自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释(必备)Word文档下载推荐.doc
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自考英语词汇学总结重要词条解释(必备)Word文档下载推荐.doc
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Thestudyofalanguageatsomepointintime.e.g.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisasynchronicstudy.
5).Diachronicstudy:
Thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.e.g.astudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesinceShakespeare’stimeisadiachronicstudy.
6).Languagecompetence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Atransformational-generativegrammar(转化生成语法)isamodeloflanguagecompetence.
7).Languageperformance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.
8).Langue:
Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;
Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;
Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently.
9).Parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;
paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;
parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
10).Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
11).Arbitrariness:
(任意性)Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
12).Productivity:
(多产性)Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
13).Duality:
Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerorbasiclevel,andtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.
14).Displacement:
languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
15).Culturaltransmission:
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.
16).Designfeatures:
Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
Chapter2:
Phonology音系学
1.Definetheterms:
1).phonetics:
语音学Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages
2).auditoryphonetics:
听觉语音学Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer’spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer.
3).acousticphonetics:
声学语音学Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.
4).internationalphoneticalphabet[IPA]:
Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.
5).?
Broadtranscription:
宽式标音thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,i.e.oneletter-symbolforonesound.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
6).Narrowtranscription:
isthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.Thisisthetranscriptionusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.
7).diacritics:
isasetofsymbolswhichcanbeaddedtotheletter-symbolstomakefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemakepossible.
8).Voiceless(清音):
whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.
9).Voicing(浊音):
Soundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.
10).Vowel:
元音thesoundsinproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.
11).Consonants:
辅音thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.
12).phonology:
Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
13).phone:
Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.
14).phoneme:
音位acollectionofabstractphoneticfeatures,itisabasicunitinphonology.Itisrepresentedorrealizedasacertainphonebyacertainphoneticcontext.
15).allophone:
音位变体Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample[l]and[l]
16).phonemiccontrast:
Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.
17).Complementarydistribution:
referstotherelationbetweentwosimilarphoneswhichareallophonesofthesamephoneme,andtheyoccurindifferentenvironments.
18).minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexample:
binandpin.
19).suprasegmentalfeatures:
thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.Themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,toneandintonation.
20).tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantintonelanguages,forexample,inChinese.
21).intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Forexample,Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:
thefallingtone,therisingtone,thefall-risetoneandtherise-falltone.
Chapter3:
Morphology形态学
1).Morphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:
inflectionalmorphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorphology.派生形态学
2).Inflectionalmorphology:
Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections
3).Derivationalmorphology:
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
4).Morpheme:
Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Forexample:
theword“boyish”consistsoftwomorphemes:
“boy”and“ish”.
5).Freemorpheme:
Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.Forexample:
“help”,“table”,“room”areallfreemorphemes.
6).Boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.Forexample:
“-er”,“dis-“,“-less”areallboundmorphemes.
7).Root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;
itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;
itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.Forexample:
theroot“geo-“combineswithanotherroot“-ology”,wegettheword“geology”.
8).Affix:
morphemesmanifestingvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,suchas“-ing”,“-est”,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword,suchas“-ly”,“dis-“,“un-“.
9).Inflection(屈折):
themanifestationofvariousgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.
10).Prefix:
Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.
11).Suffix:
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;
theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
12).Stem:
Astemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.Astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformhimself.
13).Derivation:
Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.
Compounding:
Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.
Chapter4:
Syntax
1).syntax:
Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthata
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