外研版英语必修三课文原文.doc
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外研版英语必修三课文原文.doc
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GreatEuropeanCities
PARIS
ParisisthecapitalandlargestcityofFrance,situatedonRiverSeine.Itisoneofthemostbeautifulcitiesintheworldandisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.ThemostpopularplacefortouristsistheEiffelTower,thefamoussymbolofParis.Oneoftheworld’slargestartgalleries,theLouvre,isalsolocatedinParis.ThecityisalsolocatedinParis.Thecityisalsofamousforitsrestaurants,cafesandtheatres.Abouttwo-thirdsofFrance’sartistsandwritersliveinParis.
BARCELONA
BarcelonaisthesecondlargestcityofSpainandissituatedonthenortheastcoast,aboutfivehundredkilometreseastoftheSpanishcapital,Madrid.OneofBarcelona’smostfamouslandmarksistheChurchofSagradaFamilia,whichwasdesignedbyanarchitectcalledAntonioGaudi.Gaudiworkedontheprojectfrom1882untilhisdeathin1926.Thechurchhasn’tbeenfinishedyet!
FLORENCE
FlorenceisanItaliancitywhichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance,agreatartisticmovementwhichbeganinthe1300sandlastedforthreehundredears.DuringtheRenaissance,someofthegreatestpaintersofalltimelivedandworkedinFlorence.ManyofFlorence’smostbeautifulpaintingsandsculptureswereproducedbygreatartistssuchasLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo.Florenceisvisitedeachyearbyaboutamilliontouristswhocometoseetheartgalleries,churchesandmuseums.TheUffiziPalaceisthemostfamousartgallery
inthecity.
ATHENS
Athens,thecapitalofGreece,isknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.Twothousandfourhundredyearsago,itwastheworld’smostpowerfulcity.BuildingssuchastheParthenonontheAcropolisHillwerebuiltduringthisperiod.Greece’sbestwriterslivedinancientAthens.Theirworkhasinfluencedotherwriterseversince.
TheHumanDevelopmentReport
Intheyear2000,147worldleadersagreedtoworktogethertoreducepovertyby2015orearlier.FromthisagreementcametheHumanDevelopmentReport.
OneofthemostimportantsectionsofthisreportistheHumanDevelopmentIndex.Thisexaminestheachievementsof175countries.TheIndexmeasuresacountry’sachievementsinthreeways:
lifeexpectancy(howlongpeopleusuallylive),educationandincome.Theindexhassomesurprises.Norwayisatthetopofthelist,whiletheUSisatnumber7.Theothertopfivecountriesare:
Iceland
(2),Sweden(3),Australia(4),theNetherlands(5).TheUKisinthethirteenthposition,whileChinaisinthemiddleofthelist.ThebottomtencountriesareallAfricancountries,withSierraLeone(inWestAfrica)atthebottomofthelist.
ThereportdescribeseightDevelopmentGoals.Themostimportantgoalsareto:
Reducepovertyandhunger;
Makesurethatallchildrenhaveeducationuptotheageof11;
FightAIDSandotherdiseases;
Improvetheenvironmentofpoorpeople,e.g.makesuretheyhavesafedrinkingwater;
Encouragedevelopedcountriestogivemorehelptoothercountries.
The2003HumanDevelopmentReportgivesexamplesofsuccessfuldevelopment.Forexample,innineyears,Chinaincreasedlifeexpectancyby13years.InthelasttenyearsinChina,150millionpeoplemovedoutofpoverty.However,thechallengesarestillgreat.Everyday799millionpeopleindevelopingcountriesarehungry.OverhalfoftheseareinSouthAsiaorAfrica.Althoughmorethan80%ofchildrenindevelopingcountriesgotoprimaryschool,about115millionchildrenarenotbeingeducated.Morethan1billionpeopleindevelopingcountriesdonotdrinksafewater.However,inotherregionsoftheworld,e.g.EasternEurope,waterisnowmostlysafetodrink.
Thereportshowsthatwearemakingsomeprogressbutthatweneedtomakegreaterefforts.Althoughdevelopedcountriesgivesomefinancialhelp,theyneedtogivemuchmore.Interestingly,thecountriesthatgivethemostmoneyaretheNetherlands,NorwayandSweden.Theseareamongthefiverichestcountriesintheworld,soitisrightthattheyshoulddoso.
TheViolenceofNature
WhatisaTornado?
Atornadoisarotatingcolumnofairfromathunderstormtotheground.Themostviolenthavewindsofmorethan400kilometresperhour.AlmostallofthemoccurintheUS,intheareafromTexasinthesoutheasttoSouthDakotainthenorth.
Tornadoescanpickupcars,trainsandevenhousesandputthemdowninthenextstreet—oreveninthenexttown.Theycantalethefuroffthebackofacatandthefeathersoffachicken.Theycandestroyhouses,butleavethefurnitureinsideexactlywhereitwas.
Onaverage,thereare800tornadoesintheuseachyear,causingabout80deathsand1500injuries.Theworsttornadoofalltimeoccurredin1925,affectingthreeUSstates:
Missouri,IllinoisandIndiana.Bythetimeitended,morethan700peoplehadbeenkilledand2700hadbeeninjured.
WhatIsaHurricane?
Hurricanesarestrongtropicalstorms,andtheyusuallyoccurinthesouthernAtlanticOcean,theCaribbeanSeaandtheGulfofMexico.Thereareviolentwindsof120kilometresperhourormore,whichcausehugewaves,heavyrainandfloods.ThereareonaveragesixAtlantichurricaneseachyearandtheyusuallyaffecttheeastcoastoftheUSfromTexastoMaine.
Theworsthurricanedisasterofalltimeoccurredonthe8thSeptember1900inGalveston,Texas.Windsof200kilometresperhourandfive-metre-highwaveshitthecity.Thedisasterkilled6000peopleinapopulationof37000anddestroyed3600buildings.
AnExtraordinaryEvent
Thisisastoryaboutthe1900Galvestonhurricane.CharlesCoghlanwasanineteenth-centuryIrishactorwhowenttoliveinCanada.HethenmovedtoNewYork,wherehebecamefamous.Bythelate1890s,hehadmovedtoGalveston,wherehediedin1899,ayearbeforethehurricanestruck.ThecemeterywhereGoghlanwasburiedwasdestroyedbythehurricaneandGoghlan’scoffinendedupinthesea.
Eightyearslater,thecoffinwasfoundbyfishermenintheseanearhishomeonPrinceEdwardIslandintheeastofCanada.TheGulfStreamhadcarriedit3000kilometresuptheeasternUScoasttoPrinceEdwardIsland.CoghlantraveledbacktoCanada—afterhehadbeenburiedinTexas!
SandstormsinAsia
SandstormshavebeenamajordisasterformanyAsiancountriesforcenturies.ScientistshavetriedmanywaystosolvethisproblemandinChina,amasscampaignhasbeenstartedtohelpsolveit.
Sandstormsarestrong,drywindsthatcarrysand.Theyareoftensothickthatyoucannotseethesun,andthewindissometimesstrongenoughtomovesanddunes.ThefourmainplacesintheworldwheretherearesandstormsareCentralAsia,NorthAmerica,CentralAfricaandAustralia.RenJianbo,fromInnerMongoliadescribedaterriblesandstormheexperiencedasachildinthedesert.“Tohavebeencaughtinasandstormwasaterribleexperience,”hesaid.“Therewasnothingtobedone.ItwasthemostfrighteningandthemostdangeroussituationI’veeverbeenin.Youjusthadtohopeyou’dsurvive.IthoughtIwasgoingtodisappearunderthesand.”
NorthwestChinaispartofthesandstormcentreinCentralAsia.Sandstormsbeginindesertareas.SandstormsinChinaappeartohaveincreasedinrecentyearsasaresultof“destertification”.Thisisaprocessthathappenswhenlandbecomesdesertbecauseofclimatechangesandbecausepeoplecutdowntreesanddigupgrass.
SandstormssometimesaffectBeijing.Citizenswakeuptoanorangeskyandstrongwindsthatcoverthecityinathick,brown-yellowdust.Thestormssometimescontinuealldayandtrafficmovesveryslowlybecausethethickdustmakesitdifficulttosee.
TheChineseCentralWeatherStationcanforecastasandstormsomeweeksbeforeitarrivesinBeijing,butthestrengthofthestormsometimessurprisespeople.Whenasandstormarrivesinthecity,weatherexpertsadvisepeoplenottogoout.HuangXiaomei,wholivesinBeijingsays,“Tobecyclinginasandstormisfrightening.Thewindsareverystrong.It’sdifficulttobreatheandthedustmakesmeill.Soifyouwanttogoout,you’dbetterwearamask.”
Thedesertisonly250kilometresawaytothewestofBeijing.Topreventitcomingnearer,thegovernmentisplantingtrees.Alreadythegovernmenthasplantedmorethan30billiontreesandplanstocontinueplantingforthenextfiveyears.
PhilosophersofAncientChina
AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.Butitwasalsoatimewhenthereweremanygreatphilosophers.Confuciusisthephilosopherwhoseinfluencehasbeenthegreatest.Hestressedtheimportanceofkindness,dutyandorderinsociety.Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbytheseideasformorethan2000years.
MenciuswasathinkerwhoseteachingswereverysimilartothoseofConfucius.Menciuswasbornin372BC.Hisfatherdiedwhenhewasyoung,andhewasbroughtupbyhismother.HebecameastudentofConfucius’sideas,andwasthengivenanimportantpositioninthegovernmentofastate.However,whenhesawthattherulerwasnotfollowinghisadvice,heresigned.Formanyyearshetraveledfromstatetostate,teachingtheprinciplesofConfucius.Hethenbecameanadvisertoanotherruler.HespenthislastyearspreparingabookofhisteachingscalledtheBookofMencius.Menciusbelievedthatthereasonwhymanisdifferentfromanimalsisthatmanisgood.Hetaughtthatifthegovernmentwaskind,thenpeoplewouldbegood.Hebelievedthatpeopleweremoreimportantthanrulers,andhatedthestatewhenittreatedpeoplebadly.
Moziwasanotherteacherwhowasveryinfluential.Bornin476BC,hecamefromafamilywhichwasverypoor.Hebecamefamousforhisunusualclothesandbehaviour.MozifoundedthephilosophycalledMohism.Insomeways,hisbeliefsweresimilartothose
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