的先行词,那就属于前面的那个句子吧,就成了嵌套了吧。
@#@来,我们看,是不是这样。
@#@我问大家,That引导的是什么从句。
@#@定从。
@#@那么先行词是什么。
@#@看清楚,trend。
@#@不是family。
@#@towardsmallerfamilies是我们的介词短语作后置定语修饰trend。
@#@刚才我们讲过的,后置定语的情况!
@#@我们把知识点全揉进去了。
@#@那么我们不着急划上右括号,而且我们还要再划上第二个左括号吧,因为一个嵌套成分出现了吧,定从阿!
@#@@#@ 5.thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution.这里的since是做介词短语作状语,也不是主干成分。
@#@那么这个定语从句结束了,不完整的嘛。
@#@那么时候我们可以对应第二个左括号划上一个右括号了吧。
@#@表示这个定语从句的成分结束了。
@#@随着这个定从的成分结束,我们的第一个表语从句是不是也结束了,(还没结束?
@#@句号都出了,你得给句号点面子吧,句号就这一个功能了)所以我们现在再对应第一个左括号划上第二个右括号。
@#@@#@ 6.这个句子几个层次,三个,和第一个比多了一个,有了嵌套,稍微复杂点了。
@#@@#@ 7.有这么一件事,加拿大又一次落入了一种趋势,这种趋势曾经在西方的工业革命的时候就发生过。
@#@@#@ 8.翻译的时候注意吧,不要试图把它翻成嵌套的形式吧。
@#@跟自己过不去嘛,好不容易翻出来,然后还要再给中文句子作一个长难句分析。
@#@@#@ 例二:
@#@@#@ However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthatatomsandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.@#@ 1.however副词,做状语,丢到一边@#@ 2.formanyyears介词短语作状语,位置很灵活,还好放在开头,容易判断,怎么样,丢到一边。
@#@@#@ 3.physicists物理学就,名词出现,估计是主语。
@#@@#@ 4.thought是一个实意动词,那么实意动词后面有个that,接宾语从句,划上一个左括号了,后面是完整的还是非完整的?
@#@完整的,那么就按照完整的规则去找这个宾语从句的结束点。
@#@@#@ 5.atomsandmolecules是名词的并列,那么就是从句的主语吧@#@ 6.were系动词,谓语出来了。
@#@后面muchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously句子完整了没有,完整了,是不是划上一个右括号,……别着急吧,spontaneouslyand后面如果还是一个副词,那不仍然是做一个并列的副词成为这个句子的状语,所以先别着急,看看and后面是什么成分,是个that,好了,我们知道这个that应该是和前面的那个that并列共同作为thought的宾语,引导宾语从句。
@#@那么我们这个时候再在spontaneously后面划上一个右括号吧。
@#@表示第一个从句的结构完整了。
@#@而在and后面划上一个左括号,表示开始另一个结构层次的划分。
@#@@#@ 7.后面同理。
@#@@#@ 8.那我们几个层次。
@#@有的同学说两个层次,因为有两个括号。
@#@答案对了,推倒过程错了。
@#@两个括号但没有嵌套,所以是并列的层次。
@#@但主句是第一个层次physiciststhought,不用划括号的吧。
@#@@#@ 9.意思:
@#@物理学家想到两件事情。
@#@一件是原子和分子容易自发地发出光;@#@另一件是受激发者可能会更加弱。
@#@@#@ 10.翻译的时候注意,现在很简单,但是一旦嵌套多了,就不好翻。
@#@等会就会遇到,如果在试图用中文的模式去翻译,就很麻烦。
@#@@#@ 例三:
@#@@#@ Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP′sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean′ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.@#@ 1.developed过去分词作后置定语:
@#@这里强调一句,如果是现在分词作后置定语,因为现在分词不可能直接跟在名词后面作谓语动词吧,除非有be动词一起表示进行时。
@#@而过去分词,如果它的过去式和过去分词形式不同,也好判断。
@#@困难主要出现在过去分词和现在分词的形式相同,特别当他们都是ed形式的时候。
@#@这个时候我们怎么判断。
@#@就看这个分词前面的那个名词是这个动作的发出者还是接受者(被动的),如果是发出者,那么这个ed形式的动词是谓语动词的过去式,如果是被动的承受者,那就是过去分词作状语。
@#@本句中…@#@ 2.逗号后面的theDSDP′sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,有的同学一看,太高兴了,逗号出现,插入语拿掉不看,这个句子没脑袋了!
@#@这里是不是插入语?
@#@这是句子的主语,前面usingtechniques现在分词作状语吧,而这里是两个并列的同位语,换句话说,我们处理的方法是去掉任意一项,剩下一个,都没问题,他们表示同一个意思。
@#@@#@ 3.And连接的是哪一个。
@#@是wasableto还是maintain。
@#@大多数同学都能回答正确,但问为什么的时候,许多同学往往不得其所。
@#@其中有的人说时态不一样。
@#@And可以连接两个不同的时态IwasastudentandnowIamateacher.所以时态不是真正的原因。
@#@真正的原因主谓一致。
@#@那么这个地方,前面主语是第三人称,要么动词一般时+s要么过去式+ed总之不能是原形。
@#@@#@ 4.通过运用这项首次为了远洋石油天然气开采而发明的技术,DSDP这艘钻探船可以在海洋的表面保持稳定,并钻探到很深的地方。
@#@@#@ 5.后面extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.分词作状语。
@#@我们的几种句型全部运用出来了。
@#@@#@ 6.语言的二意性,这个and的并列。
@#@是和谁并列。
@#@Rock是和sediment并列还是和samples并列。
@#@我们这里无法判断。
@#@但都不理解我们对句子本身的理解。
@#@这叫做语言的二意性。
@#@@#@ 7.恶意的和良性的。
@#@但我们遇到的时候,就需要通过上下文。
@#@@#@ 例四:
@#@@#@ Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances,canbedividedintofourdistincteras:
@#@thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcenturywhenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethatfoodcontainedconstituentsthatwereessentialforhumanfunctionandthatdifferentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents.@#@ 1.特点:
@#@长。
@#@但是我们惊喜的看到两个逗号,怎么办。
@#@干掉他。
@#@太高兴了。
@#@@#@ 2.而且还有冒号哟。
@#@爽。
@#@前后两个层次。
@#@@#@ 3.第一个and连接的是两个动词,虽然前面有介词短语作状语分隔开来。
@#@属于谓语并列。
@#@@#@ 4.When引导什么从句,状语还是定语,这里不是状语,虽然翻译上区别上不大,理解上也不会出现太大歧义,但我们这里讲就把他讲清楚,在when前面是一个表示时间的词吧twentiethcentury,做为了先行词。
@#@而状语从句是不需要先行词的吧。
@#@那么这里是定从,出现嵌套了,那么打上一个左括号吧。
@#@注意是在when的后面划,when是连词本身不作成分。
@#@而且when作为定从的引导词是关系副词,就是我们这的连词吧,引导完整的句子还是非完整的句子?
@#@完整的。
@#@来吧,按照完整的句子原则往下找结束吧。
@#@@#@ 5.itwasrecognized(动词的被动语态)forthefirsttimethat,这个that引导的是什么从句,主语从句吧,it作形式主语了。
@#@@#@相关资讯:
@#@同等学力成绩查询同等学力分数查询@#@";i:
18;s:
14589:
"1.Greetingmessage祝福@#@Hopeyouhaveagoodtripback.祝旅途愉快。
@#@@#@Howareyou?
@#@你好吗?
@#@@#@Howistheprojectgoingon?
@#@项目进行顺利吗?
@#@@#@2.Initiateameeting发起会议@#@Isuggestwehaveacalltonightat9:
@#@30pm(ChinaTime)withyouandBrown.PleaseletmeknowifthetimeisokayforyouandBen.@#@我建议我们今晚九点半和Brown小聚一下,你和Ben有没有空?
@#@@#@IwouldliketoholdameetingintheafternoonaboutourdevelopmentplanningfortheprojectA.@#@今天下午我建议我们就A项目的发展计划开会讨论一下。
@#@@#@We’dliketohavethemeetingonThuOct30.Sametime.@#@十月三十号(周三),老时间,开会。
@#@@#@Let’smakeameetingnextMondayat5:
@#@30PMSLCtime.@#@下周一盐湖城时区下午五点半开会。
@#@@#@IwanttotalktoyouoverthephoneregardingissuesaboutreportdevelopmentandtheXXXproject.@#@我想跟你电话讨论下报告进展和XXX项目的情况。
@#@@#@3.Seekingformoreinformation/feedbacks/suggestions咨询信息/反馈/建议@#@Shallyouhaveanyproblemaccessingthefolders,pleaseletmeknow.@#@如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。
@#@@#@Thankyouandlookforwardtohavingyouropinionontheestimationandschedule.@#@谢谢你,希望能听到更多你对评估和日程计划的建议。
@#@@#@Lookforwardtoyourfeedbacksandsuggestionssoon.@#@期待您的反馈建议!
@#@@#@Whatisyouropiniononthescheduleandnextstepsweproposed?
@#@@#@你对计划方面有什么想法?
@#@下一步我们应该怎么做?
@#@@#@Whatdoyouthinkaboutthis?
@#@@#@这个你怎么想?
@#@@#@Feelfreetogiveyourcomments.@#@请随意提出您的建议。
@#@@#@Anyquestion,pleasedon’thesitatetoletmeknow.@#@有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
@#@@#@Anyquestion,pleaseletmeknow.@#@有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
@#@@#@Pleasecontactmeifyouhaveanyquestions.@#@有任何问题,欢迎和我们联系。
@#@@#@Pleaseletmeknowifyouhaveanyquestiononthis.@#@有任何问题,欢迎和我联系。
@#@@#@Yourcommentsandsuggestionsarewelcome!
@#@@#@欢迎您的评论和建议!
@#@@#@Pleaseletmeknowwhatyouthink?
@#@@#@欢迎您的评论和建议!
@#@@#@Doyouhaveanyideaaboutthis?
@#@@#@对于这个您有什么建议吗?
@#@@#@Itwouldbeniceifyoucouldprovideabitmoreinformationontheuser’sbehavior.@#@您若是能够就用户行为方面提供更多的信息就太感激了!
@#@@#@Atyourconvenience,Iwouldreallyappreciateyoulookingintothismatter/issue.@#@如果可以,我希望你能负责这件事情。
@#@@#@4.Givefeedback意见反馈@#@Pleaseseecommentsbelow.@#@请看下面的评论。
@#@@#@Myanswersareinbluebelow.@#@我的回答已标蓝。
@#@@#@Iaddsomecommentstothedocumentforyourreference.@#@我就文档添加了一些备注,仅供参考。
@#@@#@5.Attachment附件@#@Ienclosetheevaluationreportforyourreference.@#@我附加了评估报告供您阅读。
@#@@#@Attachedpleasefindtoday’smeetingnotes.@#@今天的会议记录在附件里。
@#@@#@Attachisthedesigndocument,pleasereviewit.@#@设计文档在附件里,请评阅。
@#@@#@Forotherknownissuesrelatedtoindividualfeatures,pleaseseeattachedreleasenotes.@#@其他个人特征方面的信息请见附件。
@#@@#@6.Pointlisting列表@#@Todaywewouldliketofinishfollowingtasksbytheendoftoday:
@#@1…….2…….@#@今天我们要完成的任务:
@#@1…….2…….@#@Someknownissuesinthisrelease:
@#@1…….2…….@#@声明中涉及的一些问题:
@#@1…….2…….@#@OurteamherereviewedthenewestSCMpolicyandhasfollowingconcerns:
@#@1…….2…….@#@我们阅读了最新的供应链管理政策,做出如下考虑:
@#@1…….2…….@#@Herearesomemorequestions/issuesforyourteam:
@#@1…….2…….@#@以下是对你们团队的一些问题:
@#@1…….2…….@#@Thecurrentstatusisasfollowing:
@#@1……2……@#@目前数据如下:
@#@1……2……@#@Someitemsneedyourattention:
@#@1…….2…….@#@以下方面需提请注意:
@#@1…….2…….@#@7.Raisequestion提出问题@#@IhavesomequestionsaboutthereportXX-XXX@#@我对XX-XXX报告有一些疑问。
@#@@#@FortheassignmentABC,Ihavethefollowingquestions:
@#@…@#@就ABC协议,我有以下几个问题:
@#@……@#@8.Proposal提议@#@Forthenextstepofplatformimplementation,Iamproposing…@#@关于平台启动的下一步计划,我有一个提议……@#@Isuggestwecanhaveaweeklyprojectmeetingoverthephonecallinthenearfuture.@#@我建议我们就一周项目开一个电话会议。
@#@@#@AchievoteamsuggesttoadoptoptionAtosolveoutstandingissue……@#@Achievo团队建议应对突出问题采用A办法。
@#@@#@9.Thanksnote感谢信@#@Thankyousomuchforthecooperation感谢你的合作!
@#@@#@Thanksfortheinformation@#@谢谢您提供的信息!
@#@@#@Ireallyappreciatetheeffortyouallmadeforthissuddenandtightproject.@#@对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。
@#@@#@Thanksforyourattention!
@#@@#@谢谢关心!
@#@@#@Yourkindassistanceonthisareverymuchappreciated.@#@我们对您的协助表示感谢。
@#@@#@Reallyappreciateyourhelp!
@#@@#@非常感谢您的帮助!
@#@@#@10.Apology道歉@#@Isincerelyapologizeforthismisunderstanding!
@#@@#@对造成的误解我真诚道歉!
@#@@#@IapologizeforthelateaskingbutwewanttomakesurethecorrectnessofourimplementationASAP.@#@很抱歉现在才进行询问,但是我们需要尽快核实执行信息。
@#@/via@#@=============================================================@#@邮件英语最常用的100个句型@#@1.Iamwritingtoconfirm/enquire/informyou…我写信时要确认/询问/通知你…@#@2.IamwritingtofollowuponourearlierdecisiononthemarketingcampaigninQ2.@#@我写信来追踪我们之前对于第二季度营销活动的决定。
@#@@#@3.Withreferencetoourtelephoneconversationtoday…关于我们今天在电话中的谈话。
@#@@#@4.Inmypreviouse-mailonOctober5…先前在10月5日所写的信…@#@5.AsImentionedearlierabout…如我先前所提及关于…@#@6.asindicatedinmypreviouse-mail…如我在先前的信中所提出…@#@7.Aswediscussedonthephone…如我们上次在电话中的讨论…@#@8.fromourdecisionatthepreviousmeeting…如我们在上次会议中的决定…@#@9.asyourequested/peryourrequirement…按照你的要求…@#@10.Inreplytoyoure-maildatedApril1,wedecided…回答你在4月1日写的信,我们决定…@#@11.Thisisinresponsetoyoure-mailtoday.这是针对你今天早上来信的回复。
@#@@#@12.Asmentionedbefore,wedeemthisproducthasstronguniquesellingpointsinchina.@#@如先前所述,我们认为这个产品在中国有强有力且独一无二的销售点。
@#@@#@13.Asafollow-uptoourphoneconversationyesterday,Iwantedtogetbacktoyouaboutthependingissuesofouragreement.追踪我们昨天在电话中所谈,我想答复你我们合约的一些待解决的议题。
@#@@#@14.Ireceivedyourvoicemessageregardingthesubject.I’mwonderingifyoucanelaboratei.e.providemoredetails.我收到你关于这个主题的留言。
@#@我想你是否可以再详尽说明,也就是再提供多一点细节。
@#@@#@15.Pleasebeadvised/informedthat…请被告知…@#@16.Pleasenotethat…请注意…@#@17.Wewouldliketoinformyouthat…我们想要通知你…@#@18.Iamconvincedthat…我确信…@#@19.Weagreewithyouon…我们同意你在…@#@20.Witheffectfrom4Oct.,2008…从2008年10月4日开始生效…@#@21.Wewillhaveameetingscheduledasnotedbelow…我们将举行一个会议,时间表如下。
@#@@#@22.Beassuredthatindividualstatisticsarenotdisclosedandthisisforinternaluseonly.请确保个人信息不会外泄且只供内部使用。
@#@@#@23.Iamdelightedtotellyouthat…我很高兴地告诉你…@#@24.Wearepleasedtolearnthat…我们很高兴得知…@#@25.Wewishtonotifyyouthat…我们希望通知你…@#@26.Congratulationonyour…恭喜您关于…@#@27.Iamfinewiththeproposal.我对这份提案没意见。
@#@@#@28.Iampleasedtoinformyouthatyouhavebeenacceptedtojointheworkshopscheduledfor22-24Nov,2008.我很高兴地告诉你,你已经被同意参加2008年11月22-24日的研讨会。
@#@@#@29.Wearesorrytoinformyouthat…我们很抱歉地通知你…@#@30.I’mafraidIhavesomebadnews.我恐怕要带来一些坏消息。
@#@@#@31.Thereareanumberofissueswithournewsystem.我们的新系统有些问题。
@#@@#@32.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrol…由于情况超出我们所能控制…@#@33.Idon’tfeeltoooptimisticabout…我觉得不太乐观关于…@#@34.Itwouldbedifficultforustoaccept…我们很难接受…@#@35.UnfortunatelyIhavetosaythat,sincereceivingyourenquiriesonthesubject,ourviewhasnotchanged.很不幸地,我必须这么说,自从收到你关于这个主题的询问,我们的看法都没有改变。
@#@@#@36.Wewouldbegratefulifyoucould…我们会很感激如果你可以…@#@37.Icouldappreciateitifyoucould…我会很感激如果你可以…@#@38.Wouldyoupleasesendus…?
@#@可否请你寄给我们…?
@#@@#@39.Weneedyourhelp.我们需要你的帮助。
@#@@#@40.Weseekyourassistancetocascade/replythismessagetoyourstaff.@#@我们请求你的帮助,将此信息传达给你们的员工。
@#@@#@41.Welookforwardtoyourclarification.我们期待你的澄清。
@#@@#@42.Yourpromptattentiontothismatterwillbeappreciated.您能立即注意此事,我们将非常感激。
@#@@#@43.Iwouldreallyappreciatemeetingupifyoucansparethetime.Pleaseletmeknowwhatsuitsyoubest.如果您能抽出时间,我希望能与你见面,请让我知道您最适合的时间。
@#@@#@44.Pleasegiveusyourpreliminarythoughtsaboutthis.请让我知道你对于这件事情初步的想法。
@#@@#@45.Wouldyoupleasereplytothise-mailifyouplantoattend?
@#@请您回信如果您计划参加?
@#@@#@46.Pleaseadviseifyouagreewiththisapproach.请告知是否你同意这个方法。
@#@@#@47.Couldyoupleaseletmeknowthestatusofthisproject?
@#@请让我知道这个计划的进度?
@#@@#@48.Ifpossible,Ihopetoreceiveacopyofyourproposalwhenitisfinished.@#@如果可能,当你完成提案,我希望能收到一份复本。
@#@@#@49.IwouldappreciateitverymuchifyouwouldsendmeyourreplybynextMonday.@#@如果能在下周一前收到您的答复,我将非常感激。
@#@@#@50.HopethisisOKwithyou.Ifnot,letmeknowbye-mailASAP.@#@希望您对此没有问题,如果不行,请利用电子邮件尽快让我知道。
@#@@#@51.CouldyoupleasesendmeyourrepliestotheabovequestionsbytheendofJune?
@#@@#@请您在6月份前答复我上述问题好吗?
@#@@#@52.MayIhaveyourreplybyApril1,ifpossible?
@#@@#@如果可能,我可否在4月1日前收到您的答复?
@#@@#@53.Ifyouwish,wewouldbehappyto…如果你希望,我们很乐意…@#@54.Pleaseletmeknowifthere’sanythingIcandotohelp.@#@请让我知道任何我可以帮得上忙的地方。
@#@@#@55.Ifthere’sanythingelseIcandoforyouon/regardingthismatter,pleasefeelfreetocontactmeatanytime.对于这件事,如果还有任何我能帮得上忙的地方,请不要客气,随时与我联络。
@#@@#@56.Ifyouwantadditionalrecommendationsonthis,pleaseletusknowandwecantrytoseeifthisispossible.如果关于此事你需要额外的建议,请让我们知道,我们会尝试看看是否可能。
@#@@#@57.I’mjustwritingtoremindyouof…我只是写信来提醒您…@#@58.Mayweremindyouthat…?
@#@我们想要提醒您…@#@59.Iamenclosing…我附上…@#@60.Pleasefindenclosed…请查阅附件…@#@61.Attachedhereto…附件是關于…@#@62.Attachedpleasefindthemostup-to-dateinformationon/regarding/concerning…@#@附上關于某某的最新資料…@#@63.Attachedpleasefindthedraftproductplanforyourreviewandcomment.@#@附上產品計劃書的草稿,請審查及評價。
@#@@#@64.Ifyouhaveanyfurtherquestions,pleasefeelfreetocontactme.@#@如果你有任何問題,請不要客氣與我聯絡。
@#@@#@65.Ihopemyclarificationhasbeenhelpful.希望我的說明是有幫助的。
@#@@#@66.Pleasefeelfreetocallmeatanytime,Iwillcontinuallyprovidefullsupport.@#@67.Pleaseletmeknowifthisissuitable.請讓我知道這是否恰當。
@#@@#@68.Lookingforwardtoseeingyousoon.期待很快能見到你。
@#@@#@69.Welookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.我們期待很快能得到您的回復。
@#@@#@70.Hopethisisclearandwearehappytodiscussthisfurtherifnecessary.@#@希望上述說明很清楚,如有必要,我們很樂意再進一步討論。
@#@@#@71.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourreplysoon.我期待很快能收到你的回復。
@#@@#@72.Lookingforwardtoreceivingyourcommentsinduecourse.@#@期待在預期的時間收到你的反饋。
@#@@#@73.I’llkeepyouposted.我會與你保持聯絡。
@#@@#@74.Pleasekeepmeinformedonthematter.請隨時讓我知道這件事的發展。
@#@@#@75.Foranycomments/suggestions,pleasecontactNadiaat2552-7482.@#@任何評價或建議,請打電話2552-7482聯絡Nadia。
@#@@#@76.Iwouldliketoapologizefor…我想就…道歉…@#@77.Iapologizeforthedelayin…對于…的耽擱,我深感抱歉。
@#@@#@78.Wearesorryforanyinconveniencecaused.對于產生任何不便,我們感到抱歉。
@#@@#@79.Iamsorryforanyinconveniencethishascausedyou.@#@對于造成你的任何不便,我感到抱歉。
@#@@#@80.I’msorryaboutlasttime.關于上次的事我很抱歉。
@#@@#@81.Weapologizefornotreplyingyouearlier.對于未能早一點回信給你,我們感到抱歉。
@#@@#@82.I’mreallysorryaboutthis.關于這件事,我真的很抱歉。
@#@@#@83.Sorry,I’mlateinreplyingtoyoure-maildatedMonday,April1.@#@抱歉,太遲回您在4月1日(星期一)發給我的郵件。
@#@@#@84.Weapologizeforthedelayandhope";i:
19;s:
4260:
"DosetheProsperityofForeignFestivalsIndicateCollectiveCulturalUnconsciousness?
@#@@#@Recently,someresearchersreleasedajointreport.TheirpapersaysthatinChina,Christmasandotherwesternholidaysarebecomingmoreandmorepopular.Forinstance,NewYearseemstobemoreimportantthan@#@SpringFestivalandmoreyoungpeoplechoosetocelebrateValentine’sDaythanQIXI.July7thbythelunarcalendar(ChineseValentine’sDay).AllthesephenomenaindicatetherapidprosperityofforeignfestivalsinChinaandresearchersclaimthattheyworrythatitwillleadtocollectiveculturalunconsciousnessamongChinesepeople.Doestheprosperityofforeignfestivalindicatethatwehavelostourownculturaloriginandshallwedriveforeignfestivaloutofourlives?
@#@Myanswerisnegativeifwecantreatthoseforeignfestivalsproperly.@#@Everyfestivalhasitshistoricalandculturalorigin.Duringitsevolution,itiscertaintobringitsculturalmarkwithit.Ifpeoplelikeit,itmeansthisfestivalcansatisfypeople’sneedsandisworthcelebrating.OurtraditionalfestivalDragonBoatFestivalcanbetakenasagoodexample.Itwasnotanationalfestivalatfirst.TheChucelebrateditinmemoryofQuYuan,thegreatpatriotandhassuchafestivaltoremindusofpatriotism.Inotherwords,theimportanceofacertainfestivalcomesfromitshistoricalandculturalorigin.Andthefestivalcanmeetpeople’sneeds.Ifforeignfestivals,suchasChristmasandValentine’sDayarebeneficial,peoplehaveeveryreasontocelebratethem.@#@Weliveinanerawhencommunicationisdevelopingthemostquicklyiteverhas.Theworldisdescribedasaglobaltown.Internationalcommunicationwillnaturallyleadtoculturalmixture.Welearntheadvantagesofwesternworld;@#@meanwhilethewesterncountriesalsotrytolearntheessenceofourculture.Inthiscross-cultureprocess,culturalmixtureisinevitable.WecelebrateChristmas,Easter,Valentine’sDayandotherforeignfestivals;@#@likewise,westernersalsocelebrateourtraditionalfestivals.In2006,peopleinLondoncelebratedSpringFestivalceremoniouslyandthemayorofLondonevenputaslogan“HappyChineseNewYear”beforethecityhall.Celebratingforeignfestivalsisakindofcross-culturalcommunication.Ifforeignerscanacceptourtraditionalfestivalstheycan’tweaccepttheirs?
@#@@#@Nowadays,peopleareundergreatpressurefrommanydifferentareas.Foreignfestivalsofferanopportunityforpeopletorelax.Lifeinmodernsocietyisbecomingfasterandfaster.Undergreatpressure,peopleareeagertofindopportunitiestogathertogether,topartyortoentertainthemselvesinotherforms.Theprosperityofforeignfestivalsgivespeopleanexcusetodoso.Eventhoughwearenotreligiousandwelackrelatedknowledgeaboutthefestivals,wecanstillenjoyforeignfestivals.Afterall,apartfromthedeepsignificanceofcross-culturecommunication,foreignfestivalsmeanhappyandrelaxinghoursformodernpeople.Furthermore,someforeignfestivalsalsohelptofillthegapleftbyourtraditionalfestivals.Forinstance,inChinaweonlyhaveChongyangtoshowourrespecttoolderpeople.Butwedonothavemother’sdayorfather’sday.Borrowingfromthewesternworld,wehaveachancetoappreciateourmothersandfathers.@#@ThoughforeignfestivalsareindeedbecomingmoreandmorepopularinChina,personally,Idonotthinkforeignfestivalscanreplacetheimportanceofourtraditionalonesinourhearts.SpringFestivalisstillthelongestholidayweenjoyinChina;@#@theMid-autumnFestivalisstillthebiggestdayforfamilyreunions.PeoplewillneverforgettocelebrateDragonBoatFestivalonMay5thbylunarcalendar.@#@Theprosperityofforeignfestivalsdoesnotmeanwewillthrowoursaway.Nordoesitmeanweadmireforeignculturesblindlyandforgettheessenceofours.Foreignfestivalsarecomplementarytoourlifebuttheywillneverreplaceourtraditionalones.Keepingthisprincipleinmind,foreignfestivalwilladdinteresttoourlife.@#@Source《英语口语技能实训》@#@12130300420丁雪莹@#@";}
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