中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书.doc
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中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书.doc
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第一部分通用英语
UNIT1HowtobeHappy如何获得幸福
Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.
InthepasttwoweekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman,whereH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.
Step1:
Peaceandquiet
JonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,TheHappinessHypothesis,notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)andwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouareunfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwaxearplugstohavesomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyourneighbours,whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.
Step2:
Relationships
Thisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesofunhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeelingbetrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentsorchildrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregardcreatesisolationandmisery.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.
Step3:
Share
Ifyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,remembertosharethemwithfriends.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimprovethewellbeingofourownandothers.
阅读理解
1.What'sthehappinessformulaaccordATingtothepassage?
1.TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).
2.Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?
2.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.
3.Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?
3.IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoourneighbors.
4.Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?
4.Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipswithothers.
5.Whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?
5.Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.
【练习参考答案】
A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.
1.吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domesticupset)有很大影响。
1.Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.
2.在职场上,如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话,会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。
2.Acolleagueatworkwhobulliesordismissesuscreatesuntoldwretchedness.
3.我们不可能适应这种敌对关系,这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。
3.Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,whichinevitablydamageourwellbeing.
4.如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里,会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。
4.Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadustoanunresolveddestructivedepression.
5.我们不应当回避这些问题,而是要正确面对它们。
5.Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.
B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.
Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandeammore.Theyalsotendtovolunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne"orgenuinesmiles.Whatislesswellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.
AccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedbymanyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthefuture.Morespecificallyitheysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomessignificantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.
Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreonfrequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn'ttranslatetotheworkplace.
So,whyishappinesscontagious?
Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochangetheirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighlycontagious.
B.英译汉:
幸福有许多好处。
越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。
他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”,即真诚的微笑。
我们了解不深的是,为什么幸福可以传染。
全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现,如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居,那么你将也会很幸福。
他们表示,更准确地说,如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升,你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。
具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8%)、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。
这意味着,幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关),1而不是社会关系的深度。
可惜由于某种原因,这并不适用于工作场合。
那么,为什么幸福能够传染?
一个原因或许是,幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如,提供实际的帮助,或在经济上慷慨解囊)。
另一个原因可能是,幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为,会对周围的人更加友好,或减少敌意。
又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
【课文参考译文】过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式,这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。
在这个公式中,H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。
本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
第一步:
平和宁静
乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到,研究调查显示,我们不可能完全适应噪音污染,无论是新近的还是长期的。
巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧),如果周遭噪音喧闹,我们不可能完全放松。
每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。
如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中,请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。
另外,尝试使用耳塞,可能会缓解噪声。
如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话,记得戴上耳机,别影响邻里,这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
第二步:
人际关系
这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。
我们感到不快乐的最深层原因,往往就是人际关系欠佳。
与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中,会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。
父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀,会产生隔阂与痛苦。
当我们面临这类问题时,最好的办法就是直面难题,修复关系,或者学着继续前行。
第三步:
分享
如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话,记得与你的朋友们分享。
将有用的发现与更多人分享,这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
UNIT2CityDesign城市设计
WhenI'mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn'thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresenceofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld'scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheairinsomecitiesisequivalenttosmokingtwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowheresittingintraffic-congestedstreetsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.
Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergencyofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitiesbannedtheparkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-baserapidtransitsystem,builthundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreets,reducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocalcitizensdirectlyintheimprovementoftheirneighborhoods.Thequalityofurbanlifeinthesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwiththevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.
Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromisemobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbersmultiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.
Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobilitybymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhatthehorrifyingsci-fidepicted---allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we'dbetterstartdesigningsustainablecities.
阅读理解
1.Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?
1.(Hetakes)abus.
2.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?
2.Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople'shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.
3.Whatdoesthelastsentence"thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople"inparagraph2mean?
3.Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.
4.Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?
4.Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.
5.Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?
5.Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)no-human.
A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.
1.随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外,汽车的需求量正在飞涨。
1.Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs.
2.生态城市(eco-city)将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。
2.Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies.
3.预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车(fuel-cellvehicles)投入使用,而到2012年将增至一万辆。
3.Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2010andincreaseto10,000by2012.
4.如今,各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。
4.Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity.
5.全世界大约一半的人口居住全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市,所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。
5.5.Itisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld'spopulationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).
B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.
Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbagsoutweighedthefactthatpl
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