外文翻译数控车床Word文档格式.docx
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外文翻译数控车床Word文档格式.docx
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CNCmachinescanbedividedintotwogroups:
turningmachinesandmillingmachines.Aturningmachineisgenerallymadeupofadevicethatspinsaworkpieceathighspeedandatool(sharpedge)thatshavesofftheundesiredmaterialfromtheworkpiece(wherethetoolismovedbackandforthandinandoutuntilthedesiredformisachieved).Amillingmachineisamachinethathasaspindle(adevicesimilartoarouter)withaspecialtoolthatspinsandcutsinvariousdirectionsandmovesinthreedifferentdirectionsalongthex,y,andzaxes.
Historically,youwouldn’tactuallyneedacomputertocreateformswithaturningmachineoramillingmachine.Addingacomputertothemixallowsyoutodesignaproductonacomputerfirstandthenspecifyhowthemachineshouldcutthisproduct.Todesigntheproductistoproduceacomputeraideddesign(CAD)file.Thenyouspecifyhowthemachineshouldcuttheproduct,andtheresultofthatstepisacomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)file(orG-Codefile,or.NCfile—therearemanynamesforthistypeoffile).ThisCAMfileremembersalloftheoperationsthatthemillingmachinemustfollowtocutoutthepartsfortheproduct.ThecomputertellstheCNCmachinehowtobuildthepartbyinterpretingtheCAMfileintosignalsthattheCNCmachinecanunderstand.
IndustrialUses
IndustrialapplicationsforCNCmachineshavebeenchieflybasedaroundtheremovalofmetaltocreateadesiredform.Metaliswidelyusedforproducingalmosteverythingweseearoundus,eventhoughthesethingsmaynotbemadeofmetalthemselves.Someofthemostobviousproductsthataremadeofmetalarecars.TheengineblockandthepartswithinthetransmissionaredirectlyproducedfromaCNCmachinebecausetighttolerancesarenecessary(atoleranceisarangeindimensioningtowhichthemachinemustadhere).However,mostofthepartsofacararenotmadebyaCNCmachine,buttheyhavealatentconnectiontoone.Forexample,howdoyoumakeaquarterpanel?
Thereisahydraulicpresswithathingcalledadietocreateanimpressioninasheetofmetal.MostofthepartsofthehydraulicpressweremadefromaCNCmachine.Thedie,thepartthatcarriesthenegativeformofthequarterpanelandthatcanbereplacedwhendesignchanges,wasalsomadebyaCNCmachine,andthentemperedforhardeningandheatresistance.EventheplasticpartsofacarhavesomeconnectiontoaCNCmachine.ManyofthesepartsweremadefromamoldthatwascreatedusingaCNCmachine
BecauseCNCmachineshaveveryhighprecisionandtheycanprovideinformationbacktothe
computer,theyarealsousedindimensionaltesting.Ifaswitch(probe)isfastenedtothelocationofthetool,itcananalyzethemeasurementsofapartthatwasproduced.Themachinerunsthisprobeallovertheparttoconfirmitsdesiredformandmeasurements.
FormoreinformationonindustrialusesofCNCmachines,visit
PersonalUses
ThereisalargefollowingbyvarioushobbyistsandDIYersaroundtheglobeinterestedintheconceptofCNCmachines.Roboticists,craftsmen,handymen,homemachinists,smallbusinessowners,techenthusiasts,backyardscientists,andartistshavealldiscoveredhowaCNCmachinecanopendoorstonewdesignsandmoredetailedcreations.Aroboticist,forinstance,willuseaCNCmachinetocreatethestructuralcomponentsoftherobotwithveryhighprecision.Makingthesecomponentsbyhandwouldbetediousandverytimeconsuming.UsingaCNCmachine,thepartscomeoutbeautifullyandfittogetherwithgreatprecision.
Forthetypicalhandyman,agreatexampleofusingaCNCmachinemightbedesigningandmakingcabinetsforaroundthehouse.Typically,cabinetssharemanyofthesamedimensionsandcanbecutbyaCNCmachineoverandover.Imaginecuttingallofthedrawersandcabinetlidsbyhand!
Thepartsarenumerousandtheworkwouldbequitetedious.ButwithaCNCmachine,theindividualpiecesarecutandthecabinetsassembled;
nodrivingaroundlookingfortherightcabinets,havingtospecialorderthem,andthenwaitingfordeliveryfromthehomeimprovementstore.(Thecabinetswillneedassembly,too,butwithyourownCNCmachine,you’llfindthatthehighcostofbuyingtheminthestorecanbeeliminated.)
CNCmachinesforpersonalusecanbepurchasedfromavarietyofmanufacturers,butmanyDIYerssufferfromstickershockthefirsttimetheybeginshoppingforaCNCmachine.Pricesof$3,000andhigheraretypicalforsmall,desktopversionsthatoftencomewitha12"
×
18"
workspace,meaningyou’llbelimitedtoworkingonmaterialsthatfitinthatsmallspace.CNCmachineswithworkspacesthatallowformaterialsof2'
4'
forexample,startaround$7,000,andpricesgomuchhigherforlargerworkspacetables.
FormostDIYers,owningtheirownCNCmachineisstilloutofreachfinancially.Butnolonger—thisbookbringsCNCwithineasyreach.Ifyoucanaffordtospend$700to$800,thenyoucanaffordtobuildyourveryownCNCmachine.
YourDIYCNCMachine
WithyourDIYCNCmachine,you’regoingtobeabletodosomeamazingthings—cut,drill,etch,andsculpt—withavarietyofmaterials.Infact,authorPatrickHood-DanieluseshisownCNCmachinestomakemoreCNCmachines!
HehasamachinecutanddrilltheMDF(medium-densityfiberboard)partsusedtobuildmoreCNCmachines.(Youcandothis,too,butfirstyou’llneedtobuildyourownDIYCNCmachine—itallstartsthere.)
YourDIYCNCmachineismadeofMDF,arigidmaterialthatholdsupwelltocuttinganddrilling,aswellasbeingextremelystronganddimensionallystable(itdoesn’tshrinkorexpandwithfluctuationsintheweatherorhumidity).TheMDFpartsyou’llbecuttinganddrillingareboltedtogetherusingavarietyofsizesofbolts,nuts,washers,andotherhardware.Finally,you’llbeaddingamixofelectronicsandonecomputertobringyourDIYCNCmachinetolifeandamazeyourfriendsandfamily(whowill,unfortunately,comeupwithallkindsofrequestsforyouandyourmachine).
TheDIYCNCmachineisn’tsomethingwithvaguedimensionsandarandommixtureofhardware.
We’lltellyouexactlywhattobuy.You’llbecuttinganddrillingmaterialfromplanscreatedbyauthorPatrickHood-Danielandtestedandusedtobuildthreemachines;
onebyJamesFloydKelly,onebyDarrellKelly,andonebyJimBurt(nottomentionthenumberofmachinesbuiltbyPatrickhimself).
Whenyou’redone,however,you’renotreallydone.CNCisagrowingandchangingtechnology,sothelimitsofwhatyoucandowithyourmachinearereallyuptoyou.Whilethisbookwillgiveyouthebasicinformationtobuildanduseyourmachine,you’llwanttocontinuetoimproveyourskillsbydelvingdeeperintothesoftwareandpushingthelimitsofyourmachine.(We’llprovideyouwithsomegoodresourcesforfurtherresearchandlearninglaterinthebook.)
Ifyou’relikeus,you’rereadytobegin.ButtrustuswhenwesaythatoneofthebestthingsyoucandobeforestartingtobuildyourownCNCmachineisthis:
readtheentirebookthroughatleastonce.Doingsowillgiveyouaglimpseofthefinalmachineandabetterunderstandingofhowyou’llgetthere.Youmayfind,aswedid,thathalfthefunofowningyourownDIYCNCmachinecomesfrombuildingit.
HISTORYOFTHEDIYCNCMACHINE,FROMPATRICKHOOD-DANIEL
Mydesiretohoponthebandwagonofthisgreathobbystartedasameanstoanend.TheendhasnotbeenrealizedbecauseIbecamemoreinterestedintheCNCmachineitselfandwanttoprovidesimplerdesignsand,instructiontootherswhowouldn’totherwisehavethemeanstoownatraditionalCNCmachine.
TheDIYCNCcommunityhasbeenaroundforalongtime;
prettymucheversincetheboomoftheInternet.IlearnedmostofwhatIknowfromtheinformationontheInternet.Withmypriordesigntraining,Ispentquiteabitoftimeimprovingwhatothershadcreated.
ThroughmyefforttocreateaninitialCNCmachinefromresourcesontheInternet,Ifoundthatthematerialsdidnotholdupwellwithuseandtendedtoexhibitundesirableflexing.Ilearnedthroughtryingandexperimenting...anddiscoveredmanythingsthatworkedanddidn’twork.Iquicklylearned,forexample,tostickwithMDFas
thematerialofchoiceformakingmyCNCmachines.
Overtheyears,Imadehundredsoftripstothehomeimprovementstore(mylaboratoryofideas).ThecomponentsthatIusedtostartmyCNCjourneyincludedroundmetalbarstockandabunchofverycheapMDF.Ithoughtthatthemetalstockwouldhavesomeprettygoodrigidity—Imean...it’smetal!
ButIwasverywrong.Afterputtinganassemblytogetherandusingthebarstockastherail,Inoticedquiteabitofflexingintheassembly.Thiswasnotgoingtowork,soIcameupwithabetterway.(Iwasdeathlyafraidoftryingsomething,thatwasnotillustratedontheInternetinfearthatifitwasn’tdonebefore,itwouldn’twork.ButIdiditanyway.)IusedaluminumanglesastherailsandMDFasthemidsectionbetweentherailstoprovidethenecessaryrigidity.Initially,Itriedthebarstockwiththistechnique,butthebarswouldstillflex.ThealuminumrailswrappingtheMDFworkedperfectlyandthemachinewasrigidandstable—perfect!
Well,perfectisasubjectivewordhere,butitwasgoodenoughforme.
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