语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx
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语言学名词解释Word文件下载.docx
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Presupposion:
aspeskersaidtoyou“whendidyoustopbeatingyourwife”,thespeakerhastheassumptionthatyouusedtobeatyourwifeandnolongerdoso.Suchassumptionsarecalledpresupposion.
Speechacttheory:
itwasproposedbyJ.L.austinandhasbeendevelopedbyj.r.searle.Basically,theybelievethatlanguageisnotonlyusedtoinformordescribethings,butto“do”things,performacts.
Illocutionaryacts:
representativesdirectivescommissivesexpressivesdeclarations
Indirectspeechact:
wheneverthereisanindirectrelationshipbetweenastructureandafunction,wehaveaindirectspeechact.
Thecooperativeprinciple:
H.P.gricebelivesthattheremustbesomemechanismsgoverningtheproductionandcomprehensionoftheutterances.Hesuggeststhatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductofconversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCP.Toputitsimply,thecpmeansthatweshouldsaywhatistrueinaclearandrelevantmanner.(qualityquantityrelationmanner)
Conversatonalimplicatures:
akindofextrameaningthatisnotliterallycontainedintheutterance.
ThesixmaximsofthePP
(tactgenerosityapprobationmodestyagreementsympathy)
Chapter7
Discourse:
languageabovethesentenceorabovetheclause.
Discourseanalysis:
isalsocalleddiscourselinguisticsanddiscoursestudies,ortextlinguistics.Itisthestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformalargermeaninfulunitssuchasparagraphs,interviews,conversations,etc.
Giveninformation:
itistheinformationthattheaddresserbelievesisknowntotheaddressee.
Newinformation:
itistheinformationthattheaddresserbelievesisnotknowntotheaddressee.
Topic:
thetopicrepresentswhattheutteranceisaboutanditistheonethatthespeakerdecidestotakeasthestartingpoint.Thecommentiswhatissaidaboutit.
Cohesion:
itreferstothegrammaticalandlexicalrelationshipsbetweenthedifferentelementsofadiscourse.
Cohesivedevicesincludereference{endophora(anaphoraandcataphora)andexophora},substitution,ellipsis,conjunction(coordinatorsandsubordinators)andlexicalcohesion(repetitionsynonymandsuperordinate).
Discoursemarkers:
expressionsthatarecommonlyusedintheinitialpositionofanutteranceandaresyntacticallydetachablefromasentence.
conversationalanalysis:
theanalysisofnaturalconversationinordertodiscoverwhatthelinguisticcharacteristicsofconversationareanshowconversationisusedinoordinarylifeiscalledconversationalanalysis.(adjacencypairs,preferencestructureandpresequences)
Adjacencypairs:
asequenceoftworelatedutterancebytwodifferentspeakers.Thesecondpartisalwaysaresponsetothefirst.
Presequences:
theopeningsequencesthatareusedtosetupsomespecificpotentialactionsarecalledpresequences.
赞同
Chapter8
Sociolinguistics:
whenwestudythelanguageinrelationtosociety.Itiscalledsociolinguistics.
Languagevarieties:
languagechangesalongsocialchangesanditalsochangesfromregiontoregion,fronoonesocialgrouptoanotherandfromindividualtoindividual.Theproductsofsuchchangesarecalledvarietiesofthelanguage.liletheriseandfallofxiaojie.
Standardlanguage:
thedominantandprestigiousvarietyoflanguageisoftencalledstandardlanguageorstandardvarietyorstandarddialect.,thevarietyoflanguagewhichhadthehigheststatusinonecommunityoranationandwhichisbasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatednativespeakersofalanguage.RPandSAEorGA.
Dialect:
avarietyoflanguageusedrecognizablyinaspecificregionorbyaspecificsocialclassiscalleddialect.Dialectscanbeclassifiedintofourtypes(regionalorgeographicaldialectsandtemporaldialectsandsociolectsandidiolects)
regionalorgeographicaldialects:
varietiesoflanguagespokeninageographicalarea
temporaldialects:
varietiesoflanguageusedataspecificstagesinthehistoricaldevelopment.
Sociolects:
varietiesoflanguageusedbypeoplebelongingtoparticularsocialclass.
Idiolects:
varietiesoflanguageusedbyindividualspeaker,wirhpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,vocabularyansgrammar.
Register:
mostspeakersofalanguagespeakonewaywithfriends,anotheronajobintervieworpresentingareportinclass,anothertalingtochildrenandstillanotherwiththeirparents.Thesevarietiesareclassifiedaccordingtouseiscalledregister.like(pickled,high,drunkandintoxicated)
M.A.K.Halliday’sregistertheoryisdeterminedbythreefactorfieldandmodeandtenor
Fieldofdiscoursereferstowhatishappening,includingwhatistalkingabout.e.g.thefieldsoflinguisticsandreligionandadvertising.
Modeofdiscoursereferstothemediumoflanguageactivitywhichdeterminestheroleplayedbythelanguageinasituation.e.g.speechandwriting
Tenorofdiscoursereferstotherelationaamongtheparticipantsinalanguageactivity.e.g.colloquialandformal
Pidginsandcreoles
Pidgins:
apidginisavarietyoflanguagethatisnotanativelanguageofanyone,butislearntoncontactsituationsuchastrading.Theprocessbywhichthepidgindevelopsiscalledpidginization.
Creoles:
whenapidgindevelopsbeyonditsroleasatradinglanguageandbecomesthefirstlanguageofasocialcommunity,itbecomesacreole.
Creoleshavelargenumberofnativespeakersandnotrestrictedatallintheiruses.Onceacreoleisinexistence,itmaycontinuealmostwithoutchange,itmaybeextinct,itmaybeevolveintoanormallanguageorgraduallymergewithitsbaselanguagethroughdecreolization.
Languageplanning:
thegovernmentcarefullyexamineallthelanguagesanddialectsinthecountryanddecidewhichisthestandardofficiallanguage.Theyalsomakeplansfortheregionaluseanddevelopmentofotherlanguagesanddialects.Thisisnowcalledlanguageplanning.
Statusplanning(change)andcorpusplanning(develop)
Diglossia:
withahandfuloflanguages,twoverydifferentvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.Asituationofthiskindiscalleddiglossia.
Bilingualism:
irreferstoasituationwheretwolanguagesareusedbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionornation.
Multilingualis
Code-switching:
bilingualsoftenswitchbetweentheirtwolanguagesorlanguagevarietiesinthemiddleofaconversation.Thisphenomenoniscalledcode-switching.
Therearetwomajorkindsofcode-switching:
situationalcode-switching(notopicchangeisinvolved)andmetaphoricalcode-switching.
Taboo:
awordthatwearereluctanttousemaybecalledatabooword.
Euphemisms:
amoeacceptablesubstituteofataboowordiscalledaeuphemism.(euphemistic)
Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereareagreatdealofextrapolitenessinfemalespeechwhichmakesuseofthefollowinglinguisticsdevices1frequentuseofhedges2abundantuseoftagquestion3gereateruseofqualifiersandintensifiersthanmen4preferenceforuesofthestandardformoflanguage.
Chapter10
Cognitivelinguistics:
theapproachthatlanguageandlanguageusearebasedonourbodilyexperienceandthewayweconceptualizeitiscalledcongnitivelinguistics.
Categorization:
thementalprocessofclassificationiscalledcategorazation,whichisoneoftheimportantcapabilitiedofthehumanmind.
Category:
thespecialtermforthisphenomemoniscalledcategory(dogandtree)
Theclassicaltheory:
theclassicaltheoryofcategorization.Ithasfourassumptions1athingcannotbothbeandnotbe,cannotbothhavethefeatureandnothaveit,andcannotbothbelongtoacategoryandnotbelongtoit.2thefeaturesarebinary3thecategorieshaveclearboundaries4allmembersofacategoryhaveequalstatus.
Theprototypetheory:
thebestexamplesofonecategoryarecalledprototype.(birdandcolorandfruit)
Levelsofcategorization:
superordinatelevelsbasiclevelsandsubordinatelevels
Basic-levelcategoriesarebasicinthreerespects:
1perception2communication3knowledgeorganization(featureandattributes)
Iconicityoforder:
itreferstothesimilaritybetweentemporaleventsandthelineararrangementofelementsinalinguisticconstruction.(openthebottleandpourwine)
Iconicityofdistance:
thatis,elementswhichhaveacloserelationshipmustbeplacedclosetogether.(causationandmulti-adjectivesbefoereanoun)
Iconicityofcomplexity:
thephenomenonthatlinguisticcomplexityreflectsconceptualcomplexityisusuallycallediconicityofcomplexity.
Grammaticalization:
theprocesswherebyanindependentwordsareshiftedtothestatusofthegrammaticalelementsiscalledgrammaticalization.
Thedifferenceofpragmaticsandsemantics
Semanticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaninginallitsformalaspects.
Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestu
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