福建农林大学考博专业英语专训Word格式.docx
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福建农林大学考博专业英语专训Word格式.docx
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将下列文章翻译成汉语:
UNsaysfoodproductionmustrise;
how'
FertilizerTrees'
couldhelp
TheUnitedNationsestimatesthatworldfoodproductionwillhaveincreasedby
70percentby2050.Aworldpopulationgrowinginnumberandwealthwillrequireonebilliontonsmoregraineachyear,and200milliontonsmoremeat.
TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsaysthosegainswillhavetohappenlargelyonexistinglandthrough"
sustainableintensification."
Officialssaythenewreportprovidesthefirst"
globalassessmentofthestateoftheplanet'
slandresources."
Itsayslargepartsofallcontinentsareexperiencingdamage.One-fourthofalllandisdescribedas"
highlydegraded."
Thegreatestthreatsarelossesofsoilquality,biodiversityandwaterresources.
NewagriculturalmethodsandtechnologyincreasedfoodproductioninmanycountriesduringtheGreenRevolution.Croplandincreasedbytwelvepercentfrom1961to2009--yetproductiongrewby
150percent.
Butthenewreportwarnsthatproductionrateshavebeenslowinginmanyareas.Intoomanyplaces,itsays,practicesthathaveincreasedproductionhavealsoharmedthelandandwater.Itcallsforgreateruseofwaysthatcanexpandproductionwhilelimitingdamagetoecosystems.
Onesuchpracticemightbetheuseof"
fertilizertrees."
Thesearefast-growingtreesandshrubswhoseleavesandrootshelpimprovesoil.Arecentstudyfoundthatabout400,000farmersinsouthernAfricaareusingthem.
ThestudyappearedintheInternationalJournalofAgriculturalSustainability.LeadauthorOluyedeAjayiisseniorscientistattheWorldAgroforestryCenterinNairobi,Kenya.
OLUYEDEAJAYI:
"
Basicallythesearetreesthatcanfixnitrogenfromtheatmosphereafndconvertthemintonitratesforfertilizer,fororganicfertilizer,forthesoil."
Farmerswhoplantedfertilizertreesreporteddoublethemaizeproductionofotherfarmers.InZambia,thefertilizedfieldsprovidedupto114additionaldaysoffood.
Farmerssaytheyneedlessrainwateriftheyusefertilizertrees.Thetreesreducewaterrunoffandsoilerosion.
MrAjayisaystheprojectbeganwhenscientistsweretryingtoidentifythemainthreatstofoodsecurity.
Weactuallygotstartedbyabout
20yearsagotryingtodiagnose,tolookat,thechiefproblemswithinthecountry,withintheregion."
Thefarmersthemselvesdesignedandmanagedpartofthetestinginthefield,andspreadthewordoftheirsuccesses.
Climatechangethreatensworldfoodproduction
Highertemperaturesandchangingrainfallpatternsresultingfromglobalclimatechangewillthreatenfoodproductioninmanypartsoftheworld-especiallyregionsinthetropicsalreadystrugglingwithfoodsecurity,accordingtoanewreport.
Howclimatechangeaffectsyoudependson取决于morethanjusthowitaffectsyourlocalweather.Italsodependsonhowmuchtheweathermatterstoyourlivelihood,andhowwellyoucancopewiththechanges.
Identifyingfoodinsecurityhotspots
PhilipThornton,withtheInternationalLivestockResearchInstitute,isoneoftheauthorsofthenewreport,ajointeffortbyagroupofinternationalagriculturalresearchcenters.Thorntonandhiscolleagueswantedtofindwhattheycalled"
hotspots"
offuturefoodinsecurityplaceswiththegreatestexposuretoclimatechange,highestsensitivitytoitsimpacts,andtheleastabilitytocopewiththem.
Otherstudieshavelookedattheeffectofclimatechangeongrowingconditionsincertainregions.ButThorntonsaysfiguringouthowthatinteractswithotherfactorsaffectingfoodsecurityisachallenge.
"
It'
sverydifficulttolookdirectlyatthingslikesensitivityofthefoodsystemstoclimatechangeimpacts,oreventhecopingcapacityofpopulationstoaddresstheimpacts.Andsoweusedproxies."
Theyusedaregion'
scroplandareaasaproxyforsensitivitytoclimatechangebecausechangesintheweatherwouldhavebiggerimpactsonareaswithmorefarmland.Toexaminecopingcapacity,theylookedatnationaldataontheprevalenceofchildrenstuntedbymalnutrition.
Theycombinedthisdatawithclimatechangemodelsthatpredicttheimpactsontemperatureandrainfallby2050tocomeupwithmapsofthemostvulnerableareas最脆弱的地区ofthetropics.
'
Doublewhammy'
Forexample,highertemperaturesareexpectedtoshortengrowingseasonsinthetropics.Thereportlooksatareasexpectedtolosemorethan5percentofthegrowingseasonandfindsabout370millionpeoplehighlyvulnerabletothisimpact.
ThatareaincludesmuchofSouthAsia,especiallyIndia;
Nigeria,Niger,MaliandotherpartsofWestAfrica;
andpartsofSudan,Ethiopia,Uganda,ZambiaandotherareasofEastandSouthernAfrica.
Theseareregions,Thorntonnotes,wherehungerisalreadyaproblem."
salmostlikeadouble-whammy,ifyoulike."
Othercriteriagivesmallerimpacts.Butthebasicoutlinesarethesame.
KansasStateUniversityprofessorChuckRicewasamemberofthe2007UNIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.Henotesthatsomeofthecountriesmostsensitivetoclimatechangeandleastabletocopewithit,alsohaveamongthehighestratesofpopulationgrowth,whichputsyetanotherstrain负担ontheirfoodsecurity.
Ithinkthatreallypushestheneedforincreasingfunding,notonlyforresearchbutforoutreacheffortstodevelopmitigation,butalsoadaptationstrategies."
Expertssaythosestrategiesincludeswitchingtomoredrought-andheat-tolerantcrops,betterwatermanagementtechniquesandinsuranceforcropsandlivestock牲畜;
家畜tohelpfarmerscopewiththeclimatechangesexpectedduringthecomingdecades.
Climatechange:
morefundingneededforagricultureadaptation
[2010-12-0715:
21]
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AUNagencysaystherearemajorfundinggapsineffortstohelptheagriculturalsectoradapttoclimatechange.TheFoodandAgricultureOrganization,theFAO,saysthiscouldaffectfoodsecurity.ThewarningcomesastheUNClimateChangeConferencecontinuesinCancun,Mexico.
TheWorldBankestimatesitwillcostabout$2.5billionayear–forthenext40years–tohelpagricultureindevelopingcountriesadapttoclimatechange.Otherestimatessaycostscouldrunashighat$14billionayear.
However,theFAOsays,"
Availablefinancingmechanismsaresubstantiallyinsufficienttomeettheclimatechangeandfoodsecuritychallengesfacedbytheagriculturalsector.农业部门"
This,despitethefactthattheFAOsaystherearemanyexamplesofhowagriculturecanbecomemoreresilient.
FAOSeniorEnvironmentalEconomistLeslieLippersays,"
snotjustsettingupthemechanisms;
it'
sactuallygettingacommitmentoftheresources.OneofthepointsintheFAOdocumentisthatthere'
snotenoughinvestmentresourcesbeingcommitted.Eveninthecontextofclimatechangeadaptation(for)agriculture,there'
snotsufficientresourcestocoverwhatthecostsare."
What'
smore,shesays,"
Andthenitiscomplicatedsometimestosetupthemechanismstoactuallygetthefinancingwhereyouneedittogo."
Creativefinancing
Lippersaysonepossiblesolutionistolinkfundingforclimatechangeadaptationtootherprograms.
Wealsolookatthepotentialtolinkwithexistingfinancingmechanismsforagriculturaldevelopmentandoverseasdevelopmentassistance.Andworkthroughthoseinordertoreducethecostsofgettingthisfinancingin,"
shesays.
Theglobaleconomiccrisisisonereasonforthelackoffinancing.
Wellitdoesn'
thelp,"
saysLipper,"
butthere'
sbeenalongtermdecreaseininvestmentinagriculture.So,no,it'
snotjustthat.It'
salackofrecognitionoftheimportanceofthesectorandalackofpoliticalcommitmenttoreallymeetthecommitmentstodecreasefoodinsecurityandalsonowtomeetclimatechangemitigationadaptation."
TheUNestimatestheagriculturalsectorwillneedtofeed9billionpeopleby2050.
Lippersays,"
Firstofall,weknowthatdevelopingcountryagricultureneedstogrowinordertoprovidethebasisforachievingfoodsecurity–providefoodandincomesforpeople,theruralpoor.Wealsoknowthey'
llbefacingadaptation.Weneedfundsintheretogetmoreresilienttypeofproductionsystems.They'
refacingmorevariabilityofclimateshocksandthere'
saneedtomaketheproductionsystemsmorestable."
ButtheFAOeconomistsaysthenewsisn'
tallbad.
Alotofthesamechangesthatyouwantforincreasingpeople'
sincomes,foodproductionandresilience,alsogiveyouamitigationbenefit,whichmeanseitherreducingemissionsorincreasingcarbondetentioneitherinsoilsorinplants.Basicallypullingtheemissionsbackandputtingitbackintheground.Andthathasanadditionalbenefit,"
Sheadds,"
Wethinkthatbycombiningmitigation.减轻;
缓和;
平静adaptationfinancingforthesekindsofthingsisonepotentialwayofdealingwiththisissueoftheinvestmentgap."
我们认为帮助它们结合了缓解适应气候变化的融资是一个潜在的方法处理这个投资缺口
TheFAOalsosaysdevelopingcountriesshouldhavenationalpoliciesthatencourageprivateinvestmentinmitigationandadaptation.
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