专业英语八级-阅读理解专项试题(三).docx
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专业英语八级-阅读理解专项试题(三).docx
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专业英语八级-阅读理解专项试题
(三)
一、ReadingComprehension(Comprehension)
(共60小题,共60.0分)Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,Cand
D.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebest
answer.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet
Two.第1题Peoplearemovingtocitiesin
droves.In1950,two-thirdsoftheworlds'populationlivedinthe
countryside.NewYorkwasthentheonlysettlementwithmorethan10million
people.Todaythereare20suchmegacities,andmoreareonthe
way.Mostofthesemegacitiesareindevelopingcountriesthatarestrugglingtocopewithboththespeedandthescaleofhuman
migration.EstimatesofthefuturespreadofurbanizationarebasedontheobservationthatinEurope,andinNorthandSouthAmerica,theurbanshareofthetotalpopulationhasstabilizedat75%--85%.Iftherestoftheworldfollowsthispathitisexpectedthatinthenextdecadeanextra100millionpeoplewilljointhecitiesofAfrica,and340millionthecitiesof
Asia:
theequivalentofanewBangkokeverytwo
months.By2030nearlytwo-thirdsoftheworld'spopulationwillbe
urban.Inthelongrun,thatisgood
news.Ifcountriesnowindustrialisingfollowthepatternofthosethathavealreadydoneso,theircity-dwellerswillbebothmoreprosperousand
healthier.Manisgregariousspecies,andtheWords"urbane"
and"civilised"
bothderivefromtheadvantagesoflivinginlarge
settlements.Historyalsoshows,though,thatthetransitioncanbe
uncomfortable.TheslumsofManchesterwere,intheirtime,justasawfulasthoseofNairobi
today.Butpeoplemovedthereforexactlythesame
reason:
howevernastyconditionsseemed,theopportunitiesofurbanlifeoutstrippedthoseofthe
countryside.Thequestionishowbesttohandlethe
change.Ifthereisonethingthateverybodyagreeson,itisthaturbanizationis
unstoppable.Migrantsattemptingtoescapepoverty,andrefugeesescapingconflict,arepilingintocitiesinwhattheexecutivedirectorofUN-HABITAT,Anna,Tibailjuka,describesas"premature
urbanization."
DrTibaijukabelievesitmightbepossibletoslowthepaceofmigrationfromthecountrysidewithpoliciesthatenhancesecurityandrural
livelihoods.Thereisroomfordebate,though,overwhetherbetterruraldevelopmentinanyformcanseriouslyslowthepaceofurbanisation-orevenwhethersuchaslowdownwouldbeagood
thing.MichaelMutter,anurbanplanningadviserattheBritishgovernment'sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID),saysthattherelevant
indicatorssuggestthatinmanycountriestheeffective"carryingcapacity"
ofruralareashasbeen
reached.AshappenedinEuropeinthe18thcentury,populationgrowthandtechnologicalimprovementstoagriculturearecreatingasurplus
population.Thatsurplushastogosomewheretoearnits
living.Indeed,somepeoplegosofarsotoarguethatgovernments,internationaldonorsandaidagenciesspendtoomuchonruraldevelopmentandneglectthe
cities.Mostcountrieshavearuraldevelopmentpolicy,butonlyafewhaveurban
ones.DFID,forexample,spendsonly5%ofitsbudgetdirectlyonurban
development.Moreover,thesecriticspointoutthat,althoughruralareasoftenhaveworsesanitation,illiteracyandhomelessnessthancities,suchfiguresare
deceptive.Beingilliterate,homelessorwithoutaccesstoaflushtoiletarefarmoreseriousproblemsinacrowdedcitythaninthe
countryside.Ofthemanylessonsbeinglearntfrompasturban-developmentfailures,oneofthemostimportantisthatimprovementsmustinvolvelocalpeopleinameaningful
way.Evenwhenitcomestothepoorestslumdwellers,somegovernmentsandcityauthoritiesarerealizingthatpeoplearetheirowngreatest
assets.SlumdwellersInternationalisacollectionof"grassroots"
federationsofpeoplelivingin
slums.Itsideais
simple.Slum-dwellersinaparticularplacegettogetherandformafederationtostrengthenlocalsavingsandcreditschemes,andtolobbyforgreaterco-operationwiththe
authorities.Suchfederationsarehavingabigimpactonslum-upgradingschemesaroundthe
world.Bysurveyinglocalneedsandactingasvoicesforslum-dwellers,thesefederationshavebeenabletoshowtheauthoritiesthatslum-dwellersarenotsimplyahomogenousandanonymousmassofurbanpoor,butarerealpeopleinneedofreal
services.Theyhavealsobeenabletoapplypressureforimprovementsinsecurityoftenure--eitherthroughtemporaryguaranteesofresidencyor,betterstill,formal
ownership.Suchsecuretenuregivespeopleanincentivetoimprovetheirdwellingsandisthusthecrucialfirststeptoupgradingaslumintoa
suburb.Overthepastsixyears,SouthAfrica'sgovernmenthasbeenpursuinganactiveprogrammeofhousing
improvement.Thegovernmentquicklyrealizedthat,withthepoorinthemajority,providingsocialhousingforallwouldbe
impossible.Theministerforhousing,SakieMthembi-Mahanyele,saystheapproachthathasworkedsofarhasbeenacombinationofgovernment,theprivatesectorandthepoor
themselves.Thepoor,saysMrsMthembi-Mahanyele,haveresponsibilities,andthegovernmentmeetsthem
halfway.Thosewithanincomeareexpectedtocontributesomeofittothebuildingoftheir
houses.Thosewithoutareaskedtocontribute"sweatequity"
byhelpingtobuildwiththeirown
hands.SouthAfricahasalsotransferredownershipofmorethan380,000council
houses,worthmorethan28billionrand($2.7billion)toprivate
individuals.Withthesehousesascollateralforloans,ownershavealreadystartedtoupgradeandimprovetheir
properties.Thereisstillalongwayto
go.Anestimated2-3millionmorehousesare
needed.Sheaddsthatthegovernmentisstillwrestlingwithfinancialinstitutionstogetabetterdealforthe
poor.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.AthesideeffectsofurbanizationBmegacitiesindevelopingcountriesCthecausesbehindimmigrationtocitiesDwaystoslowdownthepaceofimmigration
【正确答案】:
B
【本题分数】:
1.0分
【答案解析】
主旨题。
本文主要讨论了发展中国家大城市中的一些问题。
都市化是一种趋势,人们因此而从中受益。
但是在这过程中会有一些问题。
如发展中国家大城市所面临的移民问题以及对城市发展重视不够等问题。
文章还讨论了一些大城市发展过程中的经验教训,并用南非的例子来说明政府怎样来改善大城市居民的生活。
第2题ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNairobiis______.AamegacitywithslumsBapalaceofhungerandconflictCanindustrializedcityDaruralareawithasurpluspopulation
【正确答案】:
A
【本题分数】:
1.0分
【答案解析】
推理题。
根据文章第4段,历史上的曼彻斯特和今天的内罗毕一样,都存在着贫民窟,但人们以同样的理由进入曼彻斯特,因为城市的机会要大于农村。
因此我们可以推断,内罗毕是一个条件并不完善的大城市,选项A正确答案。
第3题AnnaTibaijuka(para.5)andMichaelMutter(para.7)seemtodifferover______.AthebenefitsofurbanizationBtheprocessofurbanizationCthecausesofurbanizationDthecostofurbanization
【正确答案】:
C
【本题分数】:
1.0分
【答案解析】
推理题。
AnnaTibaijuka认为,人们涌入城市是为了逃避饥饿和动荡,因此这样的都市化是不成熟的;MichaelMutter则认为,人们涌入城市是因为农村的承受能力已经饱和,剩余人口要另谋生路。
因此选C为正确答案。
第4题Accordingtothepassage,someslumdwellersarenotinterestedinimprovingtheirenvironmentsbecausethey______。
AareunsureoftheirresidencyBdislikeurbanizationCareusedtothepresidentenvironmentDarehomogeneousandanonymous
【正确答案】:
A
【本题分数】:
1.0分
【答案解析】
细节题。
根据第10段,一些贫民窟居民联盟通过施加压力来争取贫民窟居民的永久居住权和所有权,这样人们才有积极性来改变自己的居住环境。
因此选项A正确答案。
第5题
Fewmaterialthingsinlifearemoreexcitingthantherightkindofhotel
room.Thekindwithalargetelevisionandawell-stockedvideocollection;
withaminibarladenwithjellybeansandpaprika-flavouredcrisps;
withabathroomdeckedwithfluffywhitetowels,robesandacollectionofminiaturebottlesofshampoo;
withathickroom-servicemenuofferingall-night
dining.Thechancetostayinanicehotelcanbecapableofconvincingeventheinconsolablethatlifeisworth
living.Thebesthotelroomsachievetheirdistinctivecharminpartbecausetheycombinetheadvantagesofamoderncommercialenvironment,andallthenewnessandshininessweassociatewiththem,withtheadvantagesofhomewherewecanwanderaroundnaked,pickournoseswithimpunityandfeelprivateand
unwatched.Forafewnights,theplacewecallhomeresemblesanidealisedversionofwhatourownhomesmightbelike,ifonlywecouldaffordtorepairthecracksinthewallsandchangeallthe
furniture.TostayinoneoftheIanShragerhotels--
St.MartinsLaneorSandersoninLondon,forexample--feelslikesteppingintoashinyandperfectmagazine
world.Withtheirbriskefficiencyandsoothingcolourschemes,thesehotelsallowustothinkoflifeassomethingthatmightforeverbebeautiful,calmand
comprehensible.Goodhotelsarealsoaprofoundsourceofafeelingof
love.Howmightawordgenerallyusedonlyinrelationtowhatwegetfromaparentoraromanticcompanionbeappliedtosomethingwemightbeofferedbyahotel?
Perhapswecoulddefineloveasakindofattentiveness;
asensitivitybyonepersontoanother's
existence.AdvertisementsfortheFourSeasonshotelchainconstantlyemphasizethelovethatisshoweredonitsguests;
weseeamaidhuntingforjusttherightpillow,sothatsleepofguestswillbedeepandsoul-restoring--thekindofcarewemightlasthaveexperiencedwhenwewereillasachildandpamperedinbedbyadevotedparentwhobroughttoastsoldiersandallowedustowatchtelevisionall
day.Hotelroomscanbewonderfulplacesinwhichto
think.Itisnocoincidencethatmanyofthe20thCentury'sgreatestnovelswerewritteninhotel
rooms.Anunfamiliarsettingoffersanopportunitytoescapeourhabitsof
mind:
lyinginbed,theroomquietexceptfortheoccasiona
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